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Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW ON OCD 1

LITERATURE REVIEW ON OCD 16

Title of paper

Literature Review on OCD

~~Introduction~~

The concerns raised about the effects of OCD and the impact of OCD on the lives of the people who have the disorder have necessitated this study. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, obsessive compulsive behaviour which is commonly known as OCD is a long-lasting chronic disorder where those who suffer from it have recurring and uncontrollable thoughts and behaviours; the thoughts are referred to as obsessions while the behaviours are referred to as compulsions (Nimh.nih.gov, 2016). Patients who have OCD always feel the urge to repeat ~~over and over~~ the compulsions uncontrollably. A person with OCD cannot control their thoughts or actions even when ~~they~~ the actions and thoughts are recognized as excessive, spends more than an hour on the action or behaviour and experiences disruption of their daily life due to the obsessions and compulsions (citation?). Comment by Julie Davis: Weak referent: what study? Comment by Julie Davis: APAcerror Comment by Julie Davis: Number agreement error: “person” is singular but “their” is plural

As per existing records, OCD typically onsets at early teenage hood; most people are diagnosed with OCD by about 15 years meaning that the disorder can be detected as early as ages 13 and 14 and (citation?). It is important to note that the disorder has an early onset for the boy child as compared to the girl child and that there is no recording of an OCD on set after the age of 35 years (citation?). According to research, the causes of the disorder are unknown but the risk factors are known(citation?). The risk factors include; Genetics, brain functioning and structure and, living environment (citation?). Family studies have proven that people who have first degree relatives such as parents or siblings who have OCD, the likelihood of them developing OCD are significantly high (Tompkins, 2012). Differences have been noted to exist in the brain structure of people with OCD; the differences are in the subcortical structure and the frontal cortex parts in the brain (citation?). The implication of the differences in the brain structure and function is an indication that the structure of the brain influences if one develops OCD or not. OCD has been noted to be high in people who experienced abuse, that is, sexual and physical abuse and or other traumas in their early childhood. Comment by Julie Davis: What records? Comment by Julie Davis: Word choice Comment by Julie Davis: Comparative word form error

As per existing records, OCD can be treated through two means that is through medication and or through psychotherapy. Most people with OCD have other mental disorders as well. They might suffer from depression, anxiety and body dysmorphic disorder where they believe that a part of their body is abnormal while in reality, it is not (Pancer, et al, 2015). For medication drugs like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) can be used to deal with the symptoms of OCD (citation?). One of the drugs that have been identified to be effective for the treatment of OCD in both children and adults is clomipramine. For psychotherapy, habit reversal training and cognitive behaviour therapies (CBT) have been identified as good psychotherapies for the disorder (citation?). There are various therapies under cognitive behaviour therapies but the most common for OCD is family based cognitive behaviour therapy (FB-CBT), family-based clinic therapy and exposer and response prevention therapy. (citation?) Comment by Julie Davis: Sentence structure Comment by Julie Davis: Incorrect APA Comment by Julie Davis: Why? How can these help? Comment by Julie Davis: Subject-verb error Comment by Julie Davis: How? Why? Comment by Julie Davis: why? How? Explain. Comment by Julie Davis: misspelled

For this study, the concentration will be on family based cognitive behaviour therapy (FB-CBT), family-based clinic therapy and medical treatment. We will try to establish the ideal treatment for children with OCD as well as that of adults. In addition, we will try to understand how OCD comes about and to which particular people that it is most prevalent in. this will be made possible by going through 8 kinds of literature that touch on OCD. Comment by Julie Davis: What study? Comment by Julie Davis: Word choice Comment by Julie Davis: capitalization Comment by Julie Davis: sentence structure??

Literature review Comment by Julie Davis: APA error

{When writing a literature review, you summarize and synthesize research. What you have done here is copy/paste the annotated bibliography from week 3. As stated in the assignment explanation, THAT is not the assignment. You are creating a final RESEARCH paper, not conducting another annotated bibliography. The research needs to be summarized and synthesized. THEN, in the discussion, you are to discuss the connections that can be made between the literature, as well as with course material. The discussion section should clearly demonstrate your ability to synthesize ALL of the information you have been exposed to and then provide a solid analysis of that information. In the conclusion, you to provide a summary of the main points covered in the paper. Do not simply copy sentences from the introduction or body paragraphs. You need to summarize – in different words – what was done in the paper.

~~Özyurt G. & Beşiroğlu L. (2018). Autism Spectrum Symptoms in Children and Adolescents with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Their Mothers.Arch Neuropsychiatry 55, 40-48. Retrieved from~~ ~~https://doi.org/10.29399/npa.18138~~

Just as with most articles, the article starts with first defining what OCD is and details out the likely symptoms of the disorder. The article further gives a clinical characterisation of the disorder in teenagers and the onset of the disorder in adults the article goes ahead and gives in detail the common mental health disorders and the ages that most of the diseases have their own set on people. The author of the article singles out genes as the number factor for mental disorders; the author believes that the genetics of a person contributes a lot to a person developing mental disorders with special mention to OCD.

The author's critical analysis of the role of genes in OCD, introduces the various forms of OCD present, how they appear and how they affect child development. The research in the article is carried through evidence based research. The analysis of the observation is done through qualitative analysis. In order to get additional data other than that gotten from observation, the author administered questionnaires and interviews the target respondents are children and adolescents (Özyurt G & Beşiroğlu, 2018). The study carried out in the research considers controls in mental and physical environments that have a potential to influence the evaluation and diagnosis of OCD, that is, in both unhealthy and healthy children. The report from the research indicates that OCD levels present in a child are equal to OCD levels in their parents or siblings thus the conclusion that OCD prevalence is greatly influenced by genes.

Piqueras, J.A, Rodriguez-Jimenez, T., Ortiz, A.G, Moreno, E., Lazaro, L. & A. Storch, E.A. (2017). Factor Structure, Reliability, and Validity of the Spanish Version of the Children’s Florida Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (CFOCI). Child Psychiatry Human Development 48,166–179. DOI 10.1007/s10578-016-0661-4

The study tackles childhood development by addressing the issue of Obsessive-compulsive disorder and the concerns raised over the impact and implications of the ailment detection using C-FOCI. The introduction of this study details the disease, its symptoms and gives a statistical figure of the youths who are believed to have the disorder. The introduction as well gives the characteristics of a person suffering from the ailment with special mention of the consequences that are considered the symptoms for child and adolescents suffering from the disorder. In Addition, the study will take a look at two institutions that help in the screening and detection of the critical symptoms of OCD. With early detection of OCD, curative measures as well as mitigation of the disorder can be done. The study involves carrying out an evidence-based research within a chosen community. The research has controls in which to make the study and research reliable. The research is on 48 children and adolescents who are female and whose OCD levels were taken and recorded for the sake of the study. In order to measure the accuracy of the OCD diagnosis, a comparative analysis was carried out, in addition, C-FOCI was used in the study bearing in mind that it gives accurate and reliable psychometric properties in checking of OCD (Piqueras, et al, 2017).. The study considers two independent variables when it comes to OCD prevalence in children and adolescents and that is the tell sign symptoms and the severity of the behaviour.

Weidle, B. & Skarphedinsson, G. (2016).Treatment of a Child with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder with Limited Motivation: Course and Outcome of Cognitive-Behavior Therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology 72, 1139–1151

According to the article, Cognitive development in mental disorders determination can be treated as a form of treatment exposure and response prevention. The main focus of this article is on ERP, which is a treatment method. The article concentrates on the OCD treatment of children in the form of therapy. In addition, this article focuses on the above type of treatment as an intervention that can be considered as an alternative to OCD treatment to both adults and children. The article defines the expected response that is to be triggered by the use of this treatment as a symptomatic alleviation. The treatment not only improves the self-esteem but the relationship as well. The treatment has been identified to do away with the obsessive compulsions that are common in obsessive compulsive disorders.

The article uses a case presentation, in which the case identifies that parental contribution is significant in the development of OCD in children. The treatment emphasizes the treatment of parents as one of the surest ways of dealing with OCD in future generations (Weidle & Skarphedinsson, 2016). The authors of the article are quick to state that, the only sure way of reducing the likelihood of development of OCD is to treat those who already have the disorder. By treating those who have the disorder they hope to curtail the transfer of the genetic make-up that is responsible for the spread of obsessive compulsive disorder. From the article, it is quite clear that the authors believe that genetics play a crucial role in the spread of the disorder

.Tactile processing in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder Burak Gu¨c¸lu¨ 1, Canan Tanıdır2, Emre C¸ anayaz1,3, Bora Gu¨ ner4, Hamiyet _Ipek Toz2, Ozden ¸S. U¨ neri2, & Mark Tommerdahl5

In reference to the article, the article sheds light on OCD as an emerging mental illness in children. The research study carried out consisted of a research base of 11 male people and a female child. The people in the study had been diagnosed with OCD but with no psychiatric issues and were on a treatment schedule. In carrying out research, the researchers employed the use of interviews and questionnaires. The analysis done on the collected data was done to correlate the psychophysical analysis to OCD development. Through the analysis, the researchers came to the conclusion that OCD is different in older people than is for young people, children. There was an emphasis for a future research that focuses on separate observation of OCD tendencies in older people and in young people.

In reference to the article, the article takes a look at understanding the driving factors for OCD development as this plays a crucial role in the establishment of treatment plans (Burak Gu¨c¸lu¨ , et al). The treatment plans can differ in terms of uniqueness from one person to another or from one group to another. The article as well focuses on the use of tactile stimuli. The research process in the article identified tactile stimuli to be better on younger people with OCD compared to older people with the disorder. The conclusion from the study is that controls don’t affect the interpretation of results.

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Skarphedinsson, G., Nadai, A.S., Eric A. Storch, E.A.., Lewin, A.B., & Ivarsson, T. (2017). Defining cognitivebehavior therapy response and remission in pediatric OCD: a signal detection analysis of the Children’sYaleBrown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. Eur Child Adolescent Psychiatry 26, 47-55. DOI 10.1007/s00787-016-0863-0

The article offers statistical information on a population affected by OCD and focuses on the development of the disorders treatment methods. The treatment methods are based on clinical applications. In addition, the article relates the symptoms of the test or assessment population to the results gotten after the evaluation. The population that was used in the research constituted of 269 participants and they were chosen because of the reason that they were not under any medication or treatment plan. The lack of being enrolled in a treatment plan or being under any medication made the participants perfect for cognitive behaviour therapy. The cognitive behaviour therapy was family based and based on CBT and EPT.

In order to assess whether the cognitive behaviour therapy was effective, the research team employed the use of observation. The observation sessions were done through detail recording of observations noted. The observations coupled with qualitative analysis provided the conclusions that made the study; the results were analyzed using statistics in the determination of discrimination of remission and response as compared to CY-BOCS reduction percentage.

In detail, the article points out the limitation that is observed in the research process, thereby introducing the element of favourability in treatment planning and medication (Skarphedinsson, et al, 2017). The effects of this are OCD symptom reduction as well as a good response to treatment and remission. In conclusion, OCD patients should adapt a CBT treatment until remission is achieved.

Rosa-Alcázar, A. I., Sánchez-Meca, J., Rosa-Alcázar, Á., Iniesta-Sepúlveda, M., Olivares-Rodríguez, J., & Parada-Navas, J. L. (2015). Psychological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. The Spanish journal of psychology, 18.

The article takes a look at a literature search on OCD on paediatrics. The literature study involved 46 published articles within a 30 year period span. The literature study involved going through publications made between 1983and 2014. The conclusions of the study were as below

· Although several analysis and tests were investigated and done there wasn’t a consensus on the most efficient treatment for OCD. As much as there were several meta- analysis on psychological treatment of obsessive compulsive dis orders in children no unanimous decision was made on the best psychological treatment plan for children

· From the extensive literature study carried out on publications made from 1983 to 2014 in regards to OCD, 46 articles were found that advocate for the use of some kind of cognitive behavioural therapy (Rosa-Alcázar, et al, 2015). After the literature study, the researchers opted to test out the cognitive behaviour therapy’s effectiveness in dealing with OCD and the discovered that CBT was effective in reducing obsessive compulsive symptoms and to a lesser extent in reducing other outcome measures.

· The article highlights that the most promising treatments of OCD are those based on cognitive strategies, relapse prevention and multicomponent programs comprising ERP.

Comer, J. S., Furr, J. M., Kerns, C. E., Miguel, E., Coxe, S., Elkins, R. M., ... & Chou, T. (2017). Internet-delivered, family-based treatment for early-onset OCD: A pilot randomized trial. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 85(2), 178.

The article notes overtime advancements in the treatment of OCD have been made; the treatments have been cantered on adult treatment plans. It is unfortunate according to the article that no major advancements have been made in the development of treatment plans for paediatrics. According to the article progress on the paediatric treatment of OCD has been constrained or hampered by generally limited expertise in paediatric OCD. The major focus on OCD has been on the adult treatment of OCD with neglect of paediatrics. According to the authors of the article, that this comes as a surprise bearing in mind that early treatment of OCD in children can prevent or reduce the prevalence of OCD in adult life.

The article further compares family based cognitive behavioural therapy with clinic based family based cognitive behavioural therapy in the OCD treatment of children between the ages of four years and eight years (Comer, et al, 2017). In order to ensure that their research on the best treatment plan for children with OCD was on point, they carried out Pre-treatment, post-treatment, and 6-month follow-up assessments with the mothers/guardians of the children. In addition, they viewed therapists’ reports as well as independent evaluations. The primary analyses of the research focused on treatment retention as well as engagement and satisfaction. Hierarchical linear modelling preliminarily evaluated the effects of time, treatment condition, and their interactions. The main conclusion from the research was that as much as there isn’t much development in the treatment of OCD in children one of the surest ways of dealing with OCD in children is through family based cognitive behaviour therapy.

Taner, H.A., Gozil, R., Iseri, E., Buru, E., & Bahcelioglu, M. (2016). The ratio of the second finger to the fourth finger in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Rev Arg de Anat Clin 8 (3), 135-141

The article looks at the observation made in assessment and observation of different diseases using the difference in the ratio of the index finger to the ring finger in females and males. Using this as the basis of the argument, the article delves into the determination of the diagnosis as well as treatment evaluation of OCD in males and females using 2D and 4D ratios of psychiatric disorders. In this determination, the article focuses its discussion on the deficits, control, and attention that are directed to OCD symptoms in children and adolescents of both genders. The research done includes the observation of 30 children aged 7-7 who was diagnosed with OCD (Taner, et al, 2016). In this research, the central focus was on interviewing and research on the history of the patients. In this way, the results were compared using control groups through Student t-tests.

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Discussion ~~and conclusion~~

Basin from the above literature reviews it is safe to make the conclusions that OCD in paediatrics needs to be looked at more intensely than it is being looked at, that OCD is more prevalent in males than in female with special mention on its onset in children, it’s ideal treatment is cognitive behavioural therapy, and that its main risk factor is genetics. By the look of things, much study and development have been focused on OCD in adults. OCD studies have in a way neglected the study of OCD in children which is a serious concern. There is a school of thought that believes, that if proper attention is awarded to OCD in paediatrics then the proper cure and treatment would be developed and the number of adults with OCD would decline. According to the articles reviewed above the best therapy for paediatrics with OCD is family based cognitive behavioural therapy (FB-CBT). Basing from the studies by having a treatment plan that involves the family members of the child with OCD, the chances of preventing the disorder from advancing is much higher than other treatment plans of OCD that do not involve family members of the child with the disorder. {This is a good paragraph. However, there are no citations. How do you know this information? Also, what about correlations with the course?} Comment by Julie Davis: Wrong word Comment by Julie Davis: Sentence structure Comment by Julie Davis: misspelled Comment by Julie Davis: misspelled

Through research, it has been established that obsessive compulsive disorder is more likely to affect males than females and that the onset of the disorder is earlier in males than in females. As per the review, there isn’t a clear reason as to why the onset is earlier on men and why more men than women are likely to be diagnosed with OCD. On the other hand, there is a school of thought that alludes to that male children are more likely to suffer abuse, that is, physical and sexual than female children and if they face such abuse are likely to keep quiet about it and not share the details of the abuse with other people. The trauma experienced by the boy child is not going to get addressed and for that reason, it is going to affect their psychology and might develop into OCD or other mental disorders. {This is a good paragraph. However, there are no citations. How do you know this information? Also, what about correlations with the course?} Comment by Julie Davis: wrong word

Basing from the research, the best treatment of OCD is cognitive behaviour therapy with special mention of family-based therapy in children and family based clinic therapy for adults. Children need to be showered with love, attention, and affirmation as this aid in their development and growth. Children need to be protected from stress or traumatic events and through getting rid of stress stimuli, the manifestation of mental disorders can be done away with. Most mental disorders stem from stresses or traumatic events that happened in early childhood thus if there is a reduction of stressful events in early childhood then the likelihood of the development of mental disorders such as OCD will be low. {This is a good paragraph. However, there are no citations. How do you know this information? Also, what about correlations with the course?}

In reference to all the above reviews done, the two main risk factors for the obsessive compulsive disorder are genetics and stress levels. As mention in the above paragraph, the number cause of mental disorders is trauma and stress in early childhood with special emphasis on family-based stress. The other main risk factor for OCD is genetics. All the reviews have alluded to the fact that genetics plays a crucial role in the development of OCD. If one has a parent or a sibling that has OCD, then the likelihood of them being diagnosed with OCD down the road is higher than those who do not have first degree family members who have been diagnosed with OCD. {This is a good paragraph. However, there are no citations. How do you know this information? Also, what about correlations with the course?} Comment by Julie Davis: missing word

Conclusion

In conclusion, there is a need to carry extensive research on paediatric OCD in order to find more treatment plans for paediatric OCD. {This is NOT a sufficient conclusion,}

References {the reference list should be on a separate page} Please be sure to review the course announcement for proper APA formatting.Top of Form

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Nimh.nih.gov (2016) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd/index.shtml

Özyurt G. & Beşiroğlu L. (2018). Autism Spectrum Symptoms in Children and Adolescents with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Their Mothers.Arch Neuropsychiatry 55, 40-48. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.29399/npa.18138

Pancer, M., Hoffert, D., Basmajian, S., & National Film Board of Canada. (2015). OCD: The war inside. Comment by Julie Davis: APA error

Tactile processing in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder Burak Gu¨c¸lu¨ 1, Canan Tanıdır2, Emre C¸ anayaz1,3, Bora Gu¨ ner4, Hamiyet _Ipek Toz2, Ozden ¸S. U¨ neri2, & Mark Tommerdahl5

Tompkins, M. A. (2012). OCD: A guide for the newly diagnosed. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.