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StressInducedDepressionw272318.docxRunning Head: STRESS INDUCED DEPRESSION 1
STRESS INDUCED DEPRESSION 1
Stress Induced Depression
Lana Eliot
PSY. 625Biological Bases of Behavior
Professor Weiger
July 23, 2018
Grant Proposal topic
Does self-inflicted stress harm a person’s cognitive development?
Specific Aims
Stress can have horrible effects on some people. The way people handle different stressors are related to development of human body and mind. All persons are exposed to stressors in their daily life which can lead to severe problems. When the human body is exposed to stress, they notice how the stress affects them. When a person is exposed to multiple stressors, they feel changes in their behavior and brain as well. Mood swings and unpredicted behavior of humans are the results of this stress. As for the brain is concerned, stress disturbs the chemical balance that restricts brains from performing their ordinary functions. Most importantly the cognition is affected in humans. If a person’s stress level continues, negative actions may occur. When stressors become severe, people become very depressed and some may isolate or harm themselves. Stress is a factor that induces cognition and learning problems in humans.
Does self-induced stress cause cognitive learning issues in children and adults? That is what this grant proposal is intended to research. There has been much documentation that stress does cause cognitive learning issues, however does self-induced stress also create issues in cognitive learning? Self-induced stress is caused by the person whom it affects. No person but the self is responsible for the action. I would propose to study the effects of self-induced stress (internal) versus uncontrollable (external) stress in persons and verify if it does or does not cause cognitive developmental issues.
Annotated Bibliography
1. Bondi et al. (2007) conducted a study on chronic unpredictable stress that induces cognitive deficit as well as anxiety problems. Keeping in view the aim of this study, he experiments on rats where he injected the chronic antidepressant drug to analyze its effects. Stress-induced frontal lobe dysfunction increases depression and anxiety and psychiatric illness. To find the relationship between stress-induced impairment and how it can be recovered by using the antidepressant. He experimented with rates where he induced desipramine and escitalopram per day. These two chemicals are induced because these are the one who produces in human brain as a result of stress. After infecting this chemical daily, he notices that desipramine induced effect on the brain of rats that is shown by their behavior, but escitalopram has no effect. He further treated these rates with antidepressants (Bondi, 2008). From his studies, it is proved that treatment of stress is present with the use of antidepressants as it is also proved by clinical evidence.
2. Joëls et al. (2006) along with his coworkers, performed research on how stress affects the process of learning and how does it work when an individual is frequently exposed to stress. In his study, he stated that the relationship between stress and learning is not always clear. Stress must influence and impairing effects on the human brain. But its results are varied from person to person. In his study, he proposed unifying research, under this theory, he states that stress is having an influencing impact on memory process and learning (Joëls, 2006). The stress hormone corticosteroids are responsible for stress influenced behavior. This hormone increases the attention of human being even in the stressed situation and improves his learning. When an individual is more focused than he was more likely to remember all the events due to transmitters and hormones that are released in response to stress. From the findings of this article, it is analyzed that it is not necessary that stress have destructive functions, but it has an important function as well.
A line along with his fellow team conduct a study on repeated stress reversible impairments that effects spatial memory performance. His research states that if the human mind is exposed to 6 hours per day and it continues for 21 days. It results in impairments that occur due to the acquisition of spatial memory task. These stress-induced impairments are reversible that caused temporary blockage of phenytoin that acts as a blocker for excitatory amino acid (Luine, 1994). In such situation when an individual is frequently exposed to stress than tianeptine which is an antidepressant is given to him which lowers the extracellular serotonin. With the use of this drug, dendrites of CA 3 neurons are temporarily blocked.
3. Mizoguchi along with a team of experts, research chronic stress that induces impairment in the spatial memory because of dysfunction of prefrontal dopaminergic. From this research, it is analyzed that chronic stress induces many impairments whether it is in temporary memory or spatial working memory (Mizoguchi, 2000). Its effect is in the long run that damages the prefrontal cortical dopaminergic dysfunctions. The findings of this research suggest that these can be controlled by using drugs that control this dysfunction.
4. Sandi presented his findings on cognitive impairment effects on cell adhesion molecules. The findings of his research suggest that how stress changes the chemical reaction in the brain that leads to sudden changes in the mood of an individual (Sandi, 2004). These chemical reactions are temporary but later if chronic stress increased than these chemicals would never come back in their original foam. Thus, it leads to severe diseases.
5. Shansky in his research on the stress-induced cognitive dysfunction that effects hormone neurotransmitter interaction that happens in the prefrontal cortex. The findings of this research suggest that stress-induced cognitive dysfunction (Shansky & Jennifer, 2013). Due to this dysfunction neurotransmitter-induced hormones in prefrontal cortex which have a direct impact on memory. Song revealed in his research on impairment of memory and spatial learning that is induced by chronic mild stress and helplessness. Under this study, three dimensional modal that is known as 3D modal is used to detail analysis of impairment that is induced by chronic mild stress (Song, 2006).
6. Arnstein in his research on stress signaling that induces impairment of PFC (prefrontal cortex structure) and its function. His research revealed that how the architecture of our brain effects when it is exposed to even little stress. Moreover, he further demonstrates that how genetics and environmental factors induce stress signals that lead to dysfunction of PFC dysfunction (Arnsten, 2009). In 2010, Andrew presented his research on the dysfunction of rodents and prefrontal reorganization due to induced stress. He states in research that dysfunction of rodents leads to difficulties in information processing. It most likely induces mood swings, anxiety disorder, and schizophrenia. In some persons, it leads to addiction (Andrew Holmesa, 2010).
7. Maroon in 2008 represents his findings on medial PFC amygdala circuit that induce stress on the elimination of fear. The intensity of stress induces that how much a person is affected by it. The intensity of stress determines how much cognition and learning of human being is affected. Due to an imbalance in Gamma-aminobutyric acid, the cognitive abilities of man become pretentious (Maroun, 2008).
8. Bisaz along with his fellow team present a study on the role of neural cell hold molecule NCAM and its effect on learning that is done under stress. The findings of this papers suggest that stress occurs due to the combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. When a human body is exposed to these factors, it induces stress, under the NCAM molecule that helps in inducing stress in brains it is analyzed that this molecule induces stress and disturbs the learning behavior of human being (Bisaz R1, 2009).
9. Cheryl presents a study in 2017 that is conducted on hippocampal dendritic complexity that leads to chronic stress along with its functional and methodological considerations. His study suggests that dendritic morphology framework acts as a stress field. Where chronic stress leads to loss of spatial memory. His study further elaborates that CA3 atrophied dendrites are the molecules that help in post-stress recovery (M.Judd, 2017). Gerard in his research on chronic social stress that is conducted under the Curt Richter revealed that there are many individuals in society that are more exposed to social stress. The constant social stress related to food intake, disturbed metabolism and body composition (J.Schwartzbc, 2017). Due to excess of food intake, it leads to obesity. The incipient metabolic syndrome is responsible for it.
10. Resi along with his coworkers presented research on neuron transmitter of the central nervous system along with its implication in memory and learning process. In his research, he demonstrates that neurotransmitters are the one who is responsible for action and reaction of a person that he did in response to internal and external factors (Reis HJ, 2009). When the person is exposed to stress, then the chemical balance of these neurotransmitter is disturbed that leads to chronic stress.
References
Andrew Holmesa, a. C. (2010 ). Stress-induced prefrontal reorganization and executive dysfunction in rodents. PMCID, 773–783. Arnsten, A. F. (2009). Stress signalling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex structure and function. PMCID, 410–422. Bisaz R1, C. L. (2009). Learning under stress: a role for the neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM. Neurobiol Learn Mem, 333-42. Bondi, C. O. (2008). Chronic unpredictable stress induces a cognitive deficit and anxiety-like behavior in rats that is prevented by chronic antidepressant drug treatment. Neuropsychopharmacology, 33(2), 320-331. Eva F. G. Naninck, J. E.-Y.-N.-S. (2016). Early micronutrient supplementation protects against early stress–induced cognitive impairments. FASEB Journal , 1-10. J.Schwartzbc, G. P. (2017). Randall Sakai, chronic social stress, and the research tradition of Curt Richter. Physiology & Behavior, 2 -6 . Joëls, M. Z. (2006). Learning under stress: how does it work? Trends in cognitive sciences , 10(4), 152-158. Luine, V. M. (1994). Repeated stress causes reversible impairments of spatial memory performance. Brain research , 639(1), 167-170. M.Judd, C. D. (2017). Chronic stress and hippocampal dendritic complexity: Methodological and functional considerations. Physiology & Behavior, 66-81. Maroun, I. A. (2008). The Role of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex-Amygdala Circuit in Stress Effects on the Extinction of Fear. PMCID, 30873. Mizoguchi, K. Y. (2000). Chronic stress induces impairment of spatial working memory because of prefrontal dopaminergic dysfunction. Journal of Neuroscience, 20(4), 1568-1574. Reis HJ, G. C. (2009). Neuro-transmitters in the central nervous system & their implication in learning and memory processes. Curr Med Chem, 796-840. Sandi, C. (2004). Stress, cognitive impairment and cell adhesion molecules. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5(12), 917. Shansky, R. M., & Jennifer, L. (2013). Stress-induced cognitive dysfunction: hormone-neurotransmitter interactions in the prefrontal cortex. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 4(1), 7. Song, L. W.-W. (2006). Impairment of the spatial learning and memory induced by learned helplessness and chronic mild stress. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 83(2), 186-193.
