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SSC-327

(N.P.)

Among the three livelihoods, agriculture has the highest birth rates among the three. Farming families encourage childbearing because they look at their children as an extra pair of hands to help around. (That’s sad.) In that way, children are valuable. For industrial countries, the number of births equal the number of deaths so the population is declining. These families want fewer children because of the fewer labor demands on industrialism, which requires for their children to mandatory attend school. Child costs are also high. In countries, like the United States, that provide old-age security and pension plans, the need for children is reduced (Miller, 2017). Foraging groups are in the middle. They do have children, but there is a lot of years in between the next child they have. The cause is because of breastfeeding (a natural way of birth control) and a woman’s low level of body fat (suppresses ovulation as well). Fertility decision making is more powerful at the international level. For example, Western countries promoted many types of family planning programs in developing countries. It has become more restrictive though in recent decades, as the United States doesn’t support abortion anymore in family planning and promotes abstinence in its place. This is controversial for it clashes with those developing countries beliefs and values. This is a form of fertility control. 

In the topic of fertility control, people have tried to find ways to increase it, reduce it, and regulate it,. Some ways include herbs or medicines, hitting one’s abdomen, lifting heavy objects to induce abortions, etc. Also, again, breastfeeding to space out their next child since it a form of birth control. A lot of women will seek abortion because of poverty or because their type of labor does not let them take care of a child. Countries like China, with their One-Child-per-Couple Policy, did it to control overpopulation. 

Social aspects of fertility and reproduction differ around the word. For example, in Cairo, Egypt, Infertile men are shamed for their condition.

SSC-327

(E.C.)

Modes of reproduction are the dominant pattern in culture, of population change through the combined effect of fertility, or a number of births in a given population or per woman, and mortality or the number of deaths in a given population. (Miller) With foraging, we will grow in the population due to an increase in the birthrate. It is not a huge growth but a moderate in increase births and moderate growth in the death rate. They look at the children more as future workers than family. The control of fertility is done by moderate means through indirect means such as low-fat diets for the women and the work and exercise for the women. Unfortunately, the direct means is infanticide killing of the young who do not contribute to the community also to keep the population under control. Special Aspects there are very few specialists.

With agriculture the population growth is high but so is the death rate. The value of children is very high as they see children as more than workers. Birth control is also introduced with agriculture through the plants and herbs that are gathered. Births are more safely done with midwives and herbalists. 

Industrial/digital is about the high development of countries. The value of children is mixed that there are some in the community who see children as something good and there are some who see children as a burden. There is a growth in the population there is also growth in science and knowledge. With this growth in medicine, there is growth in birth control contraceptives. Also the with medicine the rate of life is longer. With all the changes we get to see the growth of education and the growth of people’s lives.