An experimental investigation of how power posing affects students concentration at BCU

Michelle_Michy

SPSSAssignment.pptx

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Look at your chapter 3

Go through the check list:

The Structure of your chapter 3 (800 word Partial Lab Report)

Title

Hypothesis

Method

Participants

Design

Materials

Procedure

Results

Discussion

References

Appendix (Optional)

Supporting Materials

Your SPSS output

400 words

Do not overword

The experiment

you will need to participate in the year group experiments yourself, collect data from 3 participants and write up one of the year group experiments. You will be given the opportunity to participate in two experiments in the first seminar. You will then need to collect data for one of the two experiments from three participants who are BCU students that do not study psychology. You will collect one participant for each one of the three conditions within the experiment you chose. You will then analyse the data full data set collected by you and your colleagues and write up the study.

Do this

The first thing you need to do is name your variables and give value labels, this is the information you need:

V1 - Standing Group: 1=High-power posers, 2=Neutral posers, 3=Low-power posers

V2 - Score on the Rosenberg self-esteem scale

V3 - Gender: 1=Male, 2=Female, 3=Prefer not to pick a category

V4- What is your current age in years?

Give your Chapter 3 a title

Allows reader to decide if your research is relevant to their interests.

A good title alerts the reader to the overarching theme of the work to be reported.

A good title also captures the reader's attention. However this is never at the cost to the main goal.

Include your independent and dependent variables

Colons are helpful: you get the main idea immediately

It should not be too long, maximum of 20 words but it should be less than 15 really.

Such phrases as "A Study of..." or "An Experimental Investigation of..." should be avoided.

Do not use abbreviations in the title.

Hypothesis

Is an educated prediction as to how a scientific experiment will turn out. It is an educated prediction because it is based on previous research, training, observation, and a review of the relevant research literature.

You are replicating in spirit what the original researchers did, but in a slightly different way.

To check the generality of the results with a slightly different procedure and with different materials.

You are doing a simple difference study. Therefore, your hypothesis will consist of a prediction about how 3 variables will differ in relation to one another.

The method section is the only section that has Sub headings

Participants

Number, age range, gender split, important characteristics

Design

State your variables, what has been done to avoid confounding variables e.g. counterbalancing.

Materials

Enough for someone to replicate but not trivial,

Procedure

Concise description to allow replication

Instructions given to the participants

Method

Results

This section is where you present your data and analyses.

Description only, not an explanation of the findings of the experiment

You do not need to explain the statistics you just need to report them correctly

You are writing for someone with a psychology degree

Results

The section has 2 distinct parts but no subheadings

Description of data

Begin with descriptive statistics in a table – mean, standard deviation

Then describe the data in words to give a picture of what has been found – refer to tables explicitly and point out the important points

Statement about normal distribution – Skewness & Kurtosis

Statistical analysis (inferential statistics)

Report tests in the APA format.

For significant results only:

State the direction of effect

Report the effect size

Report post hoc test

Include a Bar chart with Error bars

Description of data

Begin with descriptive statistics in a table – mean, standard deviation

Then describe the data in words to give a picture of what has been found

Refer to table explicitly and point out the important points

Results: Tables & Figures APA Style

Tables and figures (graphs) should always have titles AND be referred to in the text,

e.g. “From Table 2 it can be seen that adults correctly labelled more emotional faces than children.”

Tables and figures should be labelled consecutively

Tables should not have any vertical lines

Tables are made in Word, NOT SPSS

Results: Tables & Figures APA Style

House	N	Mean (SD)
Hufflepuff	38	80.40 (5.68)
Slytherin	34	74.97 (3.85)
Ravenclaw	33	76.18 (3.75)
Gryffindor	39	81.00 (5.05)

Table 1: Means and Standard Deviations (in parenthesis) for the four Hogwarts House groups on the Situational Humour Response Questionnaire.

Statement about normal distribution

Look at histograms, Skew and Kurtosis limits

If data is normal you can just say it is normal

If data is not normal say how: reporting Skew and Kurtosis values outside of limits in text or add to descriptive statistics table e.g.

Table 1: Means and Standard Deviations (in parenthesis) for the four Hogwarts House groups on the Situational Humour Response Questionnaire.

House	N	Mean (SD)	Skewness	Kurtosis
Hufflepuff	38	80.40 (5.68)	- 0.170	-0.387
Slytherin	34	74.97 (3.85)	. 973	-0.691
Ravenclaw	33	76.18 (3.75)	- 0.303	-0.142
Gryffindor	39	81.00 (5.05)	- 0.114	-2.899

Homogeneity of variance

Only important in independent measures

Variances for each group must be similar

No one group should have a significantly higher variance (or standard deviation)

Levene’s test

A one way between measures ANOVA showed there is a significant difference of Situational Humour Questionnaire scores for the different Houses,

F (3,140) = 14.69 p< .001 η2p= .239 (shown in figure 2). This represented a large effect size.

Reporting ANOVA (Normal, Sig)

Post hoc tests (with Bonferroni correction) revealed that the Hufflepuff and Gryffindor had significantly higher Situational Humour scores than Slytherin and Ravenclaw (ps =< .001). There was no significant difference between Hufflepuff and Gryffindor (p> . 999). There was no significant difference between Slytherin and Ravenclaw (p> . 999).

Reporting ANOVA (Normal, Sig)

A one way between measures ANOVA showed there is a significant difference of Situational Humour Questionnaire scores for the different Houses, F (3,140) = 14.69 p< .001 η2p= .239 (shown in figure 2). This represented a large effect size.

Post hoc tests (with Bonferroni correction) revealed that Hufflepuff and Gryffindor had significantly higher Situational Humour scores than Slytherin and Ravenclaw (ps =< .001). There was no significant difference between Hufflepuff and Gryffindor (p> . 999). There was no significant difference between Slytherin and Ravenclaw (p> . 999).

Figure 2: Bars represent the Means score for the four Hogwarts House groups on the Situational Humour Response Questionnaire. The error bars represent 2 standard error.

Reporting ANOVA (Normal, Not Sig)

A one way between measures ANOVA showed there is no significant difference of Situational Humour Questionnaire scores for the different Houses, F (3,140) = 14.69 p= .394 η2p= .239 .

Reporting ANOVA (Assumption violated, Sig)

Levene’s test indicated that the assumption of homogeneity of variance had been violated (p=.002). A one way between measures ANOVA showed there is a significant difference of Situational Humour Questionnaire scores for the different Houses, F (3,140) = 14.69 p< .001 η2p= .239 (shown in Figure 2). This represented a large effect size.

Figure 2: Bars represent the Means score for the four Hogwarts House groups on the Situational Humour Response Questionnaire. The error bars represent 2 standard error.

Begin with a summary of your findings

Words only, no numbers.

How do they fit with the existing literature

The literature discussed in the introduction

Suggest reasons for results based on literature

May inculed a critique the current method based on literature (Not criticise, only if needed).

Implications for future research – your findings and literature

make an explicit suggestion

End with a clear conclusion

Discussion

Discussion: Were the Findings consistent with the research hypothesis?

Yes

What have we learned about the relationship between the independent and dependent variables?

Does this new understanding allow us to improve our theories or our explanations of particular phenomena?

Consider how your experiment differed from past studies.

If there were any specific limitations to your study then they should be used to:

motivate further research

decide between alternative explanations

Essentially your job is to show how the study you have conducted has benefited the research community and improved understanding

Discussion

Summary of your findings

Implications for future research

Fit with the existing literature

Reasons for results based on literature

Conclusion for the research area

References

Alphabetical by first author

Books and journals in the same list

e.g. Field, A. & Hole, G. (2003) How to design and report experiments. London: Sage.

e.g. Schilt, T., Koeter, M.W.J., Smal, J.P., Gouwetor, M.N., Brink, W. van den, & Schmand, B. (2010). Long-term neuropsychological effects of ecstasy in middle-aged ecstasy/polydrug users. Psychopharmachology 207, 583-591.

When writing references we distinguish between

Primary Sources (ones you have actually read)

Secondary Sources (ones you have cited but not actually read)

Online guide to APA style and tutorial

http://www.apastyle.org/learn/tutorials/basics-tutorial.aspx

Information that cannot be included in the text but is useful for anyone who wants to replicate the study

Usually materials that have been made for the experiment

e.g. questionnaires, instruction/debrief sheets, examples of stimuli, etc.

No need to include all stimuli but a useful sample

Anything included must be referred to in the text

No raw data!

Appendices

Not found in journal articles

Used by the marker as evidence of required tasks

Supporting materials should contain all SPSS output (tables). Copy and paste:

Explore tables,

ANOVA tables,

Graph

No raw data

Supporting Materials

Style

Think about who you are writing for

Who is your audience?

Writing for other psychologists impacts on the

★ voice: clear and concise

objective & detached

past tense and 3rd person

★ layout: correct sections

correct information in the correct sections

no bullet points

★ formatting: APA at all times

For someone with a Psychology Degree but may not have a in-depth knowledge of the area

Style

Write formally in the past tense and 3rd person

NEVER: “We showed each participant the 20 emotional faces”

NEVER: “Show the participants the 20 emotional faces”

BETTER: “Each participant was shown the 20 emotional faces”

Length: 400 words Method & Results 400 words Discussion

The word limit (maximum) specified for this assessed coursework are intended to promote fairness by ensuring that the same constraints on assessments apply to all students, and to promote professional writing standards.

Word counts should not be exceeded, however, you can go up to 10% over without getting penalised.

The word count must include all the text that it is essential for an assessor to read in order to understand the document fully.

The word count includes the main text, section headings, citations within the main body of the text.

The word count excludes tables, table titles and table notes and all material which appears outside the main body of the coursework such as the main title, reference list, appendices and supporting materials (statistical printout).

If words have been inappropriately put into tables, the word count will recalculated to include them.

Marking Criteria

Demonstrates understanding of the design & study that tests a hypothesis.

Reporting of the study is insightful suggesting knowledge of the features of a report.

Ability to compose inferences, conclusions and postulate future areas of development from own research findings and reviewed literature.

APA formatting.

Collecting data

Method

Results

Discussion

Entire Chapter

Chapter 3: To demonstrate how psychological studies are designed, conducted and reported in Psychology. Chapter 3 will be manly composed of 3 sections. The overall percentage for criterion 3 will be calculated based on overall study write up.
0% -39%	40% - 49%	50%-59%	60%-69%	70% - 79%	80% - 100%
Demonstrates weak or no understanding of the design a study that tests a hypothesis. Reporting of the study is unclear suggesting weak or not knowledge of the salient features of a report. No or Weak ability to compose inferences, conclusions and postulate future areas of development from own research findings and reviewed literature. No or Weak APA formatting.	Demonstrates satisfactory understanding of the design a study that tests a hypothesis. Reporting of the study is unclear however suggests satisfactory knowledge of the salient features of a report. Adequate ability to compose inferences, conclusions and postulate future areas of development from own research findings and reviewed literature. Adequate APA formatting	Demonstrates good understanding of the design a study that tests a hypothesis. Reporting of the study is clear suggesting good of knowledge the salient features of a report. Good ability to compose inferences, conclusions and postulate future areas of development from own research findings and reviewed literature. Good APA formatting.	Demonstrates very good understanding of the design a study that tests a hypothesis. Reporting of the study is insightful suggesting very good of knowledge of the features of a report. Very good ability to compose inferences, conclusions and postulate future areas of development from own research findings and reviewed literature. Very good APA formatting.	Demonstrates excellent understanding of the design a study that tests a hypothesis. Reporting of the study is insightful suggesting excellent of knowledge of the features of a report. Excellent ability to compose inferences, conclusions and postulate future areas of development from own research findings and reviewed literature. Excellent APA formatting.	Demonstrates outstanding understanding of the design a study that tests a hypothesis. Reporting of the study is insightful suggesting outstanding of knowledge of the features of a report. Outstanding ability to compose inferences, conclusions and postulate future areas of development from own research findings and reviewed literature. Outstanding APA formatting.