History Essay

John.Quality

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Chapter 5

The Roman Republic

Learning Objectives (Slide 1 of 3)

Explain the impact that geography had on the history of Rome

Summarize the influence of Greeks and Etruscans on Roman history

Describe the major political institutions of the Roman republic

Identify the policies and institutions that help explain the Roman success in conquering Italy

Learning Objectives (Slide 2 of 3)

Explain how Rome achieved its empire from 264 to 133 B.C.E. with Roman imperialism

Discuss how the acquisition of an empire affected Roman social and economic institutions, values and attitudes, and art and literature

Learning Objectives (Slide 3 of 3)

Analyze the major problems that Rome faced during the last century of the republic and how they were ultimately resolved

The Emergence of Rome (Slide 1 of 2)

The impact of geography on Roman history

Large fertile plains ideal for farming

Apennines less rugged than Greek mountains

Jutting peninsula provided important crossroads in Mediterranean

Rome:

Access to sea, but inland enough for safety

Built on seven hills; easily defended

The Emergence of Rome (Slide 2 of 2)

The Greeks in Italy

Arrived in large numbers during the age of Greek colonization (750-550 B.C.E.)

The Etruscans

After 650 B.C.E., became the dominant cultural and economic force

Early Rome

Under the influence of the Etruscans for one hundred years

The Roman Republic (ca. 509–264 B.C.E.) (Slide 1 of 3)

The Roman state

Political institutions

Consuls and Praetors possessed Imperium

Quaestors and Aediles assisted

Roman Senate

Centuriate assembly

The Roman Republic (ca. 509–264 B.C.E.) (Slide 2 of 3)

The struggle of the orders: social divisions in the Roman republic

Patricians – aristocratic class

Plebians – independent, unprivileged, poorer, and vulnerable men

Tribunes of the plebs and council of the plebs create plebiscita

The Roman Republic (ca. 509–264 B.C.E.) (Slide 3 of 3)

The Roman conquest of Italy

By 338 B.C.E., Rome had crushed the Latin states in Latium and overran the remaining Etruscan states in 264 B.C.E.

Devised the Roman Confederation

The Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean (264–133 B.C.E.) (Slide 1 of 2)

The struggle with Carthage

Hannibal and the Second Punic War

The destruction of Carthage

Final destruction in 146 B.C.E. made a Roman province called Africa

The eastern Mediterranean

Support of the Greeks brought Romans into conflict with both Macedonia and the kingdom of the Seleucids

The Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean (264–133 B.C.E.) (Slide 2 of 2)

The nature of Roman imperialism

Conquest of Italy, conflict with Carthage and expansion into the western Mediterranean, and domination of the Hellenistic kingdom

Evolution of the Roman army

Fourth century B.C.E.: Four legions of 4,000 – 5,000 men and 300 cavalry

Third century B.C.E.: Twenty-five legions

Chronology: The Roman Conquest of Italy and the Mediterranean

Event	Dates
Defeat of the Latin states	340–338 B.C.E.
Samnite Wars	343–290 B.C.E.
Defeat of Greek states in southern Italy	281–267 B.C.E.
First Punic War	264–241 B.C.E.
Second Punic War	218–201 B.C.E.
Battle of Cannae	216 B.C.E.
Completion of Roman seizure of Spain	206 B.C.E.
Battle of Zama	202 B.C.E.
Third Punic War	149–146 B.C.E.
Incorporation of Macedonia as a Roman province	148 B.C.E.
Destruction of Carthage	146 B.C.E.
Roman acquisition of Pergamum	133 B.C.E

Table Description: Events and dates during the Roman conquest of Italy and the Mediterranean.

Society and Culture in the Roman World (Slide 1 of 3)

Roman religion

Pantheon of gods and goddesses

Exact performance of ritual crucial to establishing a right relationship gods

Paterfamilias

The growth of slavery

Common institution throughout the ancient world, but Romans eventually relied on slave labor

Latifundia

Society and Culture in the Roman World (Slide 2 of 3)

The Roman family

Heart of the Roman social structure and virtually a small state within the state

The evolution of Roman law

Civil law derived from the Twelve Tables gave way to corrections and additions by the praetors

Society and Culture in the Roman World (Slide 3 of 3)

The development of literature

Strongly influenced by Greek models – plays, new poetry, and Roman prose

Roman art

Also dependent on the Greeks for inspiration, Romans excelled in architecture

Values and attitudes

By nature a conservative people, emphasis shifted toward individualism and away from collective well-being

The Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic (133–31 B.C.E.) (Slide 1 of 2)

Background: social, economic, and political problems

Magistracies and senate controlled by nobiles

Optimates versus populares

Capitalistic agriculture

The reforms of the Gracchi

Land reform bill to reclaim and redistribute public land

Equestrian order

The Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic (133–31 B.C.E.) (Slide 2 of 2)

A new role for the Roman Army: Marius and Sulla

Volunteer army

Use of army to seize power

The death of the republic

Jostling for power and civil war

Crassus, Pompey, Julius Caesar

Chronology: The Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic (Slide 1 of 2)

Event	Dates
Reforms of Tiberius Gracchus	133 B.C.E.
Reforms of Gaius Gracchus	123–122 B.C.E.
Marius: First consulship	107 B.C.E.
Marius: Consecutive consulships	104–100 B.C.E.
Sulla as dictator	82–79 B.C.E.
Pompey’s command in Spain	77–71 B.C.E.
Campaign of Crassus against Spartacus	73–71 B.C.E.
First Triumvirate (Caesar, Pompey, Crassus)	60 B.C.E.

Table Description: Events and corresponding dates for the decline and fall of the Roman Republic (Part 1).

Chronology: The Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic (Slide 2 of 2)

Event	Dates(s)
Caesar in Gaul	59–49 B.C.E.
Murder of Crassus by Parthians	53 B.C.E.
Caesar’s crossing of the Rubicon	49 B.C.E.
Caesar named dictator	47 B.C.E.
End of civil war	45 B.C.E.
Assassination of Caesar	44 B.C.E.
Octavian’s defeat of Antony at Actium	31 B.C.E.

Table Description: Events and corresponding dates for the decline and fall of the Roman Republic (Part 2).

Discussion Questions

How did the Roman expansion compare to the Persian and Assyrian expansions?

What are the similarities and differences between Greek and early Roman religion?

How has the American legal system has been influenced by Roman law?