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spch1318_ch2_l21.pptInterpersonal Communication
Eighth Edition
Chapter 2
Interpersonal Communication and Self
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Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
2.1 Define self-concept and identify factors that shape the development of your self-concept.
2.2 Define self-esteem and compare and contrast self-esteem with self-concept.
2.3 Define facework and discuss how you project your face and protect others’ face.
2.4 Identify and describe seven strategies for improving your self-concept.
2.5 Identify the effects of your self-concept and self-esteem on your relationships with others.
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Self-Concept: Who You Think You Are (1 of 10)
2.1 Define self-concept and identify the factors that shape the development of your self-concept.
Self-Concept: Who You Think You Are
- The labels you use to describe yourself are part of your self and your self-concept, and they are changeable.
Self
Self-concept
Self: the sum total of who a person is; a person’s central inner force
Self-concept: a person’s subjective description of who he or she is
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Self-Concept: Who You Think You Are (2 of 10)
Attitudes, Beliefs, and Values Reflect Your Self-Concept
- Attitude, beliefs and values are learned constructs.
- They shape your behavior and self-image.
- They often function independently of each other.
Figure 2.1 Values, Beliefs, and Attitudes in Relation to Self
Attitude: the learned predisposition to respond to a person, object, or idea in a favorable or unfavorable way
Belief: the way in which you structure your understanding of reality—what is true and what is false for you
Value: enduring concept of good and bad, right and wrong
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Self-Concept: Who You Think You Are (3 of 10)
Mindfulness: Being Consciously Aware
- Being self-aware involves mindfulness.
- There are 3 ways of being mindfully self-aware.
Subjective self-awareness
Objective self-awareness
Symbolic self-awareness
Mindfulness: the ability to consciously think about what you are doing and experiencing
Subjective self-awareness: the ability to differentiate the self from the social and physical environment
Objective self-awareness: the ability to be the object of one’s own thoughts and attention—to be aware of one’s state of mind and what one is thinking
Symbolic self-awareness: the uniquely human ability to think about oneself and use language (symbols) to represent oneself to others
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Self-Concept: Who You Think You Are (4 of 10)
Mindfulness: Being Consciously Aware (continued)
- Maslow’s four-stage model
Unconscious incompetence
Conscious incompetence
Conscious competence
Unconscious competence
Unconscious incompetence: you are unaware of your own incompetence
Conscious incompetence: you become aware that you are not competent
Conscious competence: you are aware that you know something, but applying it has not yet become a habit
Unconscious competence: your skills become second nature to you
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Self-Concept: Who You Think You Are (5 of 10)
The artist sought to explore her self-dimensions by painting her self-portrait. What qualities does this self-portrait reveal about the artist?
Young woman standing next to a large painting self portrait.
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Self-Concept: Who You Think You Are (6 of 10)
One or Many Selves?
- Each of us has a core set of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs and values, but our concept of self changes.
Material self
Social self
Spiritual self
Material self: concepts of self as reflected in the total of all the tangible things you own
Social self: concept of self as reflected in social interactions with others
Spiritual self: concept of self based on thoughts and introspections about personal values, moral standards, and beliefs
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Self-Concept: Who You Think You Are (7 of 10)
Looking-glass self: suggests you learn who you are based on your interactions with others, who reflect your self back to you
Attachment style: a style of relating to others that develops early in life, based on the emotional bond one forms with one’s parents or primary caregiver
Secure attachment style: the style of relating to others that is characteristic of those who are comfortable giving and receiving affections, experiencing intimacy, and trusting other people
Anxious attachment style: the style of relating of relating to others that is characteristic of those who experience anxiety in some intimate relationships and feel uncomfortable giving and receiving affection
Avoidant attachment style: the style of relating to others that is characteristic of those who consistently experience discomfort and awkwardness in intimate relationships and who therefore avoid such relationships
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Self-Concept: Who You Think You Are (8 of 10)
How Your Self-Concept Develops (continued)
- You are who you are through five basic means (continued)
Associations with groups
Roles you assume
Electronically mediated communication (EMC)
Androgynous role
Self labels
Self -reflexiveness
Your personality
Electronically mediated communication (EMC): messages that are send via some electronic channel such as the phone, email, text, or the Internet
Androgynous role: gender role that includes both masculine and feminine qualities
Self-reflexiveness: ability to think about what you are doing while you are doing it
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Self-Concept: Who You Think You Are (9 of 10)
In American culture, behavior among girls is in many ways quite distinct from that of boys.
Self-Concept: Who You Think You Are (10 of 10)
How Your Self-Concept Develops (continued)
- Your personality and biology
Psychology
Personality
Big Five Personality Traits: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness
Communibiological approach
Social learning theory
Shyness
Communication apprehension
Willingness to communicate
Psychology: the study of how a person’s thinking influences his or her behavior
Personality: a set of enduring behavioral characteristics and internal predispositions for reacting to your environment
Extraversion: Outgoing, talkative, positive, and sociable
Agreeableness: Friendly, compassionate, trusting, and cooperative
Conscientiousness: Efficient, organized, self-disciplined, dutiful, and methodical
Neuroticism: Nervous, insecure, emotionally distressed, and anxious
Openness: Curious, imaginative, creative, adventurous, and inventive
Communibiological approach: perspective that suggests that genetic and biological influences play a major role in influencing communication behavior
Social learning theory: suggests people can learn behavior that helps them adapt and adjust their behavior toward others
Shyness: a behavioral tendency not to talk or interact with others
Communication apprehension: fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with other people
Willingness to communicate: a behavioral trait that describes a person’s comfortableness with and likelihood of initiating communication with other people
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Self-Esteem: Your Self-Worth (1of 1)
2.2 Define self-esteem and compare and contrast self-esteem with self-concept.
Self-Esteem: Your Self-Worth
- Related to your self-concept
Self-worth
Self-efficacy
Social comparison
Life position
Self-worth (self-esteem): your evaluation of your worth or value based on your perception of such things as your skills, abilities, talents, and appearances
Self-efficacy: a person’s belief in his or her abiity to perform a specific task in a particular situation
Social comparison: process of comparing yourself to others who are similar to you, to measure your worth and value
Life position: feelings of regard for self and others, as reflected in one’s sense of worth and self-esteem
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Facework: Presenting Your Self-Image to Others (1 of 4)
2.3 Define facework and discuss how your project your face and protect others’ face.
- Facework: Presenting Your Self-Image to Others
Your face is a focal point of your self-image
- Facework
Face: a person’s positive perception of himself or herself in interactions with others
Facework: using communication to maintain your own positive self-perception or to support, reinforce, or challenge someone else’s self-perception
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Facework: Presenting Your Self-Image to Others (2 of 4)
Projecting a positive image of yourself—positive face—means being mindful of how you talk to and interact with others.
Positive face: an image of yourself that will be perceived as positive by others
Preventative facework: efforts to maintain and enhance one’s positive self-perceptions
Corrective facework: efforts to correct what one person perceives as a negative perception of oneself on the part of others
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Facework: Presenting Your Self-Image to Others (3 of 4)
- Projecting Your Face
Facework helps us be perceived as we want to be perceived, and is also used when we support, reinforce or challenge someone’s else’s face.
- Positive face
- Preventative facework
- Corrective facework
Positive face: an image of yourself that will be perceived as positive by others
Preventative facework: efforts to maintain and enhance one’s positive self-perceptions
Corrective facework: efforts to correct what one person perceives as a negative perception of oneself on the part of others
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Facework: Presenting Your Self-Image to Others (4 of 4)
- Protecting Others’ Face
Be other-oriented, polite, generous and supportive.
Face-threatening acts
Politeness theory
Face-threatening acts: communication that undermines or challenges someone’s positive face
Politeness theory: theory that people have positive perceptions of other who treat them politely and respectfully
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How to Improve Your Self-Esteem (1 of 5)
2.4 Identify and describe seven strategies for improving your self-concept
- Engage in Self-Talk
Positive self-talk boosts confidence and improves self-esteem.
- Intrapersonal communication
- Visualize a Positive Image of Yourself
Visualization can help change long-standing feelings of inadequacy.
Intrapersonal communication: communication within yourself—self talk
Visualization: technique of imagining that you are performing a particular task in a certain way; positive visualization can enhance self-esteem
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How to Improve Your Self-Esteem (2 of 5)
Although positive self-talk will never be able to make all of us become champion athletes, it can help us focus on our own goals and improve our performance levels.
Reframing: process of redefining events and experiences from a different point of view
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How to Improve Your Self-Esteem (3 of 5)
- Avoid Comparing Yourself with Others
Be mindful of how your comparisons may influence yourself self-esteem.
- Reframe Appropriately
Use reframing to redefine events and experiences from a different point of view.
Reframing: process of redefining events and experiences from a different point of view
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How to Improve Your Self-Esteem (4 of 5)
- Develop Honest Relationships
Objectively and honestly reflect on your virtues and vices.
- Let Go of the Past
Don’t stay fixated on events and experiences that happened in the past; become aware of the changes that have occurred to help you develop a more realistic assessment of your value.
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How to Improve Your Self-Esteem (5 of 5)
- Seek Support
Social support is one of the most helpful ways to restore self-esteem.
Use talk therapy to gain insight into why you experience the pain and difficulties that you do.
Social support: expression of empathy and concern for others that is communicated while listening to them and offering positive and encouraging words
Talk therapy: technique in which a person describes his or her problems and concerns to a skilled listener in order to better understand the emotions and issues creating the problems
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Self and Interpersonal Relationships (1 of 8)
2.5 Identify the effects of your self-concept and self-esteem on your relationships with others.
- Self and Interaction With Others
Your image of yourself and your sense of self-worth directly affect how you interact with others.
- Symbolic interaction theory
- Self and Your Future
What people believe about themselves often comes true because they expect it to happen.
- Self-fulfilling prophecy
Symbolic interaction theory: people make sense out o the world based on their interpretation of words or symbols used by others
Self-fulfilling prophecy: prediction about future actions that is likely to come true because the person believes that it will come true
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Self and Interpersonal Relationships (2 of 8)
You can increase your chance for success by having a positive mindset and high expectations of yourself and your abilities.
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Self and Interpersonal Relationships (3 of 8)
- Self and Interpretation of Messages
People with low self-esteem interpret messages and interact with others in a way that is negative.
People whose self-worth is high have more positive interactions and outcomes.
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Self and Interpersonal Relationships (4 of 8)
- Self and Interpersonal Needs
Schultz’s three primary social needs
- Need for inclusion
- Need for control
- Need for affection
Need for inclusion: interpersonal need to be include ad to include others in social activities
Need for control: interpersonal need for some degree of influence in our relationships, as well as the need to be controlled
Need for affection: interpersonal need to give and receive love, support, warmth, and intimacy
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Self and Interpersonal Relationships (5 of 8)
- Self and Disclosure to Others
Disclosing personal information not only provides a basis for another person to understand you better, it also conveys your level of trust and acceptance of the other person.
- Self-disclosure
Asking others for information about yourself and then listening to what they tell you can enhance your self-awareness.
- Self-awareness
Self-disclosure: purposefully providing information about yourself to others they would not learn if you did not tell them
Self-awareness: a person’s conscious understanding of who he or she is
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Self and Interpersonal Relationships (6 of 8)
- Self and Disclosure to Others (continued)
- The Johari Window model
- Open: Known to self and known to others
- Blind: Not known to self but known to others
- Hidden: Known to self but not known to others
- Unknown: Not known to self or others
Figure 2.5 Johari Window of Self-Disclosure
Johari Window model: model of self-disclosure that summarizes how self-awareness is influenced by self-disclosure and information about yourself from others
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Figure 2.6 Variations of the Johari Window
A new relationship for someone who is very self-aware
An intimate relationship
A
B
Self and Interpersonal Relationships (8 of 8)
- Self and Communication Social Style
Carl Jung’s communication social styles
- Thinkers, feelers, intuiters, and sensors
Two fundamental dimensions of social style
- Assertiveness
- Responsiveness
Adapt your style to enhance communication quality.
Communication social style: an identifiable way of habitually communicating with others
Assertiveness: tendency to make requests, ask for information, and generally pursue one’s own rights and best interests
Responsiveness: Tendency to be sensitive to the needs of others, including being sympathetic to others’ feelings of others above one’s own feelings
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