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ANOREXIA NERVOSA

Shamry kenley-carpenter

SP6005 Psychopathology

Argosy University: Module 7:assignment 2

Introduction/Abstract

Presently the amount of eating disorders in the United States has increased, and as a result the awareness of the severity of eating disorders have become a topic of discussion among athletes, especially young females. To understand the concept of an eating disorder and its components, such as anorexia nervosa, one should research: the definition of eating disorder defined by the Diagnostic Statistical Manual –IV-TR, complexities and sources of anorexia nervosa, treatments and proceed with involvement especially if athletic staff. The eating disorder anorexia will be researched and presented to enable others to use the research productively.

Hansell & Damour, 2008

How DSM-IV-TR defines Anorexia Nervosa

The DSM-IV-TR gives guidelines for defining how much weight loss and the amount of purging and bingeing are necessary to be diagnosed with anorexia nervosa (Hansell & Damour, 2008).

Anorexia Nervosa is recognized as one of three eating disorders as the DSM-IV-TR states this eating disorder is the refusal to maintain a minimal body weight (Hansell & Damour, 2008).

In comparison to other defined eating disorders, anorexia nervosa is characterized as extreme thinness, excessive dieting and exercise, and fearfulness of gaining weight (Hansell & Damour, 2008).

Literature Review

DATA REGARDING SYMPTOMS

The article mentioned gives an explanation of a purposeful study of female athletes who experienced eating disorders and records their recovery experiences. The results suggest from 16 female athletes who participated in the students gives information as how positive and negative influences affect the recovery process.

(Authur-Cameselle, J. & Quatromoni, P., 2014)

Arthur-Cameselle, J. N., & Quatromoni, P. A. (2014). A Qualitative Analysis of Female Collegiate Athletes' Eating Disorder Recovery Experiences. Sport Psychologist, 28(4), 334-346.

PRESENTATION OF ILLNESS

The information provided in this article determines if there are any differences between eating disorders symptoms between independent exercisers, non-exercisers, women varsity athletes, and club athletes in relation to sports anxiety. The conclusion from this article suggests women varsity athletes experience higher rates of eating disorders in comparison to their counterparts.

(Holm-Denma et. al, 2009)

Holm-Denoma, J. M., Scaringi, V., Gordon, K. H., Van Orden, K. A., & Joiner, T. J. (2009). Eating disorder symptoms among undergraduate varsity athletes, club athletes, independent exercisers, and nonexcercisers. International Journal Of Eating Disorders, 42(1), 47-53. doi:10.1002/eat.20560

COURSE OF ILLNESS

This article allows one to understand the relevance of clinical and subclinical symptoms of eating behaviors of non-athletes and Division I athletes. The purpose and validity of the research explained the concerns of the results. As the results indicated more females than males exhibit eating disorders and both athletes and non-athletes are symptomatic to eating disorders.

(Sanford-Martens, T.C, et. al, 2005)

Sanford-Martens, T. C., Davidson, M. M., Yakushko, O. F., Martens, M. P., Hinton, P., & Beck, N. (2005). Clinical and Subclinical Eating Disorders: An Examination of Collegiate Athletes. Journal Of Applied Sport Psychology, 17(1), 79-86. doi:10.1080/10413200590907586

PROGNOSIS

Literature in this article gives possible motivations for female athletes undergoing eating disorders. Within the study of 47 female collegiate athletes there were reasons of why anorexia and eating disorders were common in women collegiate sports.

(Arthur-Camesell, J. & Quatromoni, P., 2014)

Arthur-Cameselle, J. N., & Quatromoni, P. A. (2014). Eating Disorders in Collegiate Female Athletes: Factors That Assist Recovery. Eating Disorders, 22(1), 50-61

DEMOGRAPHICS

There is a model introduced to examine the risk factors of developing eating disorder symptoms. The structure mentioned, the Structural Equation Model, examined three risk factors for eating disorders. The three risk factors examined were social influence for thinness, athletic performance anxiety, and self-appraisal of athletic achievement.

Williamson, D. A., Netemeyer, R. G., Jackman, L. P., Anderson, D. A., Funsch, C. L., & Rabalais, J. Y. (1995). Structural Equation Modeling of Risk Factors for the Development of Eating Disorder Symptoms in Female Athletes. International Journal Of Eating Disorders, 17(4), 387-393.

PREVALENCE RATES

This article gives statistics and data regarding the pressures and constant stigmas relinquished on student-athletes and in particularly women collegiate athletes. The study of etiology and effects if eating disorders implicate information regarding anorexia nervosa.

(Thompson, R.A., 1987)

Thompson, R. A. (1987). Management of the Athlete With an Eating Disorder: Implications for the Sport Management Team. Sport Psychologist, 1(2), 114-126.

ASSOCIATED FEATURES

In this article one is able to understand the stereotypes or stigmas of athletes in Ireland. Although the environment may be internationally different, the article suggests that anxiety is a key risk factor in forming eating disorders.

(McArdle S. et. al, 2016)

McArdle, S., Meade, M. M., & Moore, P. (2016). Exploring attitudes toward eating disorders among elite athlete support personnel. Scandinavian Journal Of Medicine & Science In Sports, 26(9), 1117-1127.

THOERIES OF CAUSALITY

The perspective from a male athlete who has experienced an eating disorder while still performing in collegiate athletic sports. This gives the day-to-day lifestyle the male athlete endures as well as the suggestions of treatment and interventions.

(Papthomas, A. & Lavallee, D., 2006)

Papathomas, A., & Lavallee, D. d. (2006). A Life History Analysis of a Male Athlete with an Eating Disorder. Journal Of Loss & Trauma, 11(2), 143-179. doi:10.1080/15325020500409192

INTERVENTIONS

The information presented give eating disorders prevention programs for athletes. The authors state that if an athlete is at risk for an eating disorder primary interventions and longitudinal research are needed for support to the athlete.

(Bar, R. et. al, 2016)

Bar, R. J., Cassin, S. E., & Dionne, M. M. (2016). Eating disorder prevention initiatives for athletes: A review. European Journal Of Sport Science, 16(3), 325-335.

RELAPSE PREVENTION

Reference guide to help educate and reference identifying eating disorders. There are also recommended treatment and prevention strategies to help an athlete return to their potential level of performance.

(Selby, C. B., & Reel, J. J., 2011)

Selby, C. B., & Reel, J. J. (2011). A Coach's Guide to Identifying and Helping Athletes with Eating Disorders. Journal Of Sport Psychology In Action, 2(2), 100-112.

CASE PRESENTATION

Erica Ball- 18 year old ballet dancer

ASSESSMENT PLAN

Anorexia Nervosa is an eating disorder with the highest rate of mortality in comparison to any other mental disorders (Herbich et. al, 2011). Erica has been seen dieting at different times during the month, eating and watching caloric intake, and very attentive and fearful of weigh gain. Erica has been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa before as one half of anorexia nervosa patients fully recover (Herbich et. al, 2011)

ASSESSMENT RESULTS

Erica Ball will need to have supervised clinician visits, psychotherapists, or an eating disorder specialists facilitate plans of eating habits to perform. Ms. Ball’s symptoms should be individualized based on the course of the eating disorder. Thus allowing familial and psychosocial support and motivation for treatment and therapy. If needed medications should be administered to maintain stability and delay courses of depression and anxiety or any suicidal attempts. These plans should be advised and expected at least twice a week.

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

Anorexia Nervosa

Refusal to maintain minimally normal body weight.

Males .05-.1%

Females .5-1.0%

(Hansell & Damour, 2008)

Bulimia Nervosa

Binge eating and inappropriate measures to decrease or avoid weight gain

EDNOS-eating disorder not otherwise specified

Not categorized by the diagnostic criteria for other eating disorders anorexia or bulimia

SOURCES OF CLINICAL DATA

DSM-IV-TR Axis I

Structured inventory for anorexic and bulimic eating disorder Axis ii

Eating disorder inventory 2

Multidimensional Self concept scale

REFERENCES

Arthur-Cameselle, J. N., & Quatromoni, P. A. (2014). A Qualitative Analysis of Female Collegiate Athletes' Eating Disorder Recovery Experiences. Sport Psychologist, 28(4), 334-346.

Arthur-Cameselle, J. N., & Quatromoni, P. A. (2014). Eating Disorders in Collegiate Female Athletes: Factors That Assist Recovery. Eating Disorders, 22(1), 50-61.

Bar, R. J., Cassin, S. E., & Dionne, M. M. (2016). Eating disorder prevention initiatives for athletes: A review. European Journal Of Sport Science, 16(3), 325-335.

DiBartolo, P. M., & Shaffer, C. (2002). A Comparison of Female College Athletes and Nonathletes: Eating Disorder Symptomatology and Psychological Well-Being. Journal Of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 24(1), 33-41.

Hansell, J., & Damour, L. (2008). Abnormal psychology (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley

Herbrich, L., Pfeiffer, E., Lehmkuhl, U., & Schneider, N. (2011). Anorexia athletica in pre-professional ballet dancers. Journal Of Sports Sciences, 29(11), 1115-1123. doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.578147

Papathomas, A., & Lavallee, D. d. (2006). A Life History Analysis of a Male Athlete with an Eating Disorder. Journal Of Loss & Trauma, 11(2), 143-179. doi:10.1080/15325020500409192

Selby, C. B., & Reel, J. J. (2011). A Coach's Guide to Identifying and Helping Athletes with Eating Disorders. Journal Of Sport Psychology In Action, 2(2), 100-112.

Thompson, R. A. (1987). Management of the Athlete With an Eating Disorder: Implications for the Sport Management Team. Sport Psychologist, 1(2), 114-126.