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Novelty in Biomedicine
NBM 158 Novelty in Biomedicine 2019, 3, 158-64
Review Article
Impact of Social Media on Psychological Health: Challenges and
Opportunities
Ali Ramezankhani1,2, Davood Yadegarynia3, Saman Dorodgar3*, Zahra Arab-Mazar 3,4
1 Department of Health Services, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran 2 School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3 Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 4 Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Received: 22 September 2018; Accepted: 30 March 2019
Abstract
Background and Aim: During the past few years, social networking has become very popular. Currently, there is a lack of information about the uses, benefits, and limitations of social media for health
communication in society.
Material and Methods: This paper will review some of challenges and opportunities to use social and their
impact on psychological health. In this review we searched all valuable and relevant information considering
the social media impact on psychological health. We referred to the information databases of Medline,
PubMed, Scopus and Google scholar.
Conclusion: Social media brings a new dimension to health care, offering a platform used by the public,
patients, and health professionals to communicate about health issues with the possibility of potentially
improving health outcomes. More study is required to establish whether social media has impact on mental
health in both the short and long terms.
Keywords: Social media, Psychology, Mental health, Technology
*Corresponding Author: Saman Dorodgar, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Email: [email protected]
Please cite this article as: Ramezankhani A, Yadegarynia D, Dorodgar S, Arab-Mazar Z. Impact of Social Media on Psychological
Health: Challenges and Opportunities. Novel Biomed. 2019;7(3):158-64.
Introduction
Social media are defined as any form of electronic
communication, which might refer as websites for
social connection. Social media are also referred to
as social networking. These technologies allow users
to connect online with other users for sharing data
and information, news, personal messages, ideas, as
well as other content (photo and videos). Now more
than 74 percent of adults (about half of humanity)
use a social networking site worldwide1,2. Social
media can be categorized by functions and purpose
including social networking Twitter, Facebook,
WhatsApp Messenger, Google Plus, media sharing
(YouTube), professional networking (LinkedIn),
knowledge or information aggregation (Wikipedia),
virtual reality and gaming environments (Second
Life)3-5. The most popular social networking sites,
including Facebook, LinkedIn, Instagram, YouTube,
and Twitter, invariably foster user-generated content,
real-time collaboration and social interaction6. Many
social networking users are not only abundant, but also
particularly engaged and active. For instance, more
than three-quarter of Facebook users visit the network
at least once throughout the day, with a quarter doing
several times on a day7.
Impact of Social Media on Psychological Health: Challenges and Opportunities Ramezankhani et al.
NBM 159 Novelty in Biomedicine 2019, 3, 158-64
Consistently, social media not only influenced
peoples’ personal lives, it also shape their
personality. As a matter of fact, over the past few
years, social media has been documented to affect
various health behaviors in mass populations8.
Clearly, social media users give some benefits from
these tools, as demonstrated by their continued
growth and popularity. The mentioned allegation also
has scientific support, with many researches asserting
positive psychological outcomes associated with the
use of social networking. These advantages include
the following enlarged social capital, personality
formation, enhanced self-esteem and self-expression,
as well as cognitive benefits related to executive
functioning9, 10. However, it is clear that engagement
with these technologies are definitely considered
problematic when their use is associated with adverse
psychological and mental outcomes. Such adverse
outcomes notably led to addressed alcohol, tobacco
and illicit drug use, cardiovascular disease, high-risk
sex-related behaviors, anxiety, loneliness, depression,
and several other health-related issues11-15.
Unquestionably, some connections between these
variables, as described by a range of cross-sectional
studies conducted by several authors, yet despite this,
the direction of these associates remains unclear.
Generally, it is difficult for investigators to recognize
the psychological predictors of social media use,
particularly when this use is associated with negative
outcomes. The present review article conducted to
explore the impact of social networks on
psychological health of people as well as to discuss
the well-established challenges and opportunities of
these technologies for population health that could
lead to adverse or appropriate effects.
Uses and benefits of social
media increasing social capital
Several authors have demonstrated that online
connections may supplement or even replace in-
person contacts, mitigating any loss from time spent
online. As a matter of fact, evaluation of physical and
geographical communities supported by online
technologies have indicated that computer-mediated
connections can confer positive effects on
community involvement, interaction, and social
capital16,17. Several lines of evidence have supported
that new forms of relationship characteristics and
social capital will happen in online social networking,
because online connection may be supported by
approaches like photo directories and search
capabilities. Social media also could significantly
develop and improve weak ties, because these online
tools is well-suited for maintaining such ties cheaply
and easily18. Moreover, bridging of social capital by
social media directs strong relationships with family
members and close friends, which could be in a
position to access to scarce resources and provide
emotional support19.
Identity f ormation
Social networking and popular media technologies are
common resources from which adolescents and young
people draw significant markers that define content of
identity. Accordingly, novel online technologies play
an imperative role in influencing the experience, social
and personal selves20. Some authors have reported that
the adolescents' use of social media results for how
they think about themselves, their family members and
peers, and then shapes their insights of group norms
and behavioral intentions21,22. In addition, these online
tools contribute to identity formation by simplifying
reflexivity, or a manner of reflecting on how we see
ourselves and how others see us23,24.
Enhancing self-esteem
Some investigates have described role of social media
and ability to socialize in supporting self-esteem. For
instance, study conducted by Valkenburg et al.,
indicated that Facebook can enhance social self-
esteem25. They showed that this social network
contributes to direct perceptions of one’s physical
appearance, romantic appeal and close relationship,
particularly when the Facebook users received positive
feedback from their friends. Correspondingly, young
people with low self-esteem may acquire significantly
positive assistances from the social opportunities
provided by these platforms. However, for self-
esteem, researches have yielded mixed results.
Additionally, many studies did not specify how social
media use could be associated with self-esteem. On
the other hand, although some authors reported
Ramezankhani et al. Impact of Social Media on Psychological Health: Challenges and Opportunities
NBM 160 Novelty in Biomedicine 2019, 3, 158-64
positive relationships with various types of social
media use, others found negative relationships, and
yet other researchers found no significant
relationships26,27. Therefore, it is believed that social
self-esteem is more likely to be affected if social
media are applied for communication than for
information seeking.
Improving self-expression
Self-expression ability is important and people
progressively rely upon social media technologies to
express themselves truly and accurately. The
explosion in social networking sites is presented with
exciting opportunities, mainly among younger
cohorts28. Recently, a study by Orehek and Human
was conducted to explore whether self-expression on
the social media platform Twitter develops correct
and positive social perceptions. They remarked that
social media could be an effective approach for
perfect self-expression of personality traits. They
also demonstrated that self-expression on social
media can develop both positive perceptions and
begins to shed light on how to curate such
perceptions29. Social media can facilitate correct self-
expression in their users. Self-expression of
individuals on social media without strong privacy
concerns might present an opportunity for people to
share characteristics of themselves with less risk of
disapproval or rejection than face-to-face interactions
with their close social network30,31. Further
researches should be conducted to explore what traits
and characteristics are correctly and positively
perceived on social media.
Cognitive benefits of online
social networking
A study conducted by Myhre et al. suggest that
people who are socially active in social networking
sites have better cognitive function than those who
are disengaged and isolated. This research evaluated
efficiency of using Facebook as an intervention to
keep or improve cognitive function, particularly
among older adults. As a consequence, it has been
indicated that using an online social media site may
develop some useful advantages for complex
working memory among a group of older adults10.
This finding revealed the specific cognitive ability
related to online social media and advantages of these
tools among individuals. It also was described by Park
et al. that using of social media in the context of
cognitive training could provide domain-specific
cognitive advantages. This study provided clear
evidence that the memory function can improve by
engagement in demanding daily orders32.
Social media advantages in
health care
Nowadays, physicians and pharmacists frequently use
social media sites in which they can participate online
communities to share and communicate with others
regarding patient issues. In addition to the clinical
aspects, data sharing in these sites provide various
topics, such as ethics in medicine, biostatistics,
politics, career strategies, practice management, and
even dating in a health care setting33,34. For instance,
surgical procedures can be followed by online
technologies and queries can be asked via Twitter in
real time35. The communication capacity delivered
from social media are also being applied in order to
improve clinical education. Widespread usage of
social media by young people has been interested for
clinical students’ understanding of communication,
ethics and professionalism. Social media tools may
also positively influence the educational experience
for nurses, according to the study by von Muhlen that
they reported 53% of nursing schools are now using
these tools36-38. Although it seems rational that using
of social media for direct patient care can be
associated with irreparable physicians and health care
facilities are accepting risks of these approaches.
Several surveys have recognized that clinicians have
begun to express an increased interest in online
interacting with their patients particularly in oncology
practice33,39. In the recent years, several physicians use
social media including Twitter, Skype and Facebook,
to improve communication with their patients. Househ
et al. reported that approximately 60% of physicians
show an increased interest to online interact with
patients via social media for the purpose of providing
patient education and health monitoring33. Reliable
evidence shows that online communication with
Impact of Social Media on Psychological Health: Challenges and Opportunities Ramezankhani et al.
NBM 161 Novelty in Biomedicine 2019, 3, 158-64
patients can significantly improve their care and
health outcomes. Additional data established that
supplemental online communication and social
media could facilitate physicians’ advice and
concoction for patients with chronic diseases40,41.
Challenges and risks of Social
Media Increasing loneliness and
anxiety
Several studies suggest a link between using social
media and loneliness. Social media and other socially
interactive approaches may also have both positive
and negative outcomes for socially anxious
individuals. In a study conducted by Orr et al. on shy
persons they found shy one spent significantly more
time using social media than non-shy people42. In
other research by Sheldon et al., it has been informed
that people who are socially anxious like to use
social media to fight loneliness43. A study
documented that online communication could further
isolate persons offline and decrease social well-
being44. However, in a study has established that
using online social media has a potential effect to
improve social support and self-esteem while
decreasing depression and loneliness45. Pittman et al.,
reported that loneliness might decrease, while
satisfaction and happiness with life could increase as
a function of image-based social media46. A study
established that females tend to experience social
anxiety more than do males47. Given this
circumstance, it is not surprising that some authors
reported that socially anxious females tend to feel
more comfortable interconnecting with others online
as opposed to in person48. Anxiety can be associated
with increased dependency, emotionally lability, self-
deprecation, as well as preoccupation with the
availability of others49,50.
Decreasing self-esteem
Positive effects of social media in supporting self- esteem especially for people with low self-esteem
discussed above but other researcher found that
people with low self-esteem, express themselves in
ways that are not lovely13. Such self-expressing is not
reliable because people spend time with only their
online friends compared with face-to-face interactions.
In fact, people with low self-esteem realize social
media as a more appealing place for self-disclosure
and thus, they spend more time using these online
approaches as do people with high self-esteem.
Consequently, these online individuals cannot be able
to express themselves in face-to-face interactions. It
also has been noted that occasional or chronic
exposure to social media platforms could be a negative
impact on people’s self-evaluation and self-esteem51.
Ordinary chronic social media use can negative affect
self-esteem, while state self-esteem can also be
affected by incidental use. Our study shows that
people who use social media commonly report higher
depression rates and decreased well-being.
Influence of social media on
drinking, smoking, and illicit
drugs use
Online social media websites have visual environment
in which alcohol and illicit drugs-related content is
easily generated and consumed by young adults52.
Presented alcohol and drug abuse on social media can
include any data (images and videos) pertaining to
alcohol and illicit drugs that may negative effects
viewers and be indicative of offline drug abuse53-55. In
recent years, substance use is widespread and
glamorized by celebrities on social media sites. There
has been some evidence to confirm social media being
used as an approach for selling drugs, with hashtags
simplifying process of introducing sellers and
buyers56. Alcohol, electronic cigarette and tobacco
businesses have incorporated social media platforms
into attractive marketing strategies that are accessible
to adolescents and young adults57. These online tools
have provided new insights for these industries to
market to adolescents even when direct marketing to
these individuals is in contradiction of the law or
supposed to be national regulated. Expanding
industries provide even more opportunities for
adolescents and teens to have exposure to advertising
through social media58. According to the study
conducted by national center on addiction and
substance abuse at Columbia university in 2011, it
reported that teens and young people who used social
Ramezankhani et al. Impact of Social Media on Psychological Health: Challenges and Opportunities
NBM 162 Novelty in Biomedicine 2019, 3, 158-64
media were more likely to used alcohol, marijuana,
and tobacco than individuals who did not use social
media frequently. Risk was higher for those who saw
media of teens using or passed out from marijuana or
alcohol59. Considering of these findings we can
demonstrate a pathway from social media use to
increased drinking and substance use.
Addiction to social media
In recent years, terms such as "social network site
addiction", "social media addiction" and "Facebook
addiction" have been used. A study conducted on
social media addiction suggested that this issue
associated with health-related, academic and
interpersonal problems60. Cross-sectional studies
propose that social media addiction is caused by
dispositional factors, including personality, needs
and self-esteem, although relevant descriptive socio-
cultural and behavioral strengthening factors remain
to be empirically discovered. Wilson et al. indicted
that low conscientiousness and high extraversion
were consequences of social media-addictive
tendencies61. Some investigations have conducted to
evaluate psychosocial factors influencing social
media addiction. Empirical studies have indicated
strong relationships between social media addiction
and interpersonal factors such as demographic
characteristics, impulsivity, and personality traits
based on the five-factor model and identity styles62-
64. In a study conducted by Griffiths et al., Facebook
addiction has been described by 6 pillars: usage
patterns, dependency and typical profiles,
motivations negative consequences, evidence of
dependence and comorbidity65. However, social
media addiction is not well-defined constructs yet,
principally because there a no gold standard method
to evaluate these conditions. Social media addiction
may be related to gratification mechanisms and brain
reward and it appears more usual among people with
some personality traits and mood states, such as
depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, narcissism, and
seeking for an increased mood elevation66. Therefore,
excessive social networks use are already important
issues for treatment and research.
Conclusion
Rapid growth of social media platforms in recent years
has developed a fantastic opportunity for relationship
expansion by enabling individuals to connect with
others by sharing their opinions, beliefs and
experiences. As many surveys have indicated, this
opportunity could be particularly valuable for people
such as those with low self-esteem, whose interactions
could use a boost, and whose self-protectiveness
commonly makes them hesitant to self-disclose.
Therefore, it has been recommended as an appreciated
approach for relationship and communication between
people all over the world. However, healthy and
conscience social media technologies use is definitely
distinguished with excessive use and lack of control,
resulting an addiction with severely impacts the
everyday life of many users, mainly young adults and
teens. In conclusion, it is suggested that to incorporate
social media use and other online behaviors into
assessment procedures.
Acknowledgment
None.
Conflict of Interest
The authors further declare that, they have no conflict
of interest.
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