pup due in 24 hours

Significant Events Timeline ● In this activity, your group will collaborate to create a timeline of the growth of your assigned city.

Consider identifying a significant global or national event and looking through old newspaper or magazine archives for current local reporting on the issue. Feel free to start with a source such as Wikipedia – but supplement your entry with primary sources. In particular, focus on events relevant to this module’s topics, such as:

○ Growth of environmentalism ○ Cultural and social aspects of the city ○ Local issues of social/environmental justice

● You cannot pick an event that another student has already contributed to the presentation ● Make sure to have the events in a chronological order ● Try to complete your entry as quickly as possible to start the online discussion ● You should have your slide done by Friday 10/22 ● Your initial post in the discussion board is due by the end of Saturday 10/23 ● Example of one event in a different city is on next slide

Example Slide – City of Freiburg’s beginning as Eco City 1971 -1975 ● In 1971 an area just outside the city of Freiburg was considered as a potential site for nuclear power

plant ○ Protest movement started to form almost immediately with little impact on decision makers at first.

● Official permission for the plant was granted and earthworks began on 17 February 1975 ○ Opposition started to grow with riot police being forced to intervene in February 18th. Rough treatment of the protesters by the

police was captured by national TV stations and other media outlets. ○ On 23 February about 30,000 people occupied the construction site again. ○ On 21 March 1975, an administrative court withdrew the construction license for the plant. The plant was never

built

● A significant amount of the protesters were local farmers, young professionals, and members of the large academic community in Freiburg, especially college students.

● After the successful protest, many protest leaders joined the political arena, the administration, found a job in educational or research activities, or founded green-spirited companies

● As a result, the successful protest is now often credited as the start of the cites focus on becoming more sustainable. One of the protest leaders became the first mayor of the city from the green party. Another protest leader is today a well known architect with expertise in solar houses. He is the mastermind behind the Vauban neighborhood in Freiburg, a sustainable model district with great focus on solar energy and car-free living

● Today, the city of Freiburg is considered as one of the most sustainable city in the world

Sources • https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.wyhl-ein-kernkraftwerk-wird-nicht-gebaut-vom-zorn-der-braven-kaiserstuehler.3468230a-4018-4163-9e41-

db167165be1b.html • http://www.environmentandsociety.org/arcadia/new-watch-rhine-anti-nuclear-protest-baden-and-alsace • https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/words-most-successful-model-sustainable-urban-development/229316/

Anti nuclear power plant protest, 1975

Vauban Neighborhood, City of Freiburg

Hydroelectricity in Montreal (Kate Obrien) Bringing hydropower to Montreal: “A catalyst for industrialization”

- 1848: The widening of the Lachine Canal significantly increased the flow of water into the city - 1892: First hydropower station in Montreal built on the canal - Increase in density of big industrial businesses along waterways which contributed to rapid growth

of the city - 1898 Shawinigan Water and Power founded; 1901: Montreal Light, Heat and Power founded: the

two companies competed to bring utilities to the city - 1900s: several private hydroelectricity companies competed with confusing boundary lines and

prices - 1944: Montreal Light, Heat, and Power creates the Quebec Hydro-Electric Commission (Hydro

Quebec) as the primary provider whose goal was/is to bring affordable hydroelectricity to Quebec and eventually other parts of Canada

- 1963: Hydro-Quebec bought out private utility companies, creating more “massive hydroelectric projects” which appealed to major energy-utilizing industries like aluminum and chemicals, bringing more big industries to the city

Today - Hydro-Quebec is the 4th largest hydroelectricity generation station network in the world - Quebec is the primary producer of hydropower in Canada - Hydroelectricity in Canada is significantly more affordable than electricity in the U.S.

Tomorrow - 2020-2024 plan: reduce GHG emissions in all markets and expand renewable energy growth beyond

Quebec

https://mern.gouv.qc.ca/en/energy/hydroelectricity/hydroelectric-dams-quebec/ https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/qc/canallachine/culture/histoire-history/hydraulique-hydraulic https://www.canadiangeographic.ca/article/hydroelectricity-quebec http://hydroelectricite.ca/en/origin-of-hydroelectric-production-in-canada.php#:~:text=In%20Montr%C3%A9al%2C%20in %201892%2C%20the%20first%20hydropower%20generating,the%20sole%20distributor%20of%20electricity%20in%20t he%20city.

The Montreal Botanical Garden By: Kendall Walker

https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/lhn-nhs/det_E.asp?oqSID=2199&oqeName=Montr%25E9al+Botanical+Garden&oqfName=Jardin+botanique+de+Montr%25E9al

● Opened June 9, 1931 in Montreal, Quebec ○ Brother Marie-Vicotrin (botany teacher) established with Henry Teusher (became chief

holticurist of garden) during the Great Depression era ○ Developed various buildings and gardens on the property. In 1956, exhibition greenhouses

were renovated ● Brother Marie-Vicotrin wrote a plea to the mayor asking for a “royal gift” to the city

of a botanical garden ○ Maintained importance of education and opened on the garden the School of Horticultural

Learning (1938), the School of Awakening (1939) ■ Both aimed at exposing younger people to nature and getting them involved with

gardening ○ Garden worked closely with the University of Montreal

● Garden flourished around 1970s ○ Research activities and international flower shows began here

■ Greenhouses were renovated to become more sustainable ● The ever present mission of the garden i to preserve collections of plants and to spread a love and

appreciation for horticulture and botany, while taking part in research of such

Voie Camillien-Houde 1958 (Gage Littlefield)

Mount Royal Funicular - 1885 - Built on the side of the mountain for easier access to the summit. - Closed in 1918 to make way for a new tram to allow ascent of the mountain.

Camillien-Houde Way - 1958 - Following the tram route that was built after the removal of the Mount Royal Funicular. - Opened to cars in 1958, the throughway connected to Remembrance Road to provide a road stretching from one side of

the mountain to the other.

Camillien-Houde Way - 2017 - 18 year old cyclist named Clément Ouimet was struck by a vehicle traveling down the mountain making an illegal U-turn.

- This has reopened debates on the safety of the route with regards to vehicles and pedestrians sharing the same path.

Camillien-Houde Way - 2018 - The road was temporarily closed to through traffic during the summer as a test to monitor the effects of traffic being

redirected around the mountain. - The speed limit on both roads that connect to cross the mountain has been reduced to 40km/h from 50km/h.

Information: https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2018/02/03/sur-le-chemin-remembrance https://www.ledevoir.com/politique/montreal/509703/indignation-autour-de-la-mort-d-un-cycliste-de-18-ans https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1104610/montreal-voitures-autos-transit-voie-camillien-houde-mont-royal-projet-pilote https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1099520/vitesse-circulation-mont-royal-reduite-40-km-h

Images: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Voie_Camillien_houde.svg https://m.facebook.com/mtlville/photos/p.3794042503953844/3794042503953844/?type=3

Lachine Canal Closure of 1970 (Caleb Roberts) The Canal

- Built in 1825 to help boats and cargo navigate around the Lachine Rapids. - Was an efficient means of transporting goods and nearly 15,000 ships used the canal

annually. Closure of the Canal

- In 1959 the Lawrence Seaway was built replacing the Lachine canal. - Soon after, the canal depleted at a rapid rate do to the lack of repair to to the main

infrastructures of the canal and was eventually closed to ships In 1970. - After closure the canal became an illicit dumping ground for old cars and the bodies of

victims of underworld killings. - Causing this part of Montreal to become an industrial slum.

Revitalization of the canal began in 1974 - The Government of Canada began transforming the canal, while using small interventions

including the creation of a linear park system along its banks and a paved path for pedestrians and cyclists.

- A federal agency also in 1978 began planting lawns and trees along the linear park as well providing a green environment out of this industrial slum

The Canal is now known to be the link between the city of Montreal and nature. - The canal is now also open to pleasure boats as of 2002.

Sources: Lachine Canal National Historic Site Review - Montreal Quebec - Sights | Fodor’s Travel (fodors.com) Lachine Canal | The Canadian Encyclopedia Lachine Canal - QC | CDNUrbanStrategies (canadianurbanstrategies.com) The course of history - Lachine Canal National Historic Site (pc.gc.ca)

Image showing the bike and walk paths accessible to all pedestrians along the banks of the Lachine Canal.

Construction of The Lachine Canal

James Bay Project by Desarae Lopez ● 1965-1970 Hydro Quebec performed surveys and geological studies to identify potential sites for hydropower development.

○ In 1969 Robert Bourassa, an economist, met with the president of Hydro Quebec and made the development of James Bay hydroelectricity a major part of his leadership campaign.

○ "Quebec's economic development relies on the development of its natural resources" ● Bourassa introduced his plan to the provincial cabinet in March 1971

○ The announcement quickly generated a public debate on the wisdom to engage the province on such a large-scale project, which was supported by Atomic Energy of Canada.

● In 1974 opposition to the project, however, was strong among thousands of First Nation aboriginals and several environmental groups. ○ They believed the government of Quebec was acting in violation of treaties and committing unlawful expropriation and destruction of

traditional hunting and trapping lands. ○ The Cree and Inuit had not been informed of the hydroelectric project until after construction of the access road had begun.

● In 1975 negotiations between the Cree, Inuit and the provincial and federal governments, resulted in the first northern comprehensive land claim to be settled in Canada, the James Bay Northern Quebec Agreement (JBNQA)

○ The Agreement also provided for an extensive environmental follow-up of all aspects of the hydroelectric development on the La Grande and Eastmain rivers and the establishment of a joint environmental assessment process for any future hydroelectric project involving other rivers of Northern Quebec.

● 2002 the Bernard Landry government and the Grand Council of the Crees, signed the Peace of the Braves and the Boumhounan Agreement, establishing a new relationship between Quebec and the Crees, agreeing on environmental rules for the construction of three new power stations built between 2003- 2011

Sources:

https://www.canadiangeographic.ca/article/james-bay-damming-project-water-under-dam

https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/james-bay-project

https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-climate-movement-1.5297668/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bay_Project

Parc Jean-Drapeau Biosphère (Nick Garlisi) The Biosphére

- The Biosphére was first the pavilion for the U.S. at Expo 67 but was destroyed by a fire in 1976 then bought by Environment Canada in 1990 for $17.5 million.

- Before becoming a museum it hosted many things like exhibitions, works of are and more. - It wasn’t until 1995, when the Biosphére became a museum dedicated to environmental action. - The mission of the biosphere “ to bring people closer to nature and to encourage action and citizen participation in favor of a

socio-ecological transition.”

Sources:

https://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/the-dome-biosphere-history/ https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/canada/quebec/articles/whats-the-story- behind-montreals-biosphere/ https://www.mtlblog.com/10-things-to-do-at-montreals-biosphere-this-summer

What does the Biosphére offer?

- The Biosphére holds many different exhibitions like “ + 1˚C: What difference does it make?”where you can learn the effects of climate change and its effects on human health.

- Other topics of the exhibitions are about protecting species that cross the border between the U.S. and Canada as well as an ecolab where you can learn about environmental science in an interactive lab.

- Planet MTL lets you become the mayor of Montreal and lets you see the all the challenges first hand and lets you try and solve the issues of the city.

September 16, 1987 ● Countries gather in Montreal a couple years after the Vienna

Convention held by the United Nations (1985) ● The goal was to regulate ozone-layer depleting substances in how

they are consumed and disposed ○ Specifically chlorofluorocarbons

In present day, all countries a part of the UN (197 total) have signed the agreement and have successfully regulated the ozone-harmful substances.

By 2010, the agreement had prevented 135 billion tons of carbon dioxide emissions.

Kigali Amendment ● After eight other amendments, in 2016 the Kigali Amendment was

added to the Protocol to limit uses of hydrofluorocarbons: the most widely used substance after the initial bans and restrictions were put in place, which were also originally thought to be ozone-friendly

“The Montreal Protocol is a model of cooperation. It is a product of

the recognition and international consensus that ozone depletion is a global problem, both in terms of its causes and its effects. (...) It is a

monumental achievement.” Ronald Reagan, 1988

September 16th is now recognized as World Ozone Day by the United

Nations

The Montreal Protocol On Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer by Aiden Stilwell

The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer - United States Department of State Montreal Protocol - Canada.ca Montreal Protocol - Wikipedia

Montreal Flooding Nicole Schamante ● In 1987, Montreal had a series of bad thunderstorms in the

Spring, receiving about 4 inches of rain. Expressways, houses, rivers, sewers were all flooded. People lost their homes and a few lost their lives. Over the years, during Spring, Quebec is in a state of fear wondering if they will be flooded again or not. The Spring is a terrible time in Montreal due to temperatures rising and ice melting along with the bad thunderstorms.

● In 2017, an even worse flooding happened. 4,066 people were forced out of their homes and Montreal was left in a state of emergency.

○ After this flooding, the people of Quebec speak out saying they need to come up with solutions for the climate changes and be prepared for the next time.

● Hydro-Quebec has many facilities now to help with the impacts of the spring runoff and extreme climate changes.

○ Emptying reservoirs during winter so that the water can fill those instead of the population.

● Petitions for expanding the “no build zones” so residents on the island can adapt.

https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-floods-homeowners-1.5066394 https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/spring-melt-means-worst-flooding-could-still-come-1.5106731 https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/history-through-our-eyes/history-through-our-eyes-july-14-1987-flooding-on-the-de carie

Extreme Ice and Rain Storm (1998) (Peyton Filler)

Overview:

- 100 mm of snow and ice - Five day storm - Power outages affecting 3.5 million people

across Quebec and neighboring Ontario - Doubled annual rain in 5 days - 35 dead - Extremely expensive recovery ($5.4 billion) Sources: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/ice-storm-1998-1.4 469977 https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/history-through- our-eyes/history-through-our-eyes-jan-10-1998-the-ice-storm https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/ice-storm-lessons- endure-10-years-after-disaster-1.726621

With this significant weather event being one of the most fatal weather events in canadian history, it is still remembered today. With the Hydropower system in quebec failing, many were left to struggle for days on end with no power. Many learned from this incident and significant funds were invested in the hydropower system to ensure that a disaster like this was never to happen again. Quebec took this incident as a learning experience to make sure that it never happened again.

Eco-friendly parking lot: A successful project at Aréna Rodrigue-Gilbert (Falah Alkhoori)

Heat Wave in Montreal (2018) Ethan Moss

In the summer of 2018, 66 Montrealers died from extreme heat.

It was found that many of these people lived in “heat islands of the city”

- Heat Islands:

- Created by concrete structures that trap heat in certain areas - Also caused by air pollution that doesn’t allow heat to escape from the atmosphere,

creating heat pockets or “heat islands” in certain areas of the city - Shown in the picture are the income rates per neighborhood in the city, and the

correlating areas with heat island effects; it is observed that the areas of lower income have a substantially larger amount of heat islands.

The city of Montreal has promised to fix this problem through emergency response plans

The city has also promised to spend $16 million worth of trees for urban forests https://globalnews.ca/news/5279502/66-montrealers-died-from-extreme-heat-during-2018-heat-wa ve/ http://datadrivenlab.org/the-urban-heat-island-effect-in-montreal/#:~:text=In%20Montr%C3%A9al %2C%20a%20heat%20wave,De%20La%20Statistique%20Du%20Qu%C3%A9bec.

The Sustainable Montreal Plan

- Established by a collaborative group of over 200 partner organizations from central and local administrations.

- There have been 2 previous plans 2005-2010 and 2010-2015

- The third plan, 2016-2020, which is still ongoing, pulls from ideals and certain methods learned from the first two plans.

- The strategies of this plan will continue with the Montreal Climate Plan as of 2021.

- The ideals of this plan clearly show the presence of environmentalism as a focus of this major city.

- Some of the main goals within this plan include reducing GHG emissions, increasing biodiversity, and providing access to healthy, sustainable neighborhoods.

Sources: https://montreal.ca/en/articles/sus tainable-montreal-2016-2020-8944

https://use.metropolis.org/case-stu dies/sustainable-montreal-plan

https://montreal.ca/en/articles/mo ntreal-climate-plan-objective-carbo n-neutral-2050-7613

(Kailey Johnson)

The Port of Montreal ❖ The foundation of the Port of Montreal originated in 1830 by the first

Harbor Commission and construction of the Port wharves was finished in 1832. The river would finish being dredged in 1854 to allow for the passage of larger steamers.

❖ In 1867 Canada was born. With the establishment of the new country, Montreal had set a new record of having 500 ships pass through the port.

❖ With the port gathering more traffic, the government decided to dredge the river and make it deeper from 1883 to 1885. By 1999, the Montreal Port Authority was created and was at an all time high with around 9 million tons of cargo being transported through the port.

❖ In 2017, the Port of Montreal has changed a few things to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The port has started a new electrical system to help keep the docked cruise ships systems running while shutting off their engines. They have also changed to a liquefied natural gas for docked ships.

❖ The Montreal Port Authority has also pledged to plant 2,000 trees by the year 2024. The MPA has also been participating in a shoreline clean-up project to help clean up the surrounding area.

By Allyson Anderson

Sources: https://www.port-montreal.com/en/the-port-of-montreal/about-the-port/social-responsibility/sustainable-devel opment. https://sustainableworldports.org/project/port-of-montreal-grand-quay-development-project/.

Montreal’s Ban on Single Use Plastics Single use plastics make up 60-95% of marine pollution globally

Calculations suggest that if plastic use is not scaled down, the city’s only landfill will be full by 2029

❖ January 2018 ➢ Ban of free plastic bags in the city as of January 1, but a grace period

was given for until June 5, 2018 before any penalties were imposed ❖ August 2021

➢ Mayor of Montreal Valérie Plante announces ban on all single use plastics

■ Plastic shopping bags prohibited after August 2022 ■ Other single use plastics in retail and restaurants will not be allowed

after March 2023 ● The general public was favorable of this decision and there

was not as much push back as there has been in other cities Sources:

Schnurr, R. E., Alboiu, V., Chaudhary, M., Corbett, R. A., Quanz, M. E., Sankar, K., ... & Walker, T. R. (2018). Reducing marine pollution from single-use plastics (SUPs): A review. Marine pollution bulletin, 137, 157-171.

single-use-plastics-retail-restaurants-1.6144884

Jen Aber

Montreal Quebec Tornadoes - Quebec was hit by four tornadoes on June 21, 2021 - The four tornadoes came in different levels of severity - One of them killed a 59 year old man named Jacques

Lefebvre - Trees were pulled out and landed on houses causing

more damage than should’ve been dealt - Roofs were ripped off with ease from buildings still

under construction - Hydroelectric lines were ripped and dropped to the

ground - Thousands were left without power for many days

By Angel Resendiz

Sources: https://montrealgazette.com/news/lo cal-news/quebec-was-hit-by-four-to rnadoes-on-monday-environment-c anada-says https://calgary.citynews.ca/2021/06/ 21/one-dead-tornado-hits-mascouch e-north-montreal/