help with homework

DIABETES

WHAT IS DIABETES

• Serious, chronic disease that occurs either:

• When the pancreas does not produce enough insulin

• The body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces

• Results in raised blood glucose

• May lead to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves

• More than 400 million people currently live with diabetes

TYPES OF DIABETES

• Type 1 - Deficient insulin production in the body

• Require daily administration of insulin to regulate the amount of glucose in the blood

• Without it, they cannot survive

• Cause not known

• Not preventable

• Symptoms – excessive urination and thirst, constant hunger, weight loss, vision

changes and fatigue

TYPES OF DIABETES

• Type 2 - Results from the body’s ineffective use of insulin

• Accounts for the vast majority of people with diabetes globally

• Symptoms may be similar to those of type 1 diabetes

• Often less marked or absent

• As a result, the disease may go undiagnosed for several years, until complications

have already arisen

• Previously seen only in adults but now more prevalent in children.

TYPES OF DIABETES

• Impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glycaemia

• Intermediate conditions between normal blood glucose levels and diabetes (especially type 2)

• Transition doesn’t always occur

• Those with the condition are at increased risk of heart attacks and strokes

• Gestational Diabetes

• Temporary condition that occurs in pregnancy

• Carries long term risk of type 2 diabetes

• At increased risk of some complications during pregnancy and delivery, including infants

• Diagnosed through prenatal screening

DIABETES RISK FACTORS

• Type 1 – Unknown causes

• Thought to result from a complex interaction between genes and environmental factors

• No specific environmental risk factors shown to cause a significant number of cases

• Primarily occurs in children and adolescents

• Type 2 – Caused by interplay of genetic and metabolic factors

• Ethnicity, family history of diabetes, and previous gestational diabetes combined with older

age, overweight and obesity, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and smoking increase risk.

• Overweight and obesity together with physical inactivity cause a large proportion of global

diabetes burden

DIABETES RISK FACTORS

• Gestational diabetes

• Age (the older a woman of reproductive age is, the higher her risk of GD)

• Overweight or obesity

• Excessive weight gain during pregnancy

• Family history of diabetes

• GD during a previous pregnancy

• History of stillbirth or giving birth to an infant with congenital abnormality;

• Excess glucose in urine during pregnancy

CONSEQUENCES

• Can damage the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves

• two – three-fold increased risk of heart attacks and strokes in adults

• Increased chance for foot ulcers, infection and eventual need for limb

amputation

• Diabetic retinopathy – can cause blindness

• 2.6% of global blindness can be attributed to diabetes

• Among the leading causes of kidney failure

ECONOMIC IMPACT

• Diabetes imposes a large economic burden on the global health-care system

• Direct annual cost to the world is more than US$ 827 billion

• Expenditures for preventing and treating diabetes and its complications

• Outpatient and emergency care; inpatient hospital care; medications and medical supplies; and long-term care

• Impact on national economies

• Estimated GDP losses worldwide from 2011 to 2030 - US$ 1.7 trillion

• US$ 900 billion for high-income countries

• US$ 800 billion for low- and middle-income countries

BURDEN

• Diabetes currently affects over 425 million people worldwide

• Up from 108 million in 1980

• The global prevalence among adults has risen from 4.7% in 1980 to 8.5% in 2014

• Rising more rapidly in middle- and low-income countries

• In 2016, an estimated 1.6 million deaths directly caused by diabetes

• Seventh leading cause of death in 2016

• Another 2.2 million deaths attributable to high blood glucose during 2012

• Almost half of all deaths attributable to high blood glucose occur before the age of 70 years

Estimated prevalence and number of adults aged 18 years and older with diabetes

by WHO Region (2014)

OF ADULTS WITH DIABETES FOR 2014

Trends in diabetes prevalence, 1980 – 2014, by country income group

PREVENTION

• How can prevalence of diabetes be reduced?

• Simple lifestyle measures

• Prevents or delays type 2 diabetes onset

• Achieve and maintain health body weight

• Physically active

• Healthy diet

• Avoid tobacco use

• Smoking increases the risk of diabetes

WHO RESPONSE

• Provide scientific guidelines for the prevention diabetes

• WHO "Global report on diabetes”

• WHO "Global strategy on diet, physical activity and health“

• Develop norms and standards for diabetes diagnosis and care for all countries

• Build awareness on the global epidemic of diabetes, marking World Diabetes

Day (November 14th)

• Conducts surveillance of diabetes and its risk factors

INTERNATIONAL DIABETES FEDERATION (IDF)

• Incorporated in 1950

• An umbrella organization of over 230 national diabetes associations in 170

countries and territories

• Promote diabetes care, prevention and a cure worldwide

• Instrumental in shaping the international agenda to reduce diabetes globally

• Launched the Dubai Blueprint in 2011

• Conceived as a practical tool for future action on diabetes for all sectors

THANK YOU