Order 376544: 1 Write an essay in which you explore the factors that explain your own ‘racial’, ethnic AND/OR national identity choices and experiences.
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SOCIOLOGYREFERENCINGGUIDE.pdf
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SOCIOLOGY REFERENCING GUIDE
Introduction Typically, academic writing draws upon pre-‐existing ideas and texts to develop a new, and sometimes innovative, response to a particular question or problem. In contrast to how journalists approach this task, academic writers are required to carefully reference the texts -‐ book chapters, journal and newspaper articles, videos, websites or personal communications et cetera -‐ that they have used during the process of writing an essay or article. Reasons for referencing: • To acknowledge your use of other people’s ideas • To enable readers of your work to locate the material on which you have drawn • To show that you are presenting more than your personal opinions through the provision of supporting
evidence.
When do you need to reference? In short the answer is this: all statements, opinions, conclusions etcetera taken from another writer’s work should be acknowledged, whether the work is directly quoted, paraphrased or summarised. Usually this means at least one reference per paragraph. If in doubt, it is better to err on the side of acknowledging the use of a source than face possible charges of plagiarism. Plagiarism consists of presenting the ideas of another as one’s own (for a detailed discussion of plagiarism see http://www.auckland.ac.nz/uoa/home/about/teaching-‐learning/academic-‐integrity). Two-‐step referencing process: In the system outlined below (adapted from the in-‐text referencing of Chicago Manual of Style, 1993) there are two steps to take in referencing your sources: an in-‐text citation and an alphabetically ordered bibliography.
CITATIONS IN THE TEXT In-‐text citations are comprised of the author’s name, the year of publication and (where appropriate) the page. You should provide this information every time you name the author! The in-‐text reference should appear in parentheses at the least disruptive point in the sentence, which is often at the end. Note, the term ‘author’ can also mean an editor or organization. • Page numbers are necessary when you have directly quoted material or when the idea you have
summarised or paraphrased is located on a specific page in the text. • When the ideas you have summarised or paraphrased are spread throughout an author’s work page
numbers are not required. • If there is absolutely no page number (for example if the document comes from a website), then indicate
this by using ‘n.p’ (short for no pages). For example: (Slater 2013, n.p). Short quotes of one or two sentences can be included within the body of your essay and are encased by quote marks. Longer quotes should be separated from the body of your essay by indenting the quote and leaving a single line between your writing and the quoted material. Quote marks are unnecessary for longer quotes that are indented. If you are citing more than one source in support of a particular claim then these sources should be organised by date and then alphabetically. Single author:
In a study by Kimmel (1996, 23) on masculinity in the United States…
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In a study on masculinity in the United States …(Kimmel 1996, 23). Two to three authors:
Abbott and Wallace (1997, 127) argue that… It was recently argued that contemporary sociology has been greatly enriched as a discipline by feminist scholarship (Abbott & Wallace 1997, 127).
More than three authors:
Dei et al (2000) conclude that… In a recent book (Dei et al. 2000) on the global status of indigenous knowledges…
Secondary sources (i.e. author cited in another author’s work):
Rosemary Crompton suggests that sociologists use the concept of ‘class’ in four distinct ways (cited in Abbott & Wallace 1997, 55). The concept of ‘class’ has at least four distinct meanings for sociologists (Crompton cited in Abbott & Wallace 1997, 55).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The full details of all of the references mentioned in the body of essay are listed at the end in a bibliography (or, if you are asked only for references cited, a reference list). A bibliographical reference should contain sufficient information in order for someone to be able to trace the item in a library. Such references should be ordered alphabetically and you should not number or bullet point each reference. Only the first letter of the main title, the subtitle, and any proper nouns in the title of books and articles are capitalised. Periodical titles use capitals for each word, except articles (such as ‘a’ or ‘the’), prepositions (‘of’, ‘with’), and conjunctions (‘and’, ‘but’) (unless the title begins with one of these words). If you have cited more than one document from the same author these should be ordered by date, with the earliest first, and differentiated by letters if more than one was published in the same year (eg, 1996a, 1996b). If you have cited a chapter from an edited book that includes multiple authors, you must cite the specific chapter/s you used (see below for ‘chapter in a book’ example) not the whole book. Finally, it is very important to be consistent and accurate when citing references. The same set of rules should be followed every time you cite a reference.
BOOKS
Surname, First Name. Year. Title. Edition (if later than first). Place of publication: Name of publisher. A book by one author: Kimmel, Michael. 1996. Manhood in America: A cultural history. New York: Free Press. A book by two to three authors: Abbot, Pamela and Clair Wallace. 1997. An introduction to sociology: Feminist perspectives. 2nd ed. London &
New York: Routledge. An edited collection: Dei, George J. Sefa, Budd L. Hall and Dorothy Goldin-‐Rosenburg, eds. 2000. Indigenous knowledges in global
contexts: Multiple readings of our world. Toronto & Buffalo: University of Toronto Press.
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A translated book: Foucault, Michel. 1972. The archaeology of knowledge. Trans. A. M. Sheridan Smith. New York: Pantheon
Books. A book written by a corporate author (eg, a government department): National Advisory Council on the Employment of Women and the Dept. of Labour. 1999. Childcare, families
and work: The New Zealand childcare survey 1998. Wellington: New Zealand. A chapter in a book: Flax, Jane. 1992. The end of innocence. In Feminists theorize the political, eds. Judith Butler and Joan W. Scott.
New York & London: Routledge: 19-‐27 [note include first-‐last pages here]
JOURNAL ARTICLES Surname, First Name. Year. Article title. Journal title Volume number (issue number): first-‐last pages. Example: Anthias, Floya. 1998. Rethinking social divisions: Some notes towards a theoretical framework. The Sociological
Review 46(3): 505-‐535.
OTHER SOURCES
A conference paper: Dempsey, Ken. 1998. Men and women’s power relationships and the persisting inequitable division of
housework. Paper presented to Changing families, Changing futures, 6th Australian Institute of Family Studies Conference Melbourne, 25-‐27th November.
A dissertation or thesis: Vares, Tiina. 2000. Reading film and doing talk: The pleasures, dangers and possibilities of women as ‘violent subjects’. Ph.D thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, NZ. A popular magazine: Russell, Marcia. 2000. Coming out even. Grace, October, 62-‐66. A newspaper article: Calder, Peter and Jan Corbett. 1999. The new Dad’s army on the march. Weekend Herald, 19-‐20th June, A15.
(If no author is give then you can simply provide the title, date, newspaper and page). A policy document or government report: Bennett, Paula. 2012. White paper for vulnerable children (volume II). Wellington: Ministry of Social Development. (If no author is given then use the publisher name as the author – this is usually a government ministry).
ELECTRONIC RESOURCES
World Wide Web Site: Surname, First Name. Date. Document title. Available from [Accessed date] Example: Van Dijk, Teun A. July 1998. New(s) racism: A discourse analytical approach. Available from
http://www.hum.uva.nl/~teun/racpress.htm [Accessed 18 June 2001] Full text journal article from an electronic database: Surname, First Name. Year. Document title. Journal Title Volume (issue): pages. Database/Accession number
[Accessed date]
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Example: Mac an Ghaill, Mairtin. 2000. Rethinking (male) gendered sexualities: What about the British heteros? The
Journal of Men’s Studies 8(2): 195-‐212. Expanded Academic/A59269942 [Accessed 15 June 2001] Article in an electronic journal. Surname, First name. Year. Document title. Journal title Volume (Issue): pages or paragraphs. Available from. [Accessed date] Example: Brearly, Laura. 2000. Exploring the creative voice in an academic context. The Qualitative Report 5(3 & 4). Available from http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR5-‐3/brearley.html. [Accessed 15 June 2001] On-‐line newspaper article: Surname, First name. Year. Name of news item. Newspaper, Day Month Available from. [Accessed date] Example: Bridgeman, Shelley. 2000. Dialogue: Property Laws Need to Respect Right to Choose. The New Zealand Herald,
5 June. Available from http://www.nzherald.co.nz [Accessed 1 September 2000] Policy document or government report found online but available as an html or pdf document to print in hardcopy: Name of author or government department. Year. Name of document or report. Place of publication: Name of
publisher THEN Available from: Web address [access date] Example: Welfare Working Group. 2011. Reducing long-‐term benefit dependency: Recommendations. Wellington:
Institute of Policy Studies. Available from: http://ips.ac.nz/WelfareWorkingGroup/Downloads/Final%20Report/WWG-‐Final-‐Recommendations-‐ Report-‐22-‐February-‐2011.pdf [Accessed 2 September 2012]
Political speech: Name of author. Year. Name of speech (if no name, just call it ‘Speech’), date given. Available from: web
address [access date] Example: Bennett, Paula. 2012. Social Security (Youth Support and Work Focus) Amendment Bill second reading speech,
13 June. Available at: http://www.beehive.govt.nz/speech/social-‐security-‐youth-‐support-‐and-‐work-‐focus-‐ amendment-‐bill-‐second-‐reading [Accessed 2 June 2013]
E-‐mail: Surname, First name of sender (e-‐mail address of sender). Date. Subject line. Personal e-‐mail to recipient’s
name (recipient’s e-‐mail address). Example: Sinclair, Debbie ([email protected]). 12 November 2001. Outsiders. Personal e-‐mail to Christopher
Jenkins ([email protected]) E-‐mail discussion group: Surname, First name. Date. Subject line from posting on List name [e-‐mail discussion list] Available from
[Accessed date] Example: Williams, Nathan. 21 June 2001. ISI Web of science service for UK education on CHEST-‐WOS [e-‐mail discussion
list]. Available from chest-‐[email protected] [Accessed June 21 2001]
