Lab 2: Social Networks/Social Support.
goergesandy2023
SocialSupportlecture7.pdf
William R. Brieger, MPH, CHES, DrPH Johns Hopkins University
Social Support
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Definitions and Theories
Section A
Social Support
“Social support is a feedback provided via contact with similar and valued peers” Gottlieb (1985)
Emotional—affect, esteem, concern Instrumental—aid in labor, money, time Informational—suggestions, advice, information Appraisal—feedback, affirmation
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Social Support
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Support systems “help the individual mobilize his psychological resources and master his psychological, emotional burdens; they share his tasks; and they supply him with extra supplies of money, materials, tools, skills, and cognitive guidance to improve his handling of his situation.”
— Caplan (1974)
Social Support
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“Feedback from a primary group that is health protective, during times of stress”
— Cassel (1976)
Links: Behavior Models and Social Network Theory
Health belief model Cues to action
Other people provide information, encouragement to undertake or to refrain from recommended actions
Modifying factors Membership in social groups provides context for
beliefs and perceptions
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Links Between Models and Social Network Theory
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Social learning theory The (social) environment
Environment is the context in which people observe new behavior and evaluate the implications directly or vicariously of new behavior
Men play this game the Yoruba call ayo until it gets dark. Mothers tell their children to stay away so they won’t observe this behavior.
Links Between Models and Social Network Theory
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Ecological model Interpersonal level
Group membership provides a context in which behavior can be encouraged or discouraged and a means for interpreting acceptable behavior
More Links
PRECEDE Reinforcing factors—attitudes/behaviors of significant
others that encourage or dissuade action Theory of reasoned action External factors—attitudes toward reference groups Subjective perceptions of norms—this component is
especially relevant to appraisal and feedback types of social support
Diffusion theory Characteristics of change agent—homophilous
communication within primary groups and channels of communication, i.e., better communication and information flow within groups that share common characteristics
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Social Support Mediates Between
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Individual and Environment
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Not Reg 3rd 2nd 1st
pe rc
en t
Trimester when registered
Antenatal Care and Social Support
Trimester when registered
A Social Network
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“A specific set of linkages among a defined set of persons, with the additional property that the characteristics of these linkages as a whole can be used to interpret the social behavior of the persons involved”
— Mitchell (1980)
The material in this video is subject to the copyright of the owners of the material and is being provided for educational purposes under rules of fair use for registered students in this course only. No additional copies of the copyrighted work may be made or distributed.
Relationships and Structures
Section B
Relationships and Structures—John Scott
Relational data are central to the principle concerns of the sociological tradition, with its emphasis on the structure of social action
Structures are built through relationships, and the structural concerns of sociology can be pursued through the collection and analysis of relational data
Social network concepts originally derived from textile metaphors of social fabric, web, interweaving, and interlocking
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Social Networks Are Units of Identity
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Aso egbe A social group (egbe) wears the same cloth (aso) as
a means of social identity
Social Identity
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Wearing the same cloth at a Yoruba ceremony is a means of establishing social identity
Social Support
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Groups provide support—emotional, material, informational, and feedback
Informal Groups
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Networks are often informal, built from daily interactions— such as working together, harvesting
Washing Clothes
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Cooking for Ceremonies
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Relaxing After a Day’s Work
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Instrumental Support
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Providing instrumental support, like helping roof a house, is a key social network function
Gender Roles in Support
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And while the men put on the roof, women prepare a meal for all
Emotional Support
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Members of a social network provide emotional support during times of mourning
The Household as Social Network
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The household, in its various forms, is a basic social network
Married Couples Need Social Support
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Marriages may be arranged or negotiated so that there is a commitment between families
Both families try to make the marriage work and solve problems/conflicts
In arranged marriages, partners know the importance of compromise
The marriage is seen as a productive unit
The Household Economy
Income, accessing external resources Allocation and expenditure Decision making and bargaining Productive activities inside the household Individual member health status as a result of the above
processes
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Economic Interests as Basis for a Group
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The household, in its various forms, is a basic social network
More Economic Interests
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Traders from neighboring villages form an association that sets prices and oversees sales
If one member is sick, another can take his or her crops to market for sale
Selling Yams as a Common Denominator
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The yam sellers meet together to set prices and review quality
These groups also get together for social occasions, such as celebrating when one of their members has a naming cere- mony or has a child who gets his “freedom” from apprentice- ship
Professional Societies in Historical Perspective
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In the sixth century, Mayan astronomers held conferences to decide about leap year and other professional matters
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