Lab 2: Social Networks/Social Support.
goergesandy2023
SocialNetworkslecture8.pdf
Social Networks
William R. Brieger, MPH, CHES, DrPH Johns Hopkins University
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Structure of a Network
Density - Connections or linkages within
Size - Number of direct contacts
Range - Extent, heterogeneity
Intensity - Emotional closeness, focal person
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Network Characteristics
Network characteristics in!uence diffusion of ideas, behaviors, and even diseases
Density - HIGH density
Many connections—easier !ow of innovations - LOW density
Few connections—slower or more difficult !ow
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Network Characteristics
Network characteristics in!uence diffusion of ideas, behaviors, even diseases
Range - HIGH range
Variety of different members; greater opportunity for new ideas to enter network; greater in!uence in terms of community change, as those members will themselves have a variety of networks
- LOW range Members more homogeneous; fewer points where
new ideas can enter network
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Wide Range
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High Density
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Self 17%
Friends 36%
Fathers 26%
Brothers 9%Mothers
6%
Acquaintance 6%
Social contacts as sources
Youth Who Drink Alcohol
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Family
Rural dweller
Urban visitor
Social events
Business Friends
becomes
Rural to Urban Migration
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In the community
Polygamy Boy/girl friends Divorcees
Commercial sex workers
Drivers Farm laborers
Lagos returnees
Urban to Rural (And Others)
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Training village health workers
Intervention Can Build on Group Support
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Networks Influence Sharing of Knowledge
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El Progresso, Honduras
Youth Groups Help Community
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Diabetic club
Self-Help among Diabetic Patients
Members provide emotional support when family members reject someone
They teach each other skills and provide encouragement to en- hance self-efficacy
As a group, they negotiate with medicine shops for lower prices
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Mother’s Clubs for Child Health
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Peer Education Builds on Social Support/Networks
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Peer Education
Peer education programs are based on theory and assump- tions that young people can communicate among them- selves better
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Social Network Differences Influence
In-school networks - Captive audience - Well-de$ned groups like classes - Structured opportunities to interact
Out-of-school networks - Small networks—e.g., six apprentices in a workshop - Overall populations larger, more diverse
Peer Education Effects
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Analysis of Peer Education Effects
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Theoretical Bases for Peer Education
Building knowledge - Information !ows more freely among peers
Perception of risk - Risk perception closely linked with emotional
development stages
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Theoretical Bases for Peer Education
Perception of norms - Beliefs of whether the behavior is acceptable, approved of
by social network Self-efficacy - Enhanced through observational learning, especially by
observing people in similar situations/similar backgrounds - Greater sense of identity with people of similar
background
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Social Support Aids Program Success
Social support is often needed to support public health efforts like immunization - E.g., do family members
(who help watch over other children at home) approve?
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Networks Are Units of Identity
People know to which network they belong People belong to many networks Different networks may meet differing needs for social
support - Emotional, appraisal, material, and informational - Networks mediate between the individual and the larger
community Networks collectively comprise the fabric of the community
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Network Analysis
Memberships Connections Sources of support De$ne an individual’s coping strategy Note - Networks do not include social services and service
providers Networks serve as mediators between these services
and individual group members
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Religious sect
Social club
Co-op/ union
Extended family
Farmer
Memberships
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Different Groups, Different Support
Union or co-op - Material support
Access to government fertilizers as a group Loans, contributions
- Information support Sharing ideas about crop production and availability
of agricultural inputs - Appraisal support
Feedback on production methods, crop choices
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Different Groups, Different Support
Social club - Emotional support
Attend each member’s social events Come together for mourning
- Material support Contribute $nancially to ceremonies Loan each other money
- Appraisal support Feedback on performance of social roles
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A Farmer Has Various Memberships
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