SOC&USBL

Week 6 Introduction to Sociology Final Exam

Name: _____________________________ Time: _____________________________

Part I: The following are 10 matching problems. There is a section with a definition or description to the left and a series of terms to the right. Match the correct term to its definition or description by writing the letter of the term in the blank to the left of the number of the definition or description. Note that a term can be used only once, and that you will not need to use all the terms. Also note that this section is self-contained, meaning questions and answers do not match across sections. Each question is worth 1 point.

___ 1. A person who is represented by a specific state, who is eligible to vote in the state’s elections, and who has rights and responsibilities as a result of this classification is called a what?

____ 2. Political relationships that involve large geographic areas or the globe as a whole are known as what?

____ 3. Which stage in the development of the self occurs when young children first begin to take the perspective of a specific other or begin to play at a role?

____ 4. Which concept refers to the degree of cohesiveness exhibited by society –especially as it relates to adhering to social norms?

____ 5. When the expectations of a person’s roles demand more than the person can possibly handle, the person is said to experience what?

____ 6. Which region of interaction is the one where the individual is in the presence of others less familiar with the individual and therefore with whom the individual would like to make a good impression?

____ 7. What do we call the experience some people have which occurs when their position on one dimension of the social order is substantially higher or lower than their position on the other dimension of the social order?

____ 8. The unofficial rules, routines, and structures through which students learn the socially accepted norms, values, attitudes, and behavioral expectations of educational institutions which help students succeed in school are called what?

____9. A society in which movement across social classes is easy or frequent is classified by stratification researchers as which kind of society?

____ 10. What do we call the philosophical study of the nature of being or of the kinds

of things that have existence?

A. Self

B. Generalized Other

C. Ontology

D. Epistemology

E. Play Stage

F. The front Region

G. Open Society

H. Role Conflict

I. Role Overload

J. Closed Society

K. Primary Group

L. Secondary Group

M. Glocalization

N. Social Structures

O. Network Structures

P. Balanced Network

Q. Collective Conscience

R. Political Economy

S. Geopolitics

T. Citizen

U. Hidden Curriculum

V. Austerity Measures

W. Principle

X. Maturity

Y. Consumption

Z. Status Inconsistency

Part II:

The following are 50 multiple choice problems. Choose the best answer for each question by filling in completely the bubble corresponding to the letter of your answer choice next to the number of the question on your bubble sheet. Each question is worth 1 point.

11) A sociologist is interested in studying the interactions which occur between managers and the employees they are in charge of. He wants to study these interactions because he believes the authority structures present in such situations are created and reinforced through repeated interactions and the continual interactional processes of the managers requiring or demanding deference and the employees giving the managers deference. So, from this sociologist’s perspective social structures like authority and status are generated and reinforced within interaction. Which side of the argument in sociology does this sociologist support?

A) The Micro Level Argument B) The Macro Level Argument

C) The Agency Argument D) The Structure Argument

12) A sociologist is interested in discovering the broad, generalizable patterns between a few variables which are observed across cases in order to generate a parsimonious understanding of how variables affect each other in a wide range of circumstances and across a wide variety of types of cases. Additionally, she feels that getting into the details of any one case would obscure the understanding she is trying to create. Which side of the argument in sociology does this sociologist support?

A) The Qualitative Argument B) The Quantitative Argument

C) The Mixed Methods Argument

13) A sociologist believes the role of professional sociologists is to generate knowledge, and in order to do so, he collects original data for empirical analysis and attempts to use his findings in order to generate and test sociological theories. Also, he writes up his findings as academic articles and publishes them in academic sociological journals. Which side of the argument in sociology does this sociologist support?

A) The Public Sociology Argument B) The Basic Research Argument

14) Imagine a society with strict laws restricting interaction between people of different races. Blacks and Whites must use different entrances to and sit in different sections of public establishments like restaurants, movie theaters, and courthouses. Anti-miscegenation laws forbid people from different racial backgrounds from marrying, and sexual intercourse between people from different racial groups is strongly discouraged, while still being technically legal. Children are forced to go to racially segregated schools, although that is rarely an issue since most of the population lives in racially segregated neighborhoods. This system is often justified as a way of keeping the races “pure” and reducing the chances of “contamination” between the races. In reality, it is a system that protects the economic and social interests of Whites at the expense of Blacks. Which sociological concept is evident in this society?

A) Alienation B) Social Order C) Anomie D) Social Closure

15) Imagine a society where individuals perform the same jobs and feel a sense of unity because they all have the same experiences and values and therefore have a sense of unity due to their sameness. Which kind of unity are the individuals in this society experiencing?

A) Mechanical Solidarity B) Organic Solidarity C) Sociation

16 )A sociologist interested in social hierarchy is constructing a survey. On it he includes the following questions:

Do you own any property which produces income, for example a business, farmland, or rental properties? (Yes | No)

If you answered “Yes” to the previous question, what type of property is it? _______

If you answered “No” to the previous question, do you possess any special skills, talents, or training? (Yes | No)

If you answered “Yes” to the previous question, what skills, talents, or training is it? _______ Which sociological concept is this sociologist trying to measure with this set of questions?

A) A Marxist Version of Class B) A Weberian Version of Class

C) A Weberian Version of Status D) A Durkheimian Version of the Division of Labor

17) As part of a study focused on public opinion concerning the likelihood of rags-to-riches stories, a sociologist points out the mass media’s role in misinforming the public about the degree to which such events take place and the role such misinformation plays in getting people to vote against their economic interests. Which contemporary theoretical perspective does this sociologist’s work most closely resemble?

A) Structural-Functionalism B) Conflict or Critical Theory C) Symbolic Interactionism

18) Imagine the following scene: A local organization for professional city planners is having a brunch so that local practitioners can get to know each other better. Six people are sitting at one of the tables and are discussing their educational and career backgrounds. As they tell stories back and forth, each person presents their self and their biographical history in a very positive way. In which region of interaction is this set of interactions most likely taking place?

A) The Front Region B) The Back Region

19) According to Goffman, during an interaction an individual attempts to maintain his or her self-image and others’ impressions of him or her as they react to our presentation of self through our role performances. Which of the following concepts is the one Goffman uses to describe this behavior?

A) The Looking-Glass Self B) Taking the Perspective of the Generalized Other C) Impression Management

20) Dr. Anderson has been a member of the American Sociological Association (ASA) for twenty years. While he strongly identifies himself as a sociologist, he is not very attached to the ASA. Additionally, while he enjoys going to the annual meetings to see old friends and hear new ideas, the vast majority of his values, attitudes, behavioral expectations, and self-critiques are not strongly influenced by his membership in the group. What type of group best describes Dr. Anderson’s association with the ASA?

A) Primary Group B) Secondary Group

21) Imagine the following scene: A recent college graduate is starting a new job. At the end of the first week, her boss asks for a meeting. In the meeting, her boss says that her work has been excellent so far, but that her memos are too long, too detailed, and too full of flowery language and complex sentences. Her boss asks her to keep up the good work but to simplify and shorten her writing. Her boss specifically says, “I don’t care how you learned to write in college. For your job here, I need you to get to the point in as few words as possible.” This interaction is best described as an example of which kind of socialization?

A) Primary Socialization B) Secondary Socialization C) Resocialization

22) Which social class is made up of occupations which are manual labor based – or were so historically – and which have relatively low status and prestige but a wide pay scale that can be lower than the pay of the lower class but can also be higher than the pay of the upper-middle class?

A) The Lower Class B) The Working Class C) The Lower-Middle Class

D) The Middle-Middle Class E) The Upper-Middle Class

23) Imagine an individual whose father was a coal miner and whose mother worked in a factory on an assembly line. While it was difficult, this individual attended and finished a 4-year college bachelor’s degree and is currently working as a project manager at a major advertising firm in New York. What kind of mobility best describes this individual’s experience?

A) Downward Mobility B) Upward Mobility C) Horizontal Mobility

24) Look back at the description of the mobility experienced by the person in question number 13. What kind of mobility best describes this individual’s experience?

A) Intergenerational Mobility B) Intragenerational Mobility

25) While most norms are informal, they are still enforced through which mechanism or mechanisms?

A) Punishments, which are negative sanctions for when norms are violated.

B) Rewards, which are positive sanctions for when norms are followed.

C) Punishments, which are positive sanctions for when norms are followed.

D) Rewards, which are negative sanctions for when norms are violated.

E) Sanctions, which can be either negative (punishments) when norms are violated or positive (rewards) when norms are followed.

26)Sociology's social-conflict approach draws attention to________

A)how structure contributes to the overall operation of society.

B) how people construct meaning through interaction.

C)patterns of social inequality.

D) the stable aspects of society.

27) Suicides by people who kill themselves out of a sense of duty to the group or self-sacrifice would be termed _____ suicides by Durkheim

A) egoistic. B)altruistic. C)anomic. D)atomic.

28)Which term is used to describe norms that are relatively serious, that tend to be codified as rules or laws, and which tend to carry severe sanctions?

A) Mores B) Folkways

29) In American society, the fact that we consider NASCAR and beer to be low status and therefore low culture while considering opera and wine to be high status and thus high culture is a component of which kind of culture?

A) Material Culture B) Symbolic Culture

30) Imagine the following scene: Ben has just been introduced to Janette by a mutual friend. In discussing their interests Ben makes it a point to explain that he really enjoys all sorts of musical genres ranging from classical symphonies to jazz to musical theatre to classic rock. Which approach to distinguishing himself as upper class is Ben taking?

A)Distinction B) Cultural Omnivorousness

31) A sociological theory concerned with the issues of who benefits from particular social arrangements and how the powerful maintain their positions is known as

A) conflict theory. B) coercion theory. C) functionalism. D) symbolic interactionism.

32)A symbolic interactionist would be most likely to ask which of the following questions?

A) What function does the education system serve for the larger society?

B) Why is education a useful service?

C) How is the educational system used to benefit those in power?

D) What messages are communicated to students by the structure in which education takes place?

33) Which of the following is an example of Social Structure?

A) the relationship between bison and Native Americans

B) the relationship between using silverware vs. not using silverware

C) the relationship between a society and a culture

D) the relationship between a mother and a daughter

34) When looking at a random object and thinking of its deeper impact on society (such as looking at a shoe or a calculator and thinking of who else it affects), you are using your ___________.

A) Sociological Mentality B) Societal Implementation

C) Sociological Imagination D) Social Dynamic

35)The personal value of studying sociology includes ___________

A)seeing the opportunities and constraints in our lives.

B)the fact that it is good preparation for a number of jobs,

C)being more active participants in society.

D)All of the above are correct.

36) Survey research is ideal for which of the following?

A)small numbers B) large numbers C)females D)males

37) he video of Black Like Me, when a white man dyed his skin black and moved to the South in the 1960s, was an example of what?

A)Participant observation B)Case study C)Variables D)Secondary analysis

38) Enjoying sleeping on the floor as opposed to a bed is an example of breaking a ___________.

A)More B)Folkway C)Social Structure D)Taboos

39) The family is a social institution that is found in ___________

A)most but not all societies. B) Low-income nations but typically not in high-income nations.

C) high-income nations but typically not in low-income nations. D) every society.

40) What is the term sociologists use for a family containing parents, children, and other kin?

A)a nuclear family B)an extended family C) a family of affinity D)a conjugal family

41) Social stratification refers to ___________.

A) he fact that some people work harder than others

B) ranking categories of people in a hierarchy.

C) job specialization

D) inequality of personal talent and individual effort,

42) "Role set" refers to ___________.

A)a number of roles found in anyone society.

B) a number of roles attached to a single status.

C)a number of roles that are more or less the same.

D)a number of roles within anyone organization.

43) Max Weber claimed that social stratification is based on___________.

A)economic class. B)social status or prestige, C) power. D) All of the above are correct.

44) Applying Robert Merton's strain theory, a person selling illegal drugs for a living would be an example of which of the following categories?

A) conformist B) innovator C) retreatist D) ritualist

45) A social-conflict approach claims that who a society calls deviant depends on ___________.

A)who has and does not have power. B)a society's moral values.

C)how often the behavior occurs. D)how harmful the behavior is.

46) What term did Charles Cooley give to a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships?

A)expressive group B) in-group C) primary group D) secondary group

47) The "McDonaldization of society" means that ___________.

A)organizations can provide food for people more efficiently than families can.

B) impersonal organizations concerned with efficiency, unifor- mity, and control are becoming more and more common.

C) it is possible for organizations to both do their job and meet human needs.

D) society today is one vast social network.

48) A caste system is social stratification ___________.

A) based on individual achievement, B)based on meritocracy.

C) based on birth. D) in which a person's social position is likely to change over time.

49) The Thomas theorem states that ___________.

A)our statuses and roles are the keys to our personality.

B)most people rise to their level of incompetence.

C) people know the world only through their language.

D) situations defined as real are real in their consequences.

50) Kingsley Davis's study of Anna, the girl isolated for five years, shows that ___________.

A)humans have all the same instincts found in other animal species.

B)without social experience, a child never develops personality.

C) personality is present in all humans at birth.

D)many human instincts disappear in the first few years of life.

51) Lawrence Kohlberg explored socialization by studying ___________.

A)cognition. B)the importance of gender in socialization.

C)the development of biological instincts. D) moral reasoning.

52) Why is the family so important to the socialization process?

A)Family members provide vital caregiving to infants and children.

B) Families give children social identity in terms of class, ethnicity, and religion.

C)Parents greatly affect a child's self-concept.

D)All of the above are correct.

53) What Lenski called the "industrial" society and Marx called the "capitalist" society, Weber called ___________.

A)the "rational" society. B) the "ideal" society,

C)the "traditional" society. D)the "technological" society.

54) Which of the following questions might Durkheim ask about the ongoing war on terror?

A)Would the war on terror unite people across the United States?

B)Which class benefits most from the war on terror?

C) How does war lead to new kinds of technology?

D) How does war increase the scope of bureaucracy?

55) Which theoretical approach focuses on the link between culture and social inequality?

A)the structural-functional approach

B) the social-conflict approach

C) the symbolic-interaction approach

D) the sociobiology approach

56) Subculture refers to ___________.

A)a part of the population lacking culture

B) elements of popular culture

C) people who embrace high culture

D) cultural patterns that set apart a segment of a society's population.

57) Ideas created by members of a society are part of___________ .

A) high culture. B) material culture.

C) norms. D)Non-material culture.

58)Which of the following illustrates a micro-level focus?

A)the operation of the U.S. political system

B)patterns of global terrorism

C).class inequality in the armed forces

D)two new dormitory roommates getting to know one another

59) To study the effects on test performance of playing soft music during an exam, a researcher conducts an experiment in which one test-taking class hears music and another does not. According to the chapter discussion of the experiment, the class hearing the music is called ___________.

A)the placebo B) the control group.

C)the dependent variable D) the experimental group.

60)Keeping the Kuznets curve in mind, which type of society has the most social stratification?

A)hunting and gathering A) horticultural/pastoral

C)agrarian D)industrial

Part III

Short Answer: answer in 2 or more complete sentences.(5 points each)

61)What are the two ways to conduct field research? Explain these two methods.

62)Give an example of breaking a more.

Part IV

Essay: pick TWO of the THREE options and write on a separate sheet of paper. (15 points each)

63) According to Max Weber, what are the six traits that define bureaucracy? What is the advantage of this organizational form? What are several problems that often go along with it?

64) Choose a contemporary social problem. How would a proponent of the functionalist perspective view the problem you selected? How would a proponent of conflict theory view the problem you selected? How would a proponent of the interactionist perspective view the problem you selected?

65) Compare and contrast scientific sociology, interpretive sociology, and critical sociology.Which of these approaches best describes the work of Durkheim, Weber, and Marx?