SOC Problems
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SocAssignment22019.6.28.docWeek 2 Soc Assignment 2
Content：
Chapter2 Asking and Answering Sociological Questions
Chapter 3 Culture
Chapter 4 Socialization
一、Multiple-Choice Questions
1. Science is defined as__________
a. a logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systematic observation.
b. belief based on faith in some ultimate truth.
c. knowledge based on a society's traditions.
d. information that comes from recognized "experts,"
2. Empirical evidence refers to __________
a. quantitative rather than qualitative data.
b. what people consider "common sense."
c. information people can verify with their senses.
d. patterns found in every known society.
3. When trying to measure people's "social class;' you would have to keep in mind that __________
a. your measurement can never be both reliable and valid.
b. there are many ways to operationalize this variable.
c. there is no way to measure "social class."
d. in the United States, everyone agrees on what "social class" means.
4. What is the term for the value that occurs most often in a series of numbers?
a. the mode
b. the median
c. the mean
d. All of the above are correct.
5. When measuring any variable, reliability refers to __________
a. whether you are really measuring what you want to measure.
b. how dependable the researcher is.
c. results that everyone would agree with.
d. whether repeating the measurement yields consistent results.
6. We can correctly say that two variables are correlated if __________
a. change in one causes no change in the other.
b. one occurs before the other.
c. their values vary together.
d. both measure the same thing.
7. Which of the following is not one of the defining traits of a cause-and-effect relationship?
a. The independent variable must happen before the dependent variable.
b.Each variable must be shown to be independent of the other.
c. The two variables must display correlation.
d. There must be no evidence that the correlation is spurious.
8. Interpretive sociology is a research orientation that__________
a. focuses on action,
b. sees an objective reality "out there."
c. focuses on the meanings people attach to behavior.
d. seeks to increase social justice.
9. To study the effects on test performance of playing soft music during an exam, a researcher conducts an experiment in which one test-taking class hears music and another does not. According to the chapter discussion of the experiment, the class hearing the music is called __________
a. the placebo.
b. the control group.
c. the dependent variable.
d. the experimental group.
10. In participant observation, the problem of "breaking in" to a setting is often solved with the help of a __________
a. key informant.
b. research assistant.
c. bigger budget.
d. All of the above are correct.
11. Of all the world's countries, the United States is the most __________
a. multicultural.
b. culturally uniform.
c. slowly changing.
d. resistant to cultural diversity.
12. Ideas created by members of a society are part of __________
a. high culture.
b. material culture.
c. norms.
d. Non-material culture.
13.Sociologists define a symbol as __________
a.any gesture that insults others.
b. any element of material culture.
c. anything that has meaning to people who share a culture.
d. any pattern that causes culture shock.
14. U.S.culture holds a strong belief in __________
a.the traditions of the past.
b. individuality.
c.equality of condition for all.
d. All of the above are correct.
15.Cheating on a final examination is an example of violating campus__________
a. Folk Ways.
b. symbols.
c. mores.
d. high culture.
16. Subculture refers to __________
a. a part of the population lacking culture,
b. elements of popular culture,
c. people who embrace high culture.
d. cultural patterns that set apart a segment of a society's population.
17. Which region of the United States has the largest share of people who speak a language other than English at home?
a. the Southwest
b. the Northeast
c. the Northwest
d. the South
18. Sociologists use the term "cultural lag" to refer to __________
a. the slowing of cultural change in the United States.
b. the fact that some societies change faster than others do.
c. that fact that some elements of culture change faster than others.
d. people who are less cultured than others,
19. Which of the following is a description of ethnocentrism?
a. taking pride in your ethnicity
b. judging another culture using the standards of your own culture
c. seeing another culture as better than your own
d. judging another culture by its own standards
20. Which theoretical approach focuses on the link between culture and social inequality?
a. the structural-functional approach
b. the social-conflict approach
c. the symbolic-interaction approach
d. the sociobiology approach
21. Which of the following would Lenski highlight as a cause of change in society?
a. new religious movements
b. conflict between workers and factory owners
c. the steam engine
d. the extent to which people share moral values
22. Horticultural societies are those in which __________
a. people hunt animals and gather vegetation.
b. people are nomadic.
c. people have learned to raise animals.
d. people use simple hand tools to raise crops.
23. Lenski claims that the development of more complex technology __________
a. has both positive and negative effects.
b. is entirely positive.
c. is mostly negative.
d. has little or no effect on society.
24. Marx believed that the industrial-capitalist economic system __________
a. was very productive.
b. concentrated wealth in the hands of a few.
e. created conflict between two great classes: capitalists and proletarians.
d. All of the above are correct.
25. Marx considered which of the following to be the "foundation" of society?
a. technology
b. the economy
c. dominant ideas
d. type of solidarity
26. Unlike Marx, Weber thought alienation was caused by __________
a. social change that is too rapid.
b. extensive social inequality.
c. the high level of rationality in modern society,
d. All of the above are correct.
27. What Lenski called the "industrial" society and Marx called the "capitalist" society, Weber called __________
a, the "rational" society.
b. the "ideal" society,
c. the "traditional" society.
d. the "technological" society.
28. Marx's "materialist" analysis contrasts with Weber's __________
a. "optimistic" analysis.
b. "idealist" analysis.
c. "traditional" analysis.
d. "technological" analysis.
29, Durkheim thought of society as __________
a.existing only in people's minds.
b. constantly changing.
c. an objective reality.
d. having no clear existence at all
30. Which of the following questions might Durkheim ask about the ongoing war on terror?
a. Would the war on terror unite people across the United States?
b. Which class benefits most from the war on terror?
c. How does war lead to new kinds of technology?
d. How does war increase the scope of bureaucracy?
31. Kingsley Davis's study of Anna, the girl isolated for five years, shows that __________
a. humans have all the same instincts found in other animal species.
b. without social experience, a child never develops personality.
c. personality is present in all humans at birth.
d. many human instincts disappear in the first few years of life.
32.Most sociologists take the position that __________
a. humans have instincts that direct behavior.
b. biological instincts develop in humans at puberty.
c. it is human nature to nurture.
d. All of the above are correct.
33. Lawrence Kohlberg explored socialization by studying __________
a.cognition.
b. the importance of gender in socialization.
c. the development of biological instincts.
d. moral reasoning.
34.Carol Gilligan added to Kohlberg's findings by showing that __________
a. girls and boys typically use different standards in deciding what is right and wrong.
b. girls are more interested in right and wrong than boys are.
c. boys are more interested in right and wrong than girls are.
d. today's children are far Less interested in right and wrong than their parents are.
35. The "self:' said George Herbert Mead, is __________
a. the part of the human personality made up of self-awareness and self-image.
b.the presence of culture within the individual.
c. basic drives that are self-centered.
d. present in infants from birth.
36.Why is the family so important to the socialization process?
a. Family members provide vital caregiving to infants and children.
b. Families give children social identity in terms of class, ethnicity, and religion.
c. Parents greatly affect a child's self-concept.
d.All of the above are correct.
37. Social class position affects socialization: Lower-class parents tend to stress _, and well-to-do parents stress _,
a. independence; protecting children
b. independence; dependence
c. obedience; creativity
d. creativity; obedience
38. In global perspective, which statement about childhood is correct?
a. In every society, the first ten years of life are a time of play and learning.
b. Rich societies extend childhood much longer than poor societies do.
c. Poor societies extend childhood much longer than rich societies do,
d. Childhood is defined by being biologically immature.
39. Modern, high-income societies typically define people in old age as __________
a. the wisest of all.
b. the most up-to-date on current fashion and trends.
c. less socially important than younger adults.
d. All of the above are correct.
40. According to Erving Goffman, the purpose of a total institution is __________
a. to reward someone for achievement in the outside world.
b. to give a person more choices about how to live.
c. to encourage lifelong learning in a supervised context.
d. to change a person's personality or behavior.
Essay Questions
1. Link Marx, Weber, and Durkheim to one of sociology's theoretical approaches, and explain your choices.
2. Compare and contrast scientific sociology, interpretive sociology, and critical sociology, Which of these approaches best describes the work of Durkheim, Weber, and Marx?
3.Do you think that a global culture is emerging? Do you regard the prospect of a global culture as positive or negative? Why?
4. State the two sides of the "nature-nurture" debate. In what important way are nature and nurture not opposed to each other?
5. What are common themes in the ideas of Freud, Piaget, Kohlberg, Gilligan, Mead, and Erikson? In what ways do their theories differ?
