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Running head: SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT 1

SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT 13

Social Media’s Effect on the Development and Learning Stages of A Child

Nisha Cunningham

Felician University

Social Media’s Effect on the Development and Learning Stages of A Child

Annotated Bibliography

Best, P., Manktelowa, R., & Taylor, B. (2014). Online communication, social media, and adolescent wellbeing: A systematic narrative review. Children and Youth Services Review, 27-36.

The article looks into the growing debate about the effects of online social technologies on children and teenagers. Through an in-depth analysis of empirical research, the authors identify both the benefits and harmful effects of social media on young people. The article gives recommendations on how to minimize adverse impacts and increase the positive effects of social media.

Loureiro, K., Solnet, D., Bolton, R. P., Hoefnagels, A., Migchels, N., & Kabadayi, S. (2013). Understanding Generation Y and their use of social media: a review and research agenda. Journal of Service Management, 245-267.

Social media use has several implications for young people. This article refers to today's younger generation as Generation Y. The authors collect information to show the effects of social media on society, organizations, and individuals. Several research questions are derived to explain social media use in a better way.

Hutter, K., Hautz, J., Dennhardt, S., & Füller, J. (2013). The impact of user interactions in social media on brand awareness and purchase intention: the case of MINI on Facebook. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 342-351.

The article analyzes how social media influences the purchase of products. Through an online survey, the authors indicate how individuals can be talked into buying products over the internet. The authors use a mixed-method research method to show how social media has influenced the marketing of products.

Schwendler, I. L., & Trude, A. (2018). Implementation of Text-Messaging and Social Media Strategies in a Multilevel Childhood Obesity Prevention Intervention: Process Evaluation Results. The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 187-198.

Social media has been highly attributed to the increase in obesity in young children. Children are spending more time on social media platforms. Physical exercise has dramatically reduced as more children embrace social media and their major entertainment. The article reviews the use of social media in both increasing and lowering obesity prevalence.

Lewin, C., & Greenhow, C. (2016). Social media and education: reconceptualizing the boundaries of formal and informal learning. Journal of Learning, Media and Technology, 6-30.

Social media has several effects on society. Some people have argued that social media has the potential of creating a bridge between formal and informal learning. Social media affects learning at both levels. This article analyzes the use of social media in terms of its effects on learning both formally and informally. The authors give suggestions on how social media platforms can be used to deliver better learning outcomes.

Raut, V., & Patil, P. (2016). Use of Social Media in Education: Positive and Negative impact on the students. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication, 281-285.

Social media use has dramatically increased. In most cases, human activities are reliant on the internet. While social media improves communication, it has both negative and positive effects on the learning of students. The article looks into how social media has influenced education both in good and bad ways. The authors focus on unhealthy addiction to social media and its effects on development.

Akram, W., & Kumar, R. (2017). A Study on Positive and Negative Effects of Social Media on Society. International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, 347-357.

The article gathers data to show the positive and negative effects of social media on society. The authors outline the position held by social media in our community. While its significance cannot be ignored, it is essential to consider how social media has negatively contributed to education, culture, morals, and society at large.

Aksoy, L., Van Riel, A., Kandampully, J., Bolton, R. N., Parasuraman, A., Hoefnagels, A., ... & Solnet, D. (2013). Understanding Generation Y and their use of social media: a review and research agenda. Journal of service management.

This article discusses the use of social media by Generation Y. It provides a review of the usage tendencies of social media and seeks to provide an explanation of the frequencies. It also explains the effect of branding on social media to this generation and whether they are affected by influenced by buying trends.

Chassiakos, Y. L. R., Radesky, J., Christakis, D., Moreno, M. A., & Cross, C. (2016). Children and adolescents and digital media. Pediatrics, 138(5), e20162593.

This article provides the growth stages of children and the alteration of these stages when children interact with digital media. It also looks into the shift from childhood to adolescence and the impediments that may arise if social media affected the children at an early age.

Coombes, B. (2009). Generation Y: Are they really digital natives or more like digital refugees. Synergy, 7(1), 31-40

This article augments the article on generation Y by explaining the difference of this generation being digital natives or digital refugees.

Desmottes, L., Meulemans, T., & Maillart, C. (2016). Later learning stages in procedural memory are impaired in children with specific language impairment. Research in developmental disabilities, 48, 53-68.

Desmottes et al. try to explain how the learning stages in procedural memory of children are impaired by use of social media. The article explains that subject to the early addiction of children to social media, the learning of languages in children shall be impaired.

Dorfberger, S., Adi-Japha, E., & Karni, A. (2007). Reduced susceptibility to interference in the consolidation of motor memory before adolescence. PLoS One, 2(2).

Dorfberger et al. provides a study on the diminishing susceptibility to the inference that occurs in the consolidation of motor-memory prior to adolescence. It explains the various stages of motor learning and the effort of cognitive effort to the same and similarly expounds on the effect of addiction to social media on the cognitive effort.

Dudai, Y., Karni, A., & Born, J. (2015). The consolidation and transformation of memory. Neuron, 88(1), 20-32.

This article provides an explanation of how memory is consolidated by the human brain. It gives the supporting factors to the consolidation and how these supporting factors can be affected by the “reward-system”

Elster, J. (1990). Marxism, functionalism, and game theory. DEBATES IN CONTEMPORARY POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY, 22.

This article provides an explanation of various sociological theories. Particularly it explains functionalism and such it becomes instrumental to this study.

Griffiths, M. (2000). Does Internet and computer" addiction" exist? Some case study evidence. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 3(2), 211-218.

Griffiths questions whether social media addiction is extant in this article. It delves into a case study to propound the fact that while it seems impossible, social media addiction exists and affects a lot of people.

Hamm, M. P., Newton, A. S., Chisholm, A., Shulhan, J., Milne, A., Sundar, P., ... & Hartling, L. (2015). Prevalence and effect of cyberbullying on children and young people: A scoping review of social media studies. JAMA pediatrics, 169(8), 770-777.

This article provides an explanation to the prevalence of cyber bulling on children and young people. It provides an explanation as to why there is an increase in cyber bullying cases with regards to use of social media as well as gives the effects of social media on the self-esteem of children.

Leung, L. (2014). Predicting Internet risks: a longitudinal panel study of gratifications-sought, Internet addiction symptoms, and social media use among children and adolescents. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine: An Open Access Journal, 2(1), 424-439.

Is it possible to predict the risks which are present in the internet while being covered with good things? This article delves into the study of how various characteristics of social media use may be harmful to the growth of children and adolescents.

Lichy, J., & Kachour, M. (2017). Insights into the Culture of Young Internet Users: Emerging Trends–Move Over Gen Y, Here Comes Gen Z!. In Research Paradigms and Contemporary Perspectives on Human-Technology Interaction(pp. 84-115). IGI Global.

This article provides an insight to the trends of social media use among generation Y and Generation Z.

Mulkay, M. (2014). Functionalism, Exchange and Theoretical Strategy (RLE Social Theory). Routledge.

Mulkay provides an explanation of the functionalism theory and show it applies to this study as a sociological theory

O'Keeffe, G. S., & Clarke-Pearson, K. (2011). The impact of social media on children, adolescents, and families. Pediatrics, 127(4), 800-804.

O’Keeffe &Clarke-Pearson study the impact that social media has on both children and adolescents and try to relate these impacts to the relationship of children with their parents.

Sampasa-Kanyinga, H., & Lewis, R. F. (2015). Frequent use of social networking sites is associated with poor psychological functioning among children and adolescents. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(7), 380-385.

These authors seek to associate poor psychological functioning in children and adults with the frequent use of social media networking sites.

Swist, T., Collin, P., McCormack, J., & Third, A. (2015). Social media and the wellbeing of children and young people: A literature review.

This article provides for social media a literature review of the wellbeing of children and young people when they are using social media. It analyzes the side effects which are not explicitly evident and the effects of such to the development of the young mind.

Turner, A. (2015). Generation Z: Technology and social interest. The Journal of Individual Psychology, 71(2), 103-113.

Turner provides the explanation of the social interest of Generation Z. Through an examination of the psychology of generation Z, the article provides an explanation to why this generation uses social media extensive/

Social Media’s Effect on the Development and Learning Stages of A Child

Research Outline

1. Introduction

2. Background of the Study

a) Developmental and Learning stages of a child

b) Social Media’s effect on children

3. Sociological Theory and Methodology for the Topic

4. How Young Social Media Starts

· This part shall talk about the various age restrictions of some social media platforms and the response of Children’s Online Privacy Act

5. Effect of Social Media in Young Children

a. Addiction

b. Self-Esteem and Self Confidence

c. Effect on Critical skills

6. Addiction to Social Media Children

7. Effects of Addiction to Social Media to the Learning Process of Young Children

a. Sensorimotor stage

b. Preoperational stage

c. Concrete operational stage

d. Formal operational stage

8. Generation Z and Generation Y with regards to Social Media

9. Improvements of Electronics and the Increase in the use of Social Media

10. Conclusion

Questionnaire

1. Are you aware of today’s society’s addiction to social media?

Yes

2. Do you have children?

If no, skip to question 10.

Yes

3. Do you allow them to use electronics?

If no, skip to question 8.

Yes

4. Do your children have their own electronics or rely on those of others?

Their own

Other

5. In total, how many hours a day do they use electronics?

1-3 hours

4-6 hours

6 or more hours

6. Are they used for entertainment or educational purposes?

Educational

Entertainment

Both

7. Do you allow your children to use social media?

Yes

8. Does your child mimic things they see on social media? (i.e dances, phrases, clothing choice, personality traits)

Yes

9. Do you think your child is addicted to social media?

Yes

10. Do you own any electronics? (i.e laptop, phone, smart watches, tablets)

Yes

11. Do you have any social media account? (i.e Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, )

Yes

12. At what age did you start using social media?

13. In total, many hours a day do you use social media?

1-3 hours

4-6 hours

6 or more hours

14. Do you find yourself mimicking things you see on social media?

Yes

15. Do you think you are addicted to social media?

Yes

Sociological Theory and Methodology for the Topic

Sociological Theory

This topic falls under the ~~functionalism~~ sociological theory, structural functionalism. ~~This is because the topic is broached in such a manner that seeks to question the effect of social media and the on the solidarity and stability of the society.~~ This perspective views the society as ~~some~~ a complex system which is depended on its constitutive parts to work together and achieve solidarity and stability explain what this means and how it works. See your book for theory…

(Mulkay, 2014). One of the main factors under this perspective is that different social structures ~~are supposed to~~ shape the society. Therefore, children as part of the society should be shaped from home to be contributive members of the society and this can be achieved without destructive effects from social media use. Make sure to include function/dysfunction, and equilibrium--how do these apply to your topic?

Methodology of the Topic

This research ~~took~~ a qualitative study to which analyzes ~~the research question. The researcher looked through twenty-one articles touching on different areas related to the topic. The areas include~~ the background of social media use in by children, the effects of social media and whether addiction to social media impairs the developmental stages of children .~~as well as learning stages of children.~~ The researcher also looked into articles touching on the different usages of social media by different generations. The data from these articles was studied based on their relevance to the topic and analyzed. The rationale for choosing the various articles for study was their relationship to the question and whether they affirmed or disaffirmed answered the question. No need to talk about what the ‘researcher’ ‘looks at’--- that is a given, that you will read, analyze, and synthesize scholarly articles in order to write this research paper.

Introduction

Over a period, social media has been a continuously growing phenomenon in our society. Today, almost all activities are influenced by social media. The effects of social media on a human being’s way of life remain a controversial topic. Some people believe that social media has been immensely beneficial to our way of life, while others hold the perception that social media has caused adverse effects on society briefly explain the benefits and detriments…(Desmottes, 2015). Without any doubt, social media fuels globalization how are you using this term? by facilitating communication and interactions. Every individual can share sentiments, concerns, or ideas with a large number of people across the world. While a more natural connection is an obvious benefit, it is imperative to ~~sit back and ponder~~ analyze or investigate (your choice of word…) ~~about~~ how social media affects learning and developmental processes in children.

Children continuously grow from birth to adulthood. During all these stages of development, the children gather knowledge from their environment. The children consume experiences, which adversely affects their social, language, intellectual, emotional, and physical development. Every child follows the same developmental stages and learning process. The learning process is classified according to the child's developmental stage (Leung, 2014). It is prudent to note that social media has changed the learning process. How? Explain Children are being exposed to information which they cannot effectively synthesis.--you mean synthesize? Although it is a good thing that children are exposed to more information, lack of parental control has adverse effects on learning. Today, children have underdeveloped social skills expand (Best et al. 2013). Further, continued exposure to social media results in speech problems. These are some of the adverse effects of social media on children's developmental process. This is vague, expand.

As information is now readily available, children are exposed to false information. --Expand, and how does obesity relate to false information?? Today, a large number of obesity cases can be directly attributed to social media. Children at a lower development stage may be inclined to believe in untrue information expand(Sampasa-Kanyiga & Lewis, 2015). According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics report, with an increase in media advertisement of high-fat/sugar foods, the level of childhood obesity will continue increasing.--any stats to support this? The children today have a problem with their eating habits. In most cases, children are addicted to high-sugar foods (Swist et al. 2015). Social media is recorded as the highest consumer of children's free time. An average child spends approximately a third of their day on social media platforms. The other major time consumer is sleep. A combination of high-sugar foods and lack of physical exercise is synonymous with obesity — adverts on social media platforms fuel consumption of such food. There is a need to increase their ??involvement in physical activities (Hamm et al. 2015). Children should be encouraged to embrace dynamic behaviors such as…that supplement their addiction to media. Children are continuously exposed to internet advertisements advocating for unhealthy food. Adverts sp. on social media seek to satisfy hunger on an emotional angle rather than health needs. The child’s developmental process is, therefore, affected immensely. Vague…

It is also imperative to consider the effects of social media on social-emotional growth. The three fundamental types of learning are affected by social media (observational learning, classical, and operant conditioning). Children can learn from social media how to associate with certain events,--such as… ~~this~~ which may lead~~s to~~ the children to being conditioned by social media, unaware that the information might be false. Additionally, ~~the~~ children observe behavior on social media and end up copying adverse reactions.--reactions to what?? Social media is turning out to be a ~~n excellent~~ forum for bullying (Swist et al. 2015). Through cyberbullying, ~~children~~ victims suffer emotional and social setbacks. Further, social media can fuel children into indulging in risky behavior.--such as… It is not in contention that social media benefits children; however, it is imperative repetitive term- choose another term to carry out an intensive study on the use of social media in society. In particular, this ~~discourse~~ research shall seek to critically analyze the impacts of social media on children's developmental stages and learning process.

How Young Social Media Use Starts--- Awkwardly stated: maybe you want to say ‘at what age do children start using social media ?’

Influence central ?? has reported that an average ~~kid~~ child in the United States gets their first smartphone at the age of ten ~~years~~. ~~Averagely~~, they also open up their first social media account at the age of eleven. It is estimated that by the age of twelve, fifty percent of all the children use at least one social media platform. This then begs the question of how these children manage to log on to these platforms given that there is an age limit for these sites (Griffiths, 2000). Notably, these children lie about their age especially for sites such as Instagram, Tiktok, Snapchap and Facebook all of which have ~~all~~ set their age limit to be thirteen as dictated by the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act.

Recently, Facebook launched a social media app for ~~kids~~ children (stop using the word kids- it’s slang…does not look professional in this type of work)that were dubbed “Messenger for Kids.” The launch of this app reignited major debates --this is vague, what were the major points of the debate? on how young is too young for children to use mobile apps Common Sense reported in 2016, that up to fifty-six percent of both teens and tweens have their own social media accounts. Most of the parents who were subjects of this study pointed out that they have been dependent on the Children’s Online Privacy Act to come up with stringent measure to ensure that the companies creating these platforms come up with more age limiting restrictions which their children cannot bypass (Desmottes, 2016). It is prudent to note that while some of them considered twelve to be ~~such~~ a young age for children to be using social media, most of them postulated ?? or felt? that they were okay to sit down with their children and talk about the privacy concerns of Social media use (Akram & Kumar, 2017). However, the menace still looms with children under the age of five becoming addicted to the internet. This implies that children’s developmental stages are impeded from such an early age.---this is vague! Which developmental stages are you talking about? Specify.

~~It is prudent to note that subject~~ According to the report by Common Sense, most of the parents objecting to thirteen year olds using social media were not concerned with the detriment to the children’s developmental stages as well as the learning stages, they were concerned with the amount of time that was spent on the media platforms (Akram & Kumar, 2017). This was an intriguing concern, as it could be aligned with ~~our~~ topic in respect to the impediment to the learning stages that is associated with the increased use of social media platforms. --how so? Explain!

Effects of Social Media in Young Children

The effect that social media has in young children with regards to the learning stages is immense. ~~Despite the fact that it has its advantages, the impediments that it has on the development of the children as well as the learning stages override the advantages.~~ The effects range from affected communication and social skills to failure to have an identity as well as lack of self-esteem. --expand ~~It should be noted that with regard to social media when talking about the effects on children, we shall tackle the effects of internet to young children.~~

Firstly, internet use can be very addictive to children and as such most children will spend most of their time on social media. This will mean that they will stop to have relationships or interactions with people around them. Studies ~~according to common sense~~ reveal that the engrossment to internet in people is so great that people become detached from real life (Best et al. 2015). The report specify the name of the report ~~further~~ suggested that s~~ince the age below five years is when~~ most children under the age of five develop communication skills from a continuous interaction with the people around them, ~~the~~ failure to have these interactions will impede their communication skills (Sampasa-Kanyinga & Lewis, 2015). ~~It is pertinent to note that~~ the learning of interpersonal communication is achieved at a very young age, ~~however, when~~ and when children under the age of five years spend most of their time on social media then they fail to learn the verbal ~~cues,~~ and nonverbal cues ~~as well as the social~~ which are necessary for ~~the~~ the development of interpersonal communications.

Secondly, social media affects the self-esteem and self-confidence in young children. ~~The~~ adolescence ~~ages are~~ is the time when a person becomes aware of whom they are since the body experiences some changes during puberty. It is at this stage that they become aware of their identity. Social media exposes ~~children who have attained the puberty ages~~ adolescents, ~~which is ten for girls and twelve for boys,~~ to cyber bullying as well as unrealistic expectations --expecta tions of what??(Lewis & Greenshow, 2016). A perfect exempl~~are~~ is a girl whose body does not conform to models as well as other children of her own age, such a child will ?? to achieve such looks to no avail and they will consequently realize that they cannot achieve it. This will leave them with negative feelings about themselves thus affecting their self-esteem (Dorfberger et al. 2007). Notably, the constant trying to emulate people in the media will mean that they will not have time to discover themselves and accept who they are. This translates to an affected self-confidence.

The young age is the appropriate time when children learn skills such as ~~researching~~ --no they don’t learn to research, they learn to search! and critical thinking. Children develop critical thinking skills at the age of eight. However, it has been suggested that as soon as children are able to speak in sentences, ~~then~~ they are ready to ~~learn~~ of engage in critical thinking skills (Lewis & Greenshow, 2016). Research vague..shows that constant interactions with people around children augment their skills to critically analyze situations. ~~Noting, therefore, that~~ Excessive use of social media affects and impedes communication skills ~~mean that~~ and the development of critical thinking skills~~, therefore in children will be impeded~~ (Lewis & Greenshow, 2016). Additionally, the internet provides most answers with just a click of the button, which means that children will be dependent on the internet for answers which they could have gotten through critical analysis of the questions.

Addiction to Social Media in Children

Social Media Addiction is ~~termed~~ ~~to be~~ considered to be a behavioral addiction. It is defined by an over concern on what is happening on social media. It is driven by an uncontrollable urge of a person to log on to a social media site. Additionally, it is also defined by the devotion of so much time as well as effort to social media in a manner that impairs other important areas of ~~their~~ li~~ves~~fe (Schweddler & Trude, 2018). Research has shown that children under the age of five when exposed to social media excessively to the point of addiction will have difficult time in adjusting to the social norms. --how so? ~~It is prudent to note~~ (how often do you have to use the same words in this research? You’ve already said it too many times…)that with the social media platforms, likes ??for these children is enough to cause their bodies to release dopamine, which is a hormone that is released when the body wants to “reward” itself. Consistent “Reward system” will program their lives to such a system--system? Explain which will mean that they will cease to engage in activities which they consider less rewarding, for example, social interaction and ~~similarly~~ engage in harmful activities which they think may be more rewarding such as cyber-bullying. Citation?

Effects of Addiction to Social Media to the Learning Process of Young Children

There are different learning stages in a child which are influenced by addiction. ?? are you describing the stages or trying to make a connection between the stages and addiction? This connection is not clear particularly if you are trying to apply it to the early stages of development. Firstly, there is the sensorimotor stage which begins from birth through to two years and it is during this stage that children become aware of the world through their senses as well as manipulation of objects. There is not much effect at this stage of social media on the children. The next stage is the preoperational stage and the first effects of social media addiction are evidenced during this stage. It is during this stage that memory and imagination is augmented in the children (Duddai et al. 2015). The children at this age specify the age…are able to understand things symbolically and also become cognizant of the ideas of the past and future. Social media addiction at this age will limit their perception of things to the things present in the social media platforms and hence deny their minds from developing their own thinking skills.

At the age of seven through to eleven years of age, the children are at the concrete operational stage. It is at this stage ~~that~~ where they become aware of the external events as well as the feelings of other people. With the upsurge in social media use, it is quite evident that cyber-bullying becomes an apparent behavior of children as they develop the confidence to shame other people over this platform~~, things they could not have done on their own~~ (Raut & Patil, 2016). Lastly, there is the formal operational stage that starts at the age of twelve through to the teenage years. This developmental stage offers the children the ability to be able to solve problems using critical analysis (O’Keffe & Clark-Pearson, 2011). Social media limits the ability of children to think critically by offering answers to their problems by just a click of the button. In light of this, therefore, an addiction will limit development at this stage.

Generation Z and Generation Y with regards to Social Media

Different generations use social media differently. While one generation tends to extensively use social media, another generation tends to limit their use of social media. ~~In light of this, this part of the discourse shall seek to explain the difference between Generation Z and Generation Y use of social media.~~

Generation Y are ~~also~~ referred to as digital natives. This name can be attributed to their usage of social media. Research-- whose research? Specify has shown that this is the largest of the generations and the fact that they have access to the social networks gives them an upper hand with regards to a voice that is impactful (Aksoy et al. 2013). A millennial child is prone to oversharing, and the fact that they have access to technology ~~that~~ allows them the audience and liberty to share and makes them ardent users of the technology. ~~It is prudent to note tha~~t this generation of users are the most outspoken on social media and are therefore used to push brands ?--unclear as stated(Coombes, 2009). The use of social media to this generation is motivated by the fact that they like something and not because they have been forced or pressured to.?

On the other hand, a study by Pew Research has revealed that only fourteen percent of adults in 1995 had access to the internet. There has been a consistent upsurge to eighty-seven percent by 2014. The use of social media by generation Z of includes the fact that seventy-two percent of generation Z ‘ers have access to all mobile wireless services including data and applications which can grant them the use of social media (Turner, 2015). The time spent on social media by this generation is an average of three hours and thirty-eight minutes per day?. This amounts for nearly an excess of fifty minutes to the amount of time spent online by the average social media user (Hutter et al. 2013). ~~It is prudent to note that~~ most of the time ~~that they~~ spent online is passive reading since most ~~of them~~ individuals spend more time refreshing their tweet feeds instead of reading them (Lichy & Kachour, 2017). ~~In light of the topic,~~ such passive reading affects the retention abilities of this generation and as such, their minds do not develop to be able to retain much of what they read.

Improvements of Electronics and the Increase in the use of Social Media

The current age is ages where tech veterans -- this does not make sense admit that technology of smartphones affect the development of children. ~~In 2017,~~ Parker (2017) posited that with the change in societal relationships ~~that the society has at the moment as a result of~~ the development in technologies may be affecting the growth of children in ways that we cannot fathom (Chassiakos et al. 2016). The many developments include the availability of Wi-Fi networks which provide people with easy internet access to social media platforms. Notably also is the fact that there is an increasing number of smartphones across the world and they are cheap. It is not a surprise to find a three year old ~~kid~~ being gifted with an iPad tablet for their third birthday. Such instances have also contributed to the increase in the use of social media at an early age by children.

Conclusion

~~Through a series of arguments, this paper has been able to establish that~~ despite the fact that social media is a technology that should be embraced, given the fact that it is an element of the society; social media impedes the development of the children and the learning stages of their growth. -- you need to do some additional research regarding the responsibility of parents in avoiding the detrimental effects of social media addiction , and their own responsibility on monitoring their children’s involvement with social media. This is augmented through social media addiction, obesity as a result of much time being spent online, lifestyle diseases resulting from poor diets as well as loss of communication skills as part of the effects of social media. --You need to expand on this part.With the continued advancements in technology, it will be prudent for measures to be taken to combat the menace of social media addiction early enough.

· You need to expand on the several sections noted above.

· Be sure to do a grammar and spell check in your document-- everything that has been highlighted and underlined, needs to be fixed.Additionally, if you are using ‘the child’, then use he/she, and the appropriate verb to reflect singular or plural, don’t mix the two.

· Avoid the use of : It is prudent to note that; It should be noted that…you said it too many times in this paper.

· Revise and Expand your theory- as is, it is incomplete.

· Expand the concepts that you raised in the conclusion.

References

Akram, W., & Kumar, R. (2017). A Study on Positive and Negative Effects of Social Media on Society. International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, 347-357.

Best, P., Manktelowa, R., & Taylor, B. (2014). Online communication, social media, and adolescent wellbeing: A systematic narrative review. Children and Youth Services Review, 27-36.

Chassiakos, Y. L. R., Radesky, J., Christakis, D., Moreno, M. A., & Cross, C. (2016). Children and adolescents and digital media. Pediatrics, 138(5), e20162593.

Coombes, B. (2009). Generation Y: Are they really digital natives or more like digital refugees. Synergy, 7(1), 31-40.