Wk 3 Rough Draft of Final Paper

Running head: ETHICAL CONTRIBUTIONS 1 (Including a Running head and page numbers help to keep your assignmentorganized.)

Are Contributions to Political Campaigns Ethical?

Joanna Student

SOC120: Introduction to Ethics & Social Responsibility

Dr. Ashford Instructor

June 20, 20XX

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ETHICAL CONTRIBUTIONS 2

Ethical Contributions to Political Campaigns

A question that comes up frequently in political discussions is whether organizations

like corporations have too much influence over the political landscape today. Corporations

have many resources through which to effect political change, including lobbyists, quid pro

quo back door arrangements and campaign contributions. Because these funds can have a

large influence on who wins elections and the legislation that politicians support, it is

important for an educated citizenry to be aware of these contributions, and to consider their

ethical implications. I will argue using the utilitarian and deontology theories, indirect

contributions to political campaigns by organizations like corporations and unions can be

ethical and should be allowed so long as there are sufficient regulations in place to prevent

undue harm that might result from giving large organizations too much influence over the

political process. I will contrast this view with that of ethical egoism, which would argue that

such contributions are ethical inasmuch as they allow corporations to pursue their own long

term interests.

According to the Federal Elections Commission (2004), “The Federal Election Campaign

Act (the Act) places monetary limits on contributions to support candidates for federal office

and prohibits contributions from certain sources.” However, corporations are allowed to create

separate bank accounts and then make donations from these accounts to political campaigns as

long as they are not connected directly to the operation of the business. The Final Paper will

discuss what happens when corporations set up political action committees or PACs.

Utilitarianism

Utilitarianism is the ethical theory that actions are right or wrong in proportion to

the degree to which they promote the happiness of all concerned (Mill, 2008). Accordingly,

whether or not corporate campaign contributions are ethical will depend on the overall

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h i itd

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ETHICAL CONTRIBUTIONS 3

consequences of such contributions. If a corporation’s making a contribution results in better

overall consequences than not making it, or than making a different contribution, then the

contribution would be considered ethical. On the other hand, if the contribution results in more

harm than good, then the contribution would be unethical. For instance, a contribution to a

candidate could be unethical if it results in benefits to the corporation itself, but does so at the

expense of many others in the society. The primary question of this paper is not whether particular

cases of such contributions are wrong, but whether corporate contributions to political campaigns

are wrong in general; that is, does permitting them have greater overall consequences than banning

them would have? I will argue that with careful oversight, the benefits of such contributions can

outweigh their potential harms, so allowing them is ethical from a utilitarian point of view.

There are various reasons that representatives of a corporation may want to donate to a

political campaign. Corporations may be trying to advance their particular organizational

objectives or they may stand to garner an economic benefit. While a corporation will always

be concerned with its own future profits, this does not necessarily conflict with the interests of

society as a whole. In many cases, attempting to have a political influence that benefits the

corporation can also benefit society as a whole. For example, a contribution that helps a

corporation to succeed in the market place can result in the continued employment of

thousands of people, as well as the provision of important goods and services at lower prices.

Another example of the positive use of political contributions comes not from

corporations but from unions. According to the Center for Responsive Politics (2016), the

largest all-time contributors to campaigns has been labor unions such as the Service

Employees International Union (SEIU), which ranked number one with $228,096,452 in

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donations since 1989. They were far ahead of the next two contributors, which were the

National Education Association with $96,619,681 in donations and the American Federation

of State/County/Municipal Employees Union with $96,445,616 in total contributions. The

millions of dollars from these political contributions have served to promote the goals of their

union, which in turn promote the well-being of the many members of the American work

force that they represent.

The Final Paper will further explore the role of PACs in providing benefits to their

organizational members and society. Further, it will contrast possible negative consequences

that can result from allowing corporate contributions, with alternative approaches to

regulation.

Deontology

Deontology is the non-consequential ethical theory that the outcome of an action should

never outweigh the action itself (Mosser, 2013). This means that the individual matters equally to

the whole of the group, and pays special attention to people’s inherent rights. Where

utilitarianism allows for a relatively negative outcome for a few if the overall outcome benefits

the majority, deontology rejects any action where the outcome is harmful. For example,

deontology can examine indirect political contributions by organizations and deem them ethical

if all organizations are equally allowed to contribute. This might require regulations on limits

and other tactics used by an organization in order to keep it fair across the board.

This issue can also be examined at the micro level. When evaluating the ethical nature of

campaign contributions, the nature of the political landscape and the candidate or legislation

must also be taken into account. If a candidate or piece of legislation will ultimately harm

people, even if only a few, deontology would not consider contributing to those as ethical

because the outcome is harmful. In deontology, the ends can never justify the means to get there.

Just as when applying utilitarianism to this issue, there will always be specific cases that must be

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ETHICAL CONTRIBUTIONS 5

examined and considered before the action is deemed ethical.

The Final Paper will explore what current regulations are in place regarding contributions

by organizations. It will also examine specific research findings related to financial contributions

made by organizations to see if previous actions have resulted in negative consequences or harm.

Ethical Egoism

Ethical egoism is the moral theory that one should do whatever is in one’s own

interests (Mosser, 2013). This does not mean that one should do whatever one feels like in the

moment, but that one should work hard to promote one’s greatest long-term success. When

corporations donate to political campaigns, they generally will do so with the goal of

promoting their own financial interests and thus are acting ethically according to the egoist

theory. Some may feel that this kind of self-interested influence is unethical. One can imagine

a business supporting legislation that promotes its own interests to the detriment of society as

a whole. For example, corporations have often used their considerable influence to create

legislation favorable to their own interests but not to the interests of employees, human rights,

or the environment (Burley & Hoedeman, 2011). Because a lot of harm can come to society

from such influence, some may feel that this degree of power in the hands of self-interested

corporations should not be allowed.

The Final Paper will further explore the metric by which we measure the ethicality of

an action based on its overall social consequences and, drawing from the ideas of Smith

(2007) and others, evaluate the societal implications of corporate pursuit of self-interest.

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Conclusion

Donations from organizations to political campaigns can drive legislation and thus

have a major influence on public policy in this country. While this influence can have

positive and negative impacts, this paper argues that such contributions should be allowed as

they satisfy the ethical egoist goal of allowing corporations to promote their own interests,

and, at least when regulated, can satisfy the utilitarian and deontology goals of promoting a

happier society as well. One significant difference between the approaches is that the

utilitarian and deontology view would insist on certain regulations designed to limit the

harmful results that could result from organizations donating in ways that promote their own

interests. However, the ethical egoist would disagree, and maintain that the freedom of

organizations to promote their interests has the highest priority; thus, the egoist would likely

oppose most kinds of regulations on political contributions by organizations. Both theories

appear to agree, however, that, at least when carefully regulated, corporations should be

allowed to make political contributions that further their long-term interests.

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References

Burley, H., & Hoedeman, O. (2011, January). The best influence money can buy – The 10 worst

corporate lobbyists. New Internationalist Magazine, 439. Retrieved from

https://newint.org/features/2011/01/01/10-worst-corporate-lobbyists

Center for Responsive Politics (2016). Service employees international union. Retrieved from

http://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=d000000077&cycle=2010

Mill, J. S. (2008). Utilitarianism. In J. Bennett (Ed.), Early Modern Philosophy. Retrieved from

http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/mill1863.pdf (Original work published

1863)

Mosser, K. (2013). Ethics and social responsibility (2nd ed.). Retrieved from

https://content.ashford.edu

Smith, A. (2007). An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. In S. M. Soares

(Ed.), MetaLibri Digital Library. Retrieved from

http://www.ibiblio.org/ml/libri/s/SmithA_WealthNations_p.pdf (Original work published

1776)

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