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SOC101IntrotoSociology12ech9.pptxGlobal Stratification
Chapter 9
Introduction to Sociology 12e
by Henry L. Tischler
Learning Objectives
Describe the caste, estate, and class systems of social stratification.
Describe the phenomenon of exponential growth.
Define the three major components of population change.
Contrast the Malthusian and Marxist theories of population.
Summarize the demographic transition model and explain why there might be a second demographic transition.
Discuss the determinants of fertility and family size.
Discuss the problems of overpopulation and possible solutions.
Discuss world health trends.
Understand the trends in global aging.
Stratification Systems
Two methods for stratification:
Ascribed – people can be assigned to societal roles (caste and estate systems)
Achieved – people’s positions in the social hierarchy can be based to some degree on their accomplishments (class system)
The Caste System
Rigid form of stratification, based on ascribed characteristics such as skin color or family identity
Determines a person’s prestige, occupation, residence, and social relationships
The Estate System
A closed system of stratification
Social position is defined by law
Membership is determined primarily by inheritance
A segment of society that has legally established rights and duties
Similar to a caste system, but not as extreme
The Class System
Social class consists of a category of people who share:
Similar opportunities
Similar economic and vocational positions
Similar lifestyles
Similar attitudes and behaviors
Population Dynamics
Demography – study of size and composition of human populations as well as the causes and consequences of changes in these factors. Influenced by:
Fertility
Mortality
Migration
Demographic Study
Fertility – actual number of births
Fecundity – physiological capability of giving birth
Mortality – frequency of death
Migration – geographic movement of populations
Theories of Population
Malthus (1776–1834) believed population growth is linked to certain natural laws
Preventive checks – practices that would limit reproduction
Positive checks – events that limit reproduction either by causing early death (before reproductive age) or massive death (lowering the overall population)
Theories of Population
Marx believed population growth is linked to industrialization
Need for expanding labor force
Necessity of constant market growth
Problems rooted in economic and political systems
Demographic Transition Theory
Social evolution through four stages
High fertility and high mortality
High birth rate and high death rate
Reduction in death rate due to health and technology advances
Low fertility and low mortality
Birth rate drops; family planning based on evolving norms and beliefs
Death and birth rates remain stable
Global Diversity
Average fertility rate per woman
More-developed countries – 1.7 births
Least-developed countries – 4.5–5.2 births
Percent of resources consumed
World’s richest countries – 20% population, 86% consumption
World’s poorest countries – 80% population, 14% consumption
World Health Trends
The World Health Organization defines health as
“A state of complete mental, physical, and social well-being.”
The Health of Infants and Children in Developing Countries
Childhood death – overwhelming problem in Africa, Asia, Latin America
Diarrheal dehydration
Acute respiratory infection
Measles
Malaria
Maternal malnutrition
HIV and AIDS
People Living with HIV in Various World Regions (2016 data)
| Eastern and Southern Africa | 19,400,000 |
| Western and Central Africa | 6,100,000 |
| Asia and the Pacific | 5,100,000 |
| Western and Central Europe and North America | 2,100,000 |
| Latin America | 1,800,000 |
| Eastern Europe and Central Asia | 1,600,000 |
| The Caribbean | 310,000 |
| Middle East and North Africa | 230,000 |
Population Trends
Growth is huge factor
Stability in pre-agricultural society
Beginnings of growth circa 8000 B.C.
Massive growth 1650 C.E.–present
Healthcare
Diet
Advances in science
Population Trends – Current Factors
Child marriage and early marriage
Breastfeeding
Infant and child mortality
Gender preferences
Benefits and costs of children/large families
Contraception
Income level
Education of women
Urban or rural residence
Global aging
