History of Spain Research Paper
fabulous
slides.zipslides/10 Crusade and the Twelfth Century.pptx
3
León’s First Queen
Alfonso VI married his daughter to
Alfonso I of Aragon.
Urraca was already a widow, with a
legitimate son (and heir) born in 1104
named… Alfonso.
Ruled the kingdom from
1109-1126.
Incest makes the world go round
The marriage of Urraca and Alfonso of Aragon was a violation of canon (Church) law, which forbid relations between third (or closer) cousins.
Both Urraca and Alfonso were great-grandchildren of Sancho the Great, and were thus cousins.
Such marriages were considered consanguineous, meaning the partners “shared blood”.
What is more important… political expediency or Church approval?
Unhappy Marriage
Political expediency doesn’t work… no kids.
Urraca said Alfonso beat her, and she used this as grounds for separation.
Alfonso said Urraca was an adulteress, and blamed her scandalous sexuality on her polygamous father.
Urraca as Queen
Alfonso el Batallador
King of Aragon from 1104-1134
Conquered Zaragoza in 1118, more than doubling the size of Aragon.
Military man, uninterested in family
life. After Urraca died, he remarried,
but never produced an heir.
Fascination with the crusade.
Christendom and Crusade
Church Reform in the Eleventh Century
Cluny
Monastic reform
Church reform
Independence from kings and nobles
Restore the leading role of the church in society
Power of the pope, hierarchy
Create a stronger Christian society
Peace and Truce of God
Curb the bad behavior of knights, lords, the warrior aristocracy
Limit sinful activity (murder, violence, etc)
Church councils began placing restrictions on combat, forbidding fighting on Sundays, holidays (Holy Days), and anywhere near churches.
Spiritual sanctions were used to enforce this– excommunication.
The Reform movement in Iberia
Cluniac monasteries
Cluniac bishops: Toledo, Valencia
Around 1100 the Kingdom of León abandoned its traditional mass (known as the Mozarabic mass) in favor of the Roman mass, on Alfonso VI’s orders.
Beginning in the eleventh century, the papacy began taking greater interest in Iberian affairs… for example, condemning the incestual marriage of Urraca and Alfonso of Aragon.
Gregory VII
Pope 1073-1085
Aggressively promoted the rights of the Church over secular rulers– he excommunicated the Holy Roman Emperor (King of Germany)
Imagined harnessing the power of a united Christendom, under papal control, which could do all sorts of great things, like conquer the Holy Land!
The Holy Land
Pilgrimage destination since the days of Constantine… Visit the sites of the Bible.
Pilgrimage was very popular in the elventh century… most people visited local holy sites, but the ambitious (or wealthy) might travel to Rome, Santiago or even Jerusalem
Pope Urban and the Idea of Crusade
The secretary of Gregory VII became Pope Urban II in 1088.
Help Constantinople against the
Turks
Gregory’s idea of an armed
pilgrimage to Jerusalem
Council of Clermont,
September 1095
Situation in the Middle East
Abbasid Caliphs facing major challenges to authority
Rival Caliphates: al-Andalus, Maghred (Morocco), Egypt, etc.
Turks, Turks, Turks!
The First Crusade
Capture of Jerusalem, 1099
Crusader States
Crusade and the Iberian Peninsula
Pope Urban, and later popes, discouraged Spanish Christians to go on crusade to the Holy Land, as they could fight to expel Muslims from formerly-Christian lands at home.
The Popes began extending the spiritual benefits of the crusades to the Spain as well.
Military Religious Orders
Started in the Crusader States as a way to form a permanent military presence… Templars and Hospitallers.
Received Church blessing as a sort of mobile monastic order… the knights lived like monks.
In 1134 Alfonso I of Aragon left his kingdom to the Holy Orders.
By 1175, Spain had two native orders: Calatrava and Santiago.
The Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries
Overlapping (and contradictory?) themes:
The survival of an Andalusí culture (convivencia) in both al-Andalus and Christian lands (especially Castile/León)
North African influence– Berber empires with a strict idea of Islam and a dim view of Iberian culture
The idea of crusade (that fighting against Islam was spiritually beneficial for Christians)
Connections between the Christian kingdoms and the rest of Europe
From al-Murabits to al-Muwahhids
Almoravids were in decline by the 1120s.
Unpopular in al-Andalus: “bad Muslims” vs orthodox Berbers
After 1130, a new Berber religious movement, the Almohads began to conquer North Africa from the Almoravids.
“Those who proclaim the unity (of God)”
Almohads were more aggressively orthodox, encouraged dhimmi communities to leave.
Dominated al-Andalus from 1157-1212
Survival of the Intellectual Culture
Ibn Rushd (Averroes), 1126-1198
Legal scholar, scientist, philosopher
Philosophy and religion; Aristotle and commentaries
Falling out with Almohad caliph (post 1160)
Maimonedes (1135-1204)
Cordoba to Egypt
Talmudic scholar
Philosopher: reason and revealed truth cannot contradict
Negative theology (definitions of God)
Arabic-Latin Translations at Toledo: More Convivencia?
Beginning in the 1140s
Qu’ran first translated in 1146 at the request of Peter the Venerable, abbot of Cluny.
Arabic scholarship, like scientific works, Ibn Rushd, and Maimomedes .
Almost all of the surviving works of Aristotle, and a great deal more Greek learning.
Polemical motivations and scientific investigations.
Mention Alfonso VII, dominating al-Andalus in 1130s and 1140s
Dies in 1157
Almohad power
Divides up his kingdom again!
27
The Crown of Aragón
After Alfonso I (died in 1134), the kingdom of Aragón passed to the counts of Barcelona
Combined realm is usually called the Crown of Aragón
This new combination made the Crown the second largest Christian kingdom after León/Castile
Let’s no forget Portugal
Just a county of León under Alfonso VI
Alfonso VI’s daughter married Henry of Burgundy, who became Count of Portugal, produced Alfonso I
Alfonso I of Portugal (1139-1185)
Defacto independence
Expansion south
Appeal to Papacy to recognize independence, monarchical status.
Templars, crusade
Alfonso VIII of Castile
Alfonso VIII, grandson of Alfonso VII (1158-1214)
Struggles with Christian neighbors, campaigns against the Almohads
Marriage alliance with the King of England (and much of France): Queen Eleanor
Pope Innocent III and the Crusade
Obverse: “The Prince of the Catholics, Alfonso ibn Sancho is aided and protected by God (Allah)
Reverse: “The Imam of the Catholics is the Pope”
Las Navas de Tolosa
Alliances: Aragón, Navarra, Castile
No León or Portugal
Expansion and defense against Almohads
July 16, 1212, Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
STOP HERE MIDTERM FALL 2019
The Great Reconquest
By great meaning “big”, not “terrific”.
1226-1248
Castile, Portugal and Aragon expand.
Al-Andalus reduced to the Kingdom of Granada
Fernando III in Castile and León (1218-1252)
San Fernando
Jaime I in Aragón (1213-1276)
Settlement of Andalucía and Valencia
Newly conquered cities were granted fueros with very favorable terms to attract Christian settlers from the north.
Most urban Muslims moved to Granada or Africa
Many rural Muslims remained, especially in Valencia.
Vast country estates were created and granted to important noble families, to the Church, and to the Military Orders of Calatrava and Santiago.
Tomb of Fernando III
Fernando III was buried in the mosque of Sevilla, which had been made into a cathedral.
His tomb was inscribed with four epitaphs: one each in Castilian, Latin, Arabic, and Hebrew:
Castilian Epitaph
Here lies the most honored king Don Ferdinand, lord of Castile and Toledo, of León, of Galicia, of Seville, of Cordoba, of Murcia, and of Jaén, he who conquered all of Spain, the most loyal and the most truthful and the most forthright, the strongest and most decorated, the most illustrious and the most forbearing and the most humble and the one who is most fearful of God, and the one who has rendered the most service to Him; who defeated and destroyed all his enemies, who praised and honored all his friends, and conquered the city of Seville which is the capital of all of Spain and died in it on the last day of May in our era, the year of 1290 (1252).
Hebrew Epitaph
This place is the tomb of the great king, Don Fernando, Lord of Castille and Telitala [Toledo] and Leon and Valesia [Valencia] and Asvila [Seville] and Karteva [Cordoba] and Murcia; and his soul lives well in the Garden of Eden; who captured all of Spain; the upright, the righteous, the anointed, the tower, the mighty, the pious, the humble, who feared God and served Him all his days; who broke and destroyed all his enemies and who elevated and honored those who adored him, and who captured the province of Asvila [Seville], which is the head of all Sepharad [Spain] and died there on the night of Friday, the twenty second day of the month of Sivan, in the year five thousand and twelve from the creation of the world
Arabic Epitaph
Here is the tomb of the great king Don Ferdinand, lord of Castile, Toledo, León, Galicia, Seville, Cordoba, Murcia and Jaén, may God be pleased with him, who ruled all of Spain, who is the most faithful, the most veracious, the most enduring, the most just, the most valiant, the most propitious, the most noble, the most forbearing, the most visionary, the greatest in modesty, most suitable to God and His greatest servant. He died (may God have mercy upon him) on the Friday night and God raised him. He honored and ennobled his friends and took possession of the city of Seville, which is the capital of all of Spain, and in which he who broke and destroyed all of his enemies died on the 20th of the month of Rabi‘ al-Awwal 650 A.H.
__MACOSX/slides/._10 Crusade and the Twelfth Century.pptx
slides/8 End of the Caliphate.pptx
1
The End of the Caliphate
2
Al-Mansur “The Victorious”
North African general who ruled Al-Andalus as vizier from 976-1002 in the name of the Caliph Hisham II.
Led a number of successful raids against the Christians, including the spectacular raid on Santiago, in which he stole the cathedral’s bells (997).
He was injured fighting the Leonese in 1002, and died later of his wounds.
4
Caliphate No More: Civil Wars, 1008-1031
After Al-Mansur’s death in 1008, civil wars wracked Al-Andalus.
The wars took on a Berber vs. Arab character, with Christians intervening from the north on both sides.
The last claimant to the Umayyad throne was Hisham III, who was run out of Cordoba when he tried to raise taxes on his Muslim rulers.
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6
Navarra and Aragon
The Basque Kingdom of Navarra began expanding under Sancho Garcés I (905-925).
Basque and Berber (Banu Qasi)
Under Garcia Sanchez I (931-970) the Kingdom expanded to the east, west, and south.
Sancho Garcés II (970-1004) inherited the county of Aragon, part of the Carolingian Spanish March, from his mother.
Tributaries of Cordoba
His daughter was married to Al-Mansur
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Sancho III el Mayor
Self-described Rex Hispaniarum, King of the Spanish.
Ruled 1004-1035.
Initially he controlled
Aragon and Navarra,
but after 1027, he
took over Castilla,
and conquered most
of León.
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10
Loarre Castle, built by Sancho III
11
San Martín de Frómista, built by Sancho III
12
San Juan de la Peña
13
Cluny and Benedictine Monasticism
French monastery founded in the early tenth century
Became an enthusiastic center of monastic reform, stressing education and close adherence to the Rule of Saint Benedict (fifth century)
Cluny cultivated a careful reputation and was patronized by a wide variety of monarchs
(like Sancho III) and nobles
searching for spiritual benefits.
This financial support allowed Cluny
to found a vast number of
daughter-houses, and to become
very influential throughout Europe.
Rex Hispaniarum
Sancho III had close ties to the Count of Barcelona and the Duke of Gascony (Basque lands in France) and Robert II, the King of France.
As a result, his court included many Basques from France, as well as many Frenchmen.
In 1024, Sancho made a
French monk from the
monastery of Cluny the abbot
of San Juan de la Peña.
He also began using the phrase
dei gratia with his royal title,
another import from France.
He also went by Rex Ibericus, and
the Muslims called him Baskunish,
or Basque Lord.
16
Short-Lived Unity
Sancho III died in 1035, and the Christian lands were once again split.
His son Fernando inherited Castilla and León.
Ramiro (an illegitimate son) was given Aragon.
Garcia Sanchez III received Navarra, and was theoretically the senior partner.
In 1054, the brothers fought each other, and Garcia was killed on the battlefield.
17
Fernando I of León
Fernando came close to rebuilding his father’s united realm, and began calling himself Imperator totius Hispaniae.
Aragon remained in the hands of his brother Ramiro, and his young nephew, Sancho IV,
became King of Navarra.
In 1065, Fernando divided his
kingdom between his three sons,
Alfonso, Sancho, and Garcia.
He laid aside his crown, became a
monk, and died shortly thereafter.
Predictably, his sons soon went to war.
18
Problems of Unity
Common issue of all political entities: Romans, Visigothic Kingdom, Al-Andalus, Christian Kingdoms.
In the Christian North, Northern European kingship custom called for the division of the kingdom.
In Al-Andalus, no ruler was in any position to control more than a small city-state; there were at least eleven Taifas.
19
Taifa States
Divisions originated in the governing districts of the Caliphate.
Some states were ruled by Arab emirs, some by Berbers, some by military rulers (including Slavic Mamelukes).
The Taifa States competed with one another for culture, wealth, and prestige.
The weak military condition of the Taifas corresponded to the drastic increase in military power in the Christian North.
The result was predictable…
21
22
During the late ninth and early tenth centuries, Asturias expanded south of the Cantabrian Mountains and east, toward the Ebro Valley.
In 910, the capital of the kingdom was moved south to the city of León, and the kingdom was henceforth known by that name.
The eastern regions of the realm were organized as a hereditary, semi-independent county, Castilla, after 931.
By the early eleventh century, the Leonese monarchs are referring to themselves as Imperator.
The Basque Kingdom of Navarra became a stable kingdom under Sancho Garcés I (905-925).
Under Garcia Sanchez I (931-970) the Kingdom expanded to the east, west, and south.
Sancho Garcés II (970-1004) inherited the county of Aragon, part of the Carolingian Spanish March, from his mother.
His daughter was married to Al-Mansur
Parias: Extortion as Diplomacy
Beginning in the 1050s, under Fernando I, the Christian rulers began extorting payments from the Taifa states.
These security guarantees meant that the Christians would leave the Taifa in peace, and also defend it from its Muslim neighbors if necessary.
The Taifa rulers still controlled trade with North and West Africa, and thus had lots of gold.
23
__MACOSX/slides/._8 End of the Caliphate.pptx
slides/5 Early Islam.pptx
1
Islam: Earliest History
Arabian Peninsula
Pre-Islamic Arabia
Trade
Muhammad (570-632)
Qur’an and Hadith
Prophet- 610 on
Muslims
Mecca and Medina
Foundation of a new religious community, the Ummah (within the Arabian Peninsula)
Expansion of the Dar-al-Islam
War between Mecca and Medina ended with the unification of the warring tribes of the Arabian Peninsula under Muhammad
Upon the Prophet’s death, his successor (Caliph), Abu Bakr, decided to keep the tribes unified by giving them a project: the invasion of Persia
Rapid conquest of Persia, 633-634
634-640, invasion of Roman Empire, capture of Syria, parts of Asia Minor, Palestine
4
a
5
Expansion and conquest across North Africa
Muslim expansion across North Africa began in 641, and was finished between 692-698.
Final end of the city of Carthage
Nomadic people of the Sahara were relatively quick converts, and identified culturally with Arabs.
This included many Berbers, the people living in the Maghreb, or far west of North Africa.
Expansion stopped at the Atlantic, but many of the new converts were eager to continue the conquest.
Musa ibn Nusayr and Tariq ibn Ziyad
6
Gibraltar– Jebel Tariq
7
Battle of Guadalete, 711
8
9
10
Muslim Expansion in Europe
11
12
Pact of Umar (637?)
In the name of God, the Merciful and Compassionate. This is a letter to the servant of God Umar [ibn al-Khattab], Commander of the Faithful, from the Christians of such-and-such a city. When you came against us, we asked you for safe-conduct (aman) for ourselves, our descendants, our property, and the people of our community, and we undertook the following obligations toward you:
We shall not build, in our cities or in their neighborhood, new monasteries, Churches, convents, or monks' cells, nor shall we repair, by day or by night, such of them as fall in ruins or are situated in the quarters of the Muslims.
We shall keep our gates wide open for passersby and travelers. We shall give board and lodging to all Muslims who pass our way for three days.
We shall not give shelter in our churches or in our dwellings to any spy, nor hide him from the Muslims.
We shall not teach the Qur'an to our children.
We shall not manifest our religion publicly nor convert anyone to it. We shall not prevent any of our kin from entering Islam if they wish it.
We shall show respect toward the Muslims, and we shall rise from our seats when they wish to sit.
We shall not seek to resemble the Muslims by imitating any of their garments, the qalansuwa, the turban, footwear, or the parting of the hair. We shall not speak as they do, nor shall we adopt their kunyas.
We shall not mount on saddles, nor shall we gird swords nor bear any kind of arms nor carry them on our- persons.
We shall not engrave Arabic inscriptions on our seals.
We shall not sell fermented drinks.
We shall clip the fronts of our heads.
We shall always dress in the same way wherever we may be, and we shall bind the zunar round our waists
We shall not display our crosses or our books in the roads or markets of the Muslims. We shall use only clappers in our churches very softly. We shall not raise our voices when following our dead. We shall not show lights on any of the roads of the Muslims or in their markets. We shall not bury our dead near the Muslims.
We shall not take slaves who have beenallotted to Muslims.
We shall not build houses overtopping the houses of the Muslims.
We accept these conditions for ourselves and for the people of our community, and in return we receive safe-conduct.
If we in any way violate these undertakings for which we ourselves stand surety, we forfeit our covenant [dhimma], and we become liable to the penalties for contumacy and sedition.
Umar ibn al-Khittab replied: Sign what they ask, but add two clauses and impose them in addition to those which they have undertaken. They are: "They shall not buy anyone made prisoner by the Muslims," and "Whoever strikes a Muslim with deliberate intent shall forfeit the protection of this pact."
__MACOSX/slides/._5 Early Islam.pptx
slides/7 Later al-Andalus.pptx
Al-Andalus and it Christian Neighbors, tenth and eleventh centuries
Christian Conversion
Dhimmi (protected minority) status brought many obstacles to prosperity in a wealthy society.
Pressure was high on Christians to convert in order to avoid the limits
of second-class
status, and to
avoid the taxes.
Conversion rates
increase with the
passage of time
and prosperity
of the Muslim
state.
The inevitable mixed
marriages also
favored conversion,
as Islamic Law required
the children of any
Muslim man to be
brought up as Muslims.
3
Cordoba Ascendant
Al-Andalus reached the height of its prestige, wealth, and political power under Abd al-Rahman III (912-961)
In 921, he declared himself Caliph
Constructed
the massive
palace of
Medina
al-Zahra outside
of Cordoba.
Medina al-Zahara
Mezquita
Intellectual and Cultural Life
The power of the emirs/caliphs was reflected in the vibrancy and prosperity of their courts and capital (Cordoba)
Lavish spending on art and architecture, but also on scholars, writers, poets, musicians, etc.
Translation projects: reflection of Bagdhad
Freedom for scientists, scholars, etc.
Problems of Unity
Northern mountains and frontiers
Marcher lords and rebellion
Arabs vs Berbers vs Muwallads
Problems with Money
Due to the limited tax structure in Islamic Law, new sources of revenue were hard to raise.
Raiding the Christian territories became a regular device for generating revenue, especially under Abd al-Rahman III and his successors.
Expense of a large standing army
Soldiers of the Caliphs
Berber recruits from North Africa made up the bulk of the early armies.
During Arab-Berber tensions, the Caliphs had to look elsewhere, and often created armies of slaves, called Mamelukes.
Slaves were purchased from the Eastern Roman Empire (Slavic slaves), or from Vikings (British and Irish slaves).
Al-Andalus and the Christian North
While raiding was common on both sides, prior to the eleventh century, neither the Asturians nor the Caliphate seriously tried to expand at the expense of the other.
Al-Andalus was heavily involved in the politics of Asturias and Pamplona.
Abd al-Rahman III personally saw to the rehabilitation and restoration of the deposed king Sancho the Fat of Asturias (955-957, 964-966).
Al-Mansur “The Victorious”
North African general who ruled Al-Andalus from 976-1002 in the name of the Caliph Hisham II.
Led a number of successful raids against the Christians, including the spectacular raid on Santiago, in which he stole the cathedral’s bells (997).
He was injured fighting the Leonese in 1002, and died later of his wounds.
17
Caliphate No More: Civil Wars, 1008-1031
After al-Mansur’s death in 1008, civil wars wracked al-Andalus.
The wars took on a Berber vs. Arab character, with Christians intervening from the north on both sides.
The last claimant to the Umayyad throne was Hisham III, who was run out of Cordoba when he tried to raise taxes on his Muslim subjects.
18
19
During the late ninth and early tenth centuries, Asturias expanded south of the Cantabrian Mountains and east, toward the Ebro Valley.
In 910, the capital of the kingdom was moved south to the city of León, and the kingdom was henceforth known by that name.
The eastern regions of the realm were organized as a hereditary, semi-independent county, Castilla, after 931.
By the early eleventh century, the Leonese monarchs are referring to themselves as Imperator.
The Basque Kingdom of Navarra became a stable kingdom under Sancho Garcés I (905-925).
Under Garcia Sanchez I (931-970) the Kingdom expanded to the east, west, and south.
Sancho Garcés II (970-1004) inherited the county of Aragon, part of the Carolingian Spanish March, from his mother.
His daughter was married to Al-Mansur
The Basque Kingdom of Navarra became a stable kingdom under Sancho Garcés I (905-925).
Under Garcia Sanchez I (931-970) the Kingdom expanded to the east, west, and south.
Sancho Garcés II (970-1004) inherited the county of Aragon, part of the Carolingian Spanish March, from his mother.
His daughter was married to Al-Mansur
20
Self-described Rex Hispaniarum, King of the Spanish.
Ruled 1004-1035.
Initially he controlled
Aragon and Navarra,
but after 1027, he
took over Castilla,
and conquered most
of León.
Loarre Castle, built by Sancho III
21
San Martín de Frómista, built by Sancho III
22
Cluny and Benedictine Monasticism
French monastery founded in the early tenth century
Became an enthusiastic center of monastic reform, stressing education and close adherence to the Rule of Saint Benedict (fifth century)
Cluny cultivated a careful reputation and was patronized by a wide variety of monarchs
(like Sancho III) and nobles
searching for spiritual benefits.
This financial support allowed Cluny
to found a vast number of
daughter-houses, and to become
very influential throughout Europe.
Short-Lived Unity
Sancho III was assassinated in 1035, and the Christian lands were once again split.
His son Fernando inherited Castilla and León.
Ramiro (an illegitimate son) was given Aragon.
Garcia Sanchez III received Navarra, and was theoretically the senior partner.
In 1054, the brothers fought each other, and Garcia was killed on the battlefield.
25
Fernando I of León
Fernando came close to rebuilding his father’s united realm, and began calling himself Imperator totius Hispaniae.
Aragon remained in the hands of his brother Ramiro, and his young nephew, Sancho IV,
became King of Navarra.
In 1065, Fernando divided his
kingdom between his three sons,
Alfonso, Sancho, and Garcia.
He laid aside his crown, became a
monk, and died shortly thereafter.
Predictably, his sons soon went to war.
26
Taifa States: The Party Kings
Divisions originated in the governing districts of the Caliphate.
Some states were ruled by Arab emirs, some by Berbers, some by military rulers (including Slavic Mamelukes).
The Taifa States competed with one another for culture, wealth, and prestige.
The weak military condition of the Taifas corresponded to the drastic increase in military power in the Christian North.
The result was predictable…
27
Parias: Extortion as Diplomacy
Beginning in the 1050s, under Fernando I, the Christian rulers began extorting payments from the Taifa states.
These security guarantees meant that the Christians would leave the Taifa in peace, and also defend it from its Muslim neighbors if necessary.
The Taifa rulers still controlled trade with North and West Africa, and thus had lots of gold.
28
__MACOSX/slides/._7 Later al-Andalus.pptx
slides/4 Visigoths short.pptx
What becomes of the Roman Empire?
What becomes of the province of Hispania?
Is there a “fall of the Roman Empire”?
If so, when?
What comes next?
1
Germans and Rome
Living around the northern periphery
Agricultural, sedentary
Decentralized local government, elective kingship in times of trouble
Lots of influence and movement back and forth across the border
Immigration and military service in Rome
2
HIST 3351/Fall 2009/Lesson 8
HIST 3351/Fall 2009/Lesson 7
3
Goths
Germanic Tribes by late third century
Alemanni & Juthingi
Fries
Franks
Vandals
Sarmatians
Saxons
Angles
Jutes
Alans
3
HIST 3351/Fall 2009/Lesson 8
HIST 3351/Fall 2009/Lesson 7
4
Goths
Christianity preached beyond boundaries of Empire: but not all of it was orthodox Roman Christianity: Arianism
Alemanni & Juthingi
Fries
Franks
Vandals
Sarmatians
Saxons
Angles
Jutes
Alans
4
Preached to, for example, the Goths!
HIST 3351/Fall 2009/Lesson 8
HIST 3351/Fall 2009/Lesson 7
5
Huns
Goths
Adrianople 378 AD
Alemanni & Juthingi
Fries
Franks
Vandals
Sarmatians
Saxons
Angles
Jutes
Alans
Visigoths enter the Empire in 376 AD
5
Visigoths let in in 376-7 (not Ostrogoths)
Goths AND Romans suffer terrible casualties. Best solution is to settle in Balkan. Goths serve with Roman army as needed.
Rome vs. the Visigoths
Supplies and promises: refugee problems and the Roman state
Rebellion and looting
The military response and the battle of Adrianople, 378
Emperor Valens killed in
battle!
Theodosius, 379-395
Born in Hispania!
Last emperor to rule both halves of the empire.
Made Nicaean (Trinitarian/Orthodox) Christianity the official religion and began suppressing paganism:
Olympics ended in 393.
Vestal virgins disbanded.
Pagan members of the Senate complained bitterly.
Religious discord.
Church Hierarchy
Emperor is at the top
Dioceses- Units of Roman administration
Bishops- a new career path for politically-inclined Romans
Archbishops and Patriarchs
Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria
Bishop of Rome: Petrine Doctrine
HIST 3351/Fall 2009/Lesson 8
HIST 3351/Fall 2009/Lesson 7
9
Balleares
Lusitania
Gallia Narbonensis
Baetica
Toledo
Cordoba
Tarragona
Merida
Cartagena
Seville
Braganza
Tarraconensis
Cartaginensis
30 mi 60 mi 120 mi
Barcino
Olispo
Caesaraugusta
Ebora
Ossonoba
Lucus Augusti
Portus Cale
Asturica Augusta
Malaca
Dertosa
Mauritania
Ecclesiastical organization of Roman Hispania
9
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- Councils of Toledo (Concilia toletana). From the fifth to the seventh century, about thirty synods, variously counted, were held at Toledo in what would come to be part of Spain. The earliest, directed against Priscillianism, assembled in 400.
- The First Council of Toledo was held in Toledo, Spain, in 400. Its primary purpose was to condemn the Priscillian heresy and uphold the Nicene Creed. It would be another 127 years before a council met again in Toledo. Known attendees include Lampius, bishop of Barcelona.
- Metropolitan bishops of Merida, Seville, Tarragona, Braganza, and Cartagena
-- Last through Visigoths, although they upgrade Toledo to primacy, when capital moved to Toledo by Leovigild in 580
Restoration of metropolitan churches a motivator for popes later
Orthodoxy and Heresy
Council of Nicaea and subsequent ecumenical councils: what do Christians believe?
Orthodoxy and heterodoxy (or heresy)
Saints, monasticism, etc.
Trinitarian vs. Arian (homoousia, one substance)
Monophysite vs. diophysite (one form or two; settled in 451 at the Council of Chalcedon)
Donatists vs. Catholics
Dualism (and Zoroastrianism)
The role of the state in enforcing orthodoxy
The Barbarians are Coming
Visigoths at peace with Theodosius, but not his successors.
In 406, the Rhine river froze, allowing three Germanic tribes, the Sueves, Vandals, and Alans, to cross into Gaul.
Military borders not up to the
task of dealing with the
problem, and the cities were
left on their own.
HIST 3351/Fall 2009/Lesson 8
HIST 3351/Fall 2009/Lesson 7
12
Angles, Saxons, Jutes
Vandals, Alans, Suevi
Franks
406 AD
409 AD
Hunnic Empire
Germans cross the Rhine Dec 31, 406 AD
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The Visigothic Problem…
Failure of Thedosius’s successors to maintain good relations with Visigoths
Visigoths elected a new king, Alaric, in 395.
He led them into Italy to demand better terms from Rome. When negotiations broke down…
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HIST 3351/Fall 2009/Lesson 8
HIST 3351/Fall 2009/Lesson 7
14
Rome 410 AD
Hunnic Empire
Alaric revolts, sacks Rome, dies in the South
14
Monkeying around with imperial boundaries.
Alaric revolts, marches on Rome.
Alaric dies in 410 in Southern Italy while planning an invasion of Sicily
Athaulf leads Visigoths into Gaul
HIST 3351/Fall 2009/Lesson 8
HIST 3351/Fall 2009/Lesson 7
15
Suebes
Vandals
Alans
Hunnic Empire
Athaulf leads Visigoths into Gaul, Germans all over the Western Empire
Franks
15
VISIGOTHS TRYING TO ESTABLISH A PROTECTORATE OVER WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE!!!!
Visigoths given territory in Aquitaine
The Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (or Fields), also called the Battle of Châlons (also spelled Chalons or Chalon) or Battle of the Campus Mauriacus, took place in 451 between a coalition led by the Roman general Flavius Aetius and the Visigothic king Theodoric I on one side and the Huns and their allies commanded by Attila on the other. It was one of the last major military operations of the Western Roman Empire and marks the apex of the career of Flavius Aetius.
HIST 3351/Fall 2009/Lesson 8
HIST 3351/Fall 2009/Lesson 7
16
Franks
Visigoths
Suebes
Vandals
Alans
431 AD
440 AD
Hunnic Empire
Visigoths commissioned by Empire to drive Germans out of Hispania
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Gaiseric crosses with 80,000 in 429
430 St. Augustine dies at Hippo in August 28th during the Vandal's siege of Hippo when he was 76 years old.
HIST 3351/Fall 2009/Lesson 8
HIST 3351/Fall 2009/Lesson 7
17
Catalaunian Fields 451 AD
Suebes
Visigoths
Vandals
Hunnic Empire
Visigoths establish own kingdom, ally with Rome and Franks against Huns
17
Visigoths given territory in Aquitaine
The Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (or Fields), also called the Battle of Châlons (also spelled Chalons or Chalon) or Battle of the Campus Mauriacus, took place in 451 between a coalition led by the Roman general Flavius Aetius and the Visigothic king Theodoric I on one side and the Huns and their allies commanded by Attila on the other. It was one of the last major military operations of the Western Roman Empire and marks the apex of the career of Flavius Aetius.
HIST 3351/Fall 2009/Lesson 8
HIST 3351/Fall 2009/Lesson 7
18
Carthage
Leptis Magna
Rome
Malaka
Visigothic kingdom after battle of Vouillé in 507
Toulouse
Suebic Kingdom
Vandal Kingdom
Hippo Regius
Kingdom of Franks
Ostrogoths
Basques
Barcelona
Visigothic Kingdom
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430 St. Augustine dies at Hippo in August 28th during the Vandal's siege of Hippo when he was 76 years old.
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Barbarian Kings or Roman Allies?
Last Roman emperor in the western half, 476.
Germanic kingdoms in the western provinces:
Visigoths in Spain, southern Gaul
Franks in northern Gaul
Ostrogoths in Italy
Vandals in Africa
Roman titles, legitimacy, relations with Constantinople
Few Germans, many Romans
For most Romans, life goes on as normal
Visigothic Spain
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Political Issues:
Goths (Germans) vs. Romans
Relationship to Emperor in
Constantinople
50,000-500,000 Goths
6 million Spanish Romans
Language and assimilation
Only traces of Gothic language in
Spanish
Center vs. periphery
Controlling the mountains
Controlling the SE coast
Religious Issues
Arian Christianity vs. Nicene/Trinitarian Christianity
Conversion of the Visigoths, 589, Third Council of Toledo and integration.
The importance of Christian unity?
Jewish population (10% + of total)
St. Augustine: “Living Letters of the Law”
Conversion?
Orthodoxy vs pluralism
Restrictive laws and persecution
The Emperor Justinian (527-565)
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The Empire Strikes Back: 530-542