topic 4 and 5
Bella edwards
siegler5e_ch122019.pptx12
The Family
Presentation Slides
Chapter
Family Structure
Family Dynamics
The Socioeconomic Context
Outline of Chapter
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Family structure: The relationships among the people living in a household; sometime also the number of individuals living in a household
Alterations in family structure:
Influence interactions among family members
Affect family routines and norms
Affect children’s emotional well-being
Most effects of shifts are gradual.
Some single events can be traumatic.
Family Structure
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Changes in Family Structure in the United States
The family structures in which children live have changed dramatically over the past 50 years. Children were much more likely in 2014 to be living with single parents or with unmarried cohabitating parents then in 1960.
(Note: Data for cohabitating parents was unavailable for 1960.)
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Implications of Family Structure
41% children living with single parents live below federal poverty line compared with 14% living with both parents.
Single parents have less time to devote to children.
Work
Household responsibilities
Hence, less likely to read to their children
Less likely to have all meals with children
Changes in Family Structure in the United States (cont.d)
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First-Time Parents Are Older Than in the Past
Average age when women had their first child was 21 years in 1970, as opposed to 26 years in 2014.
Teen birth rate is decreasing: rate for ages 15–17 was 32 per 1000 in 1994 and only 11 per 1000 in 2014.
Having children at an older age means that parents have more education, higher job-status, and higher income.
Changes in Family Structure in the United States (cont.d)
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More Children Live with Grandparents
Almost 10% of all children in the United States live with a grandparent.
In 1970, 3% of children had grandparents as primary caregivers as opposed to 6% in 2014.
There are financial constraints for grandparents as primary caregivers due to limited income and retirement funds.
Children more likely to have emotional and behavioral problems.
Changes in Family Structure in the United States (cont.d)
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Families Are Smaller
Women delaying pregnancies for careers
Increased access to birth control
Fewer children with multiple siblings
Family Structures Are More Fluid
Nearly 50% of marriages end in divorce
Repeated changes in family structure for children
Children more likely to have behavior problems
Changes in Family Structure in the United States (cont.d)
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In 2011, 115,000 same-sex couples were reported to be raising children.
59% of these children are being raised by a biological parent from a (previous) heterosexual relationship.
Social acceptance is an issue for such parents.
Same-sex parents are “good” parents.
Children of such parents are no different from children raised by heterosexual parents.
Adjustment depends on family dynamics.
Same-Sex Parents
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In 2015, 4.8 million children lived only with a divorced mother; 1.3 million lived with only a divorced father.
Mechanisms by Which Divorce Can Affect Children
Parent with whom child lives: single, not enough time, financially constrained
Children may experience a new school; changes in neighborhood can disrupt routines and social networks
Positive outcome of divorce: Less conflict, fewer emotional problems
Negative outcome of divorce: Depression, delinquent behavior
Divorced Parents
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Children’s Adjustment to Divorce
Children experience sadness, depression
Boys may externalize problems
May be a drop in academic achievement
Such children at greater risk of divorce for themselves
Overall small differences in children of divorced families when compared with intact families
College/older children less reactive to parents’ divorce
Divorced Parents (cont.d)
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Currently, 4 million children (5%) live with stepparents.
Simple stepfamily: A new stepparent joins another parent, and children
Complex/blended stepfamilies: Addition of stepparent and step siblings
Stepfathers may not be as close to their step children.
Conflict with stepparents is common.
The attitude of the noncustodial biological parent toward the stepparent can lead to conflicts.
Stepparents
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Family dynamics: The way in which family members interact through various relationships
Mother with each child
Father with each child
Mother with father
Siblings with one another
Relationships among family members are interdependent.
Relationships reciprocally influence one another.
Family Dynamics
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Socialization: Process through which children acquire the values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviors that are regarded as appropriate for their present and future roles in their culture
Parents as direct instructors: Directly teach skills, rules, and strategies
Parents as indirect socializers: Indirect socialization through their own behavior with and around their children
Parents as social managers: Manage children’s experiences and social lives, including exposure to people, activities, and information
Parenting
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Internalization: Effective discipline that leads to a permanent change in child’s behavior
Child has learned and accepted desired behavior
Punishment: A negative stimulus that follows a behavior to reduce the likelihood that the behavior will occur again
Discipline: The set of strategies and behaviors parents use to teach children how to behave appropriately
Parenting (cont.d)
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Parenting Styles
Parenting behaviors and attitudes that set the emotional climate in regard to parent-child interactions
Dimensions: Parental responsiveness (warmth & support) and demandingness (control)
Pioneering research done by Diana Baumrind (1973), who differentiated four different parenting styles related to parental support and parental control
Parenting (cont.d)
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Permissive
High nurturance and communication
Little discipline, guidance, or control of misconduct
Rejecting-neglecting
Indifference to child
Unaware of what happens in child’s life
Low warmth and control
Parenting Styles:
Authoritarian
Have high behavior standards
Strict punishment of misconduct
Little communication
Authoritative
Sets reasonable limits but listens
Flexible
Warm and supportive
Parenting (cont.d)
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Parenting (cont.d)
Parental control and warmth in Baumrind’s typology of parenting styles; every parent falls somewhere on the dimension of control and warmth. Baumrind grouped parents into four potential parenting styles. This figure shows the four potential responses of parents reacting to a child who will not share a toy. (information from Baumrind, 1973)
Parental control and warmth in Baumrind’s typology of parenting styles, every parent falls somewhere on the dimension of control and warmth. Baumrind grouped parents into four potential parenting styles. This figure shows the four potential responses of parents reacting to a child who will not share a toy. (information from Baumrind, 1973)
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Fathers, too, are involved in child-rearing behaviors.
However, mothers spend one-and-a-half hours more with children than fathers do.
Mothers provide both physical and emotional support.
Fathers play more with children.
This is culturally driven: Fathers in Sweden, Malaysia, and India do not play much with their children.
Mothers with higher education engage in cognitively stimulating caregiving activities with their children.
Differences in Mothers' and Fathers' Interactions with Their Children
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Bidirectionality of parent–child interactions: The idea that parents and their children are mutually affected by one another’s characteristics and behaviors
Contributing factors to parenting received by children:
Children’s Individual differences in behavior, personality
Children’s temperaments
Children’s attractiveness
The Child's Influence on Parenting
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Siblings have positive and negative effects on one another’s development.
Sharing
Reciprocity
Can be rivals: conflicting relationships
Teach social skills
When parents are warm, sibling relationships are less hostile.
Siblings get along with one another better when parents get along with each other.
The quality of sibling relationships is determined by families and culture.
Sibling Relationships
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Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Model
The family is the child’s most proximal context.
The family has the most direct influence on development.
The family is affected by the contexts in which it is embedded:
Cultural
Economic
Work
The Socioeconomic Context
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Culture reflects beliefs and practices linked with a family’s country, religion, ethnic group, race, group, or affiliation.
Research is focused on different cultural parenting practices.
Mothers enforce positive discipline and warm parenting.
In the United States, African American parents spank their children more often than do European American, Latino American, or Asian American parents.
European American families are more likely to use authoritative parenting.
Chinese parents are more likely to use authoritarian parenting.
Cultural Contexts
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An average American family will spend $14,000 per child per year—less in low-income families; more in high-income families.
Low-Income Families
Parents spend less quality time with their children.
Parents may be more depressed, irritable, and practice harsh parenting.
Children may live without basic necessities: food, medical care, shelter, safe schools and neighborhoods.
High-Income Families
Parents may pressure children to overachieve.
Children may experience psychological stress.
Economic Contexts
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Parents’ sense of accomplishment at work enhances their mental health and quality of parenting.
Most parents find work rewarding.
However, work-related conflicts transfer into family life, too.
Research does not support negative effects on children of working mothers.
Parents' Work Contexts
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Child Care Contexts
Percentage of children with employed mothers, from birth through age 4, in each type of childcare arrangement.
Percentage of children with employed mothers, from birth through age 4, in each type of childcare arrangement.
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In the United States in 2011, 51% of children 5 years or younger with employed mothers were cared for primarily by the mother or a relative, 35% were mostly in center-based child care, and 18% were cared for by a nonrelative in a home environment.
Child Care Contexts (cont.d)
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Adjustment and Social Behavior
Studies find no difference in problem behavior between children in day care and those reared at home.
Quality of care decides the behavior of children.
Hours spent: Longer hours lead to better adjustment.
Most children in day care never develop behavior issues.
Background is important too—low SES versus high SES.
Child Care Contexts (cont.d)
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Cognitive and Language Development
High-quality child care has a modest to positive effect on language development.
Language stimulation benefits children.
Children from lower SES benefit from good day cares.
Child Care Contexts (cont.d)
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Maximum group sizes:
6 for 12-month-olds and younger
8 for 13- to 35-month-olds
14 for 3-year-olds
16 for 4- to 5-year-olds
Child-to-caregiver ratio of:
3:1 for children aged 12 months or less
4:1 for 13 to 35 months
7:1 for 3-year-olds
8:1 for 4- to 5-year-olds
The American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Public Health Association recommend the following standards for child care:
Availability and Quality of Child Care
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Recommended formal training for caregivers, with lead teachers having:
A bachelor’s degree in early childhood education or a related degree, such as child development, social work, or an associate’s degree working on a bachelor’s degree
At least one year of on-the-job training
Availability and Quality of Child Care (cont.d)
