criminology writing assignment

Sexual Harassment at Work Source: Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 28, No. 37 (Sep. 11, 1993), p. 1949 Published by: Economic and Political Weekly Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4400143 Accessed: 22-10-2019 03:30 UTC

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easily purchased the 'mininmum needs' bas- ket for an average family; by 1979 it would have bought only 75 per cent of such a basket,in 1983,66 percent and in 1986 just 53 percent [Jamal 1986: 21].

7 For a comparative study of the role of technol- ogy in Nigeria and India see Roy (1990a).

8 For an analysis of changing global conditions since 1945 and its impact on developing countries, see Singer and Roy (forthcoming).

9 In sharp contrast to Asia, the African coun- tries were badly hit in the 80s by recession. [See ILO 1989 and Roy 1990bJ.

10 On the nature of state and market policies in the Asian countries see Hamilton (1987) and Cuyvers and Bulcke (1989).

11 Many policy-makers have suggested uncritically that the Asian NICs should fonn a model for other developing countries.

12 On the rural sectorin Asia see ILO (1988 c) and Shovan Ray (1987).

13 For an analysis of the India's adjustment policies in the early 1990s under 'liberalisation' see Roy (in press).

14 Boosting food production through technol- ogy has assumed major importance in Asia and more recently, though with less suc- cess, in Africa. For a comparative study of technology and food production in India and Africa see Roy (1990a).

References

Beckman, Bjorn (1987): 'Public Investment and Agrarian Transformation in Northern Nigeria' in M Watts (ed), State Oil aned Agriculture in Niger ia, Institute of Interna- tional Studies, University of California, Berkeley.

Berry, S Sara, (1987): 'Oil and the Disappear- ing Peasantry: Accumulation, Differentia- tion and Underdevelopment in Western Nigeria' in M Watts (ed), op cit.

Central Bank of Nigeria (1987): Annuial Report and Statement of Accounts for Year Ended 31 December 1987.

Collier, Paul (1983): 'Oil Shocks and Food Security in Nigeria' in Dharam Ghai and SamirRadwan (eds), Agrarian Policies and Rural Poverty in Africa, ILO, Geneva.

Cuyvers, Ludo and Bulcke, Daniel Van Den (1989): 'Some Reflections on the Outward- Oriented Development Strategy of the Far Eastern NICs' in W L M Adriaansen and J G Waardenburg (eds), A Dual Economny, Wolters-Noordhoff, Rotterdam, 1989.

Economist Intelligence Unit (1989): Nigeria- CounTtry Report, No 1.

-(1989-90): Nigeria Counttry Profile-Annual SturveyofPoliticalwadEconomic Backgground.

-(1990): Nigeria Counitry Report-Analysis of Economic and Political Trenids, No 1.

Federal Governnment of Nigeria (no date): Structural Adijustmentt Programmes (July 1986-June 1988).

Ghai,Dand Smith (1987):Agricultuiral Prices, Policy and Equity in Sub-Saharan Africa, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc, Boulder, Colorado.

Hamilton, Clive (1987): 'Can the Rest of Asia Emulate the NICs?', Third World Quar- terly, Vol 9, No 4, October.

Igbedioh, S 0 (1990): 'Macroeconomic Ad- justment, Food Availability and Nutrition Status in Nigeria', Food Policy, Vol 15, No 6, December.

International Labour Office, Asian Employ- ment Programme (1987): Structulral Ad-

juistmlenat by WVhon, for WVhom, New Delhi. -(1988c): Rural Emnployment Promotion, Re-

port VII, International Labour Conference, 75th Session, Geneva.

-(1989): Thle Challenige of Adjustmnent in Af-

rica: Tripartite Sytposium on Structural Adjustment and Employment in Africa, Nairobi, October 16-19.

InitemationalLabourOrganisation(l 988a): 'Eco- nomic and Manufacturing Growth of Four NICs: The PeriodUp to the 1980', inBridging the Gap: Four Newly Industrialising Coun- tries andthe Changinjg International Division of Labour, G V liemt, Geneva

-(1988b): 'The Role of Governments in the Process of Industrialisation' in Bridging the Gap: FouirNewlyIndustrialising Count- tries and the Chantging International Divi- sion of Labour, G V Liemt, Geneva.

Lee, E (1987): 'World Recession andDevelop- ing Economies in Asia' in WorldRecession anid Global Interdependence: Effects otn Employment, Poverty and Policy Forma- tion in Developing Countries, ILO, Geneva.

Montes, Manuel (1987): Stabilisation andAdjust- mnentPoliciesandProgranmes: CountryStudy 2, The Philippines, WIDER, World Institute for Development Economics Research of the United Nations University, Helsinki.

Muhtar, Mansur (1987): 'Agricultural Devel- opment in Nigeria: The Role of Market and( Non-Market Forces', Review of African Political Econiomy, No 39, September.

Ray, Shovan (1987): 'RuralEmployment Policy Research Programme', World Employment ProgrammeResearch, WorkingPapers, 1LO, Geneva, September.

Roy, Sumit (1 990a): Agriculture and Technol- ogy in Developing Countries: India and Nigeria, Sage Publications, New Delhi, Newbury Park and London.

-(1990b): 'Agriculture and Adjustment in Nigeria', International Labour Office, mimeo, Geneva.

-(1 990c): 'Structural Adjustment Programmes-- The Economy and the Rural Sector', Africa Quarterly, Vol 30, Nos 1-2.

Roy, Sumit (in press): 'Liberalisation and the Indian Economy: Myth and Reality' in T V Sathyamurthy (ed), Social Change and Po- litical Discourse in India: Structures of Power, Movements of Resistance, Oxford University Press, Delhi.

Singer, H W and Sumit Roy (forthcoming): Eco- nomnic Progress awid Prospects in the Third World:Lessons of Development Experience sitce 1945, Edward Elgar Publishing.

Streeten, Paul (1987): 'Structural Adjustment: A Survey of the Issues and Options', World Development, Vol 15, No 12.

Williams, Gavin (1988) 'The World Bank:Nigeria', Review ofAfrican Political Economzy, No 43.

World Bank (1988): The Nigerian Structural AdjistmentProgramnne-Policies, Iwactand Prospects, Report 6716-UNI, September.

Sexual Harassment at Work

GIVEN various social taboos in many Asian countries, statistics on sexual harassment are hard to come by. However, those that are available indicate that sexual harassment is extremely wide- spread. Currently, statistics are more widely available in western countries. In Britain, in a recent survey of workplace unions by the union-based labour research department, 73 per cent of. respondents said some fonn of sexual harassment had taken place in their workplace. In the US, the number of sexual harassment com- plaints filed with the US Equal Oppor- tunity Commission increased 50 per cent between October 1991 and June 1992, following the publicity arcund the hear- ings of Supreme Court candidate, Judge Clarence Thomas, who was alleged to have harasssed a colleague, Anita Hill.

The European Community has recently produced a cDde of practice on the sub- ject saying 'sexual harassment means unwanted conduct of a sexual nature, or other conduct based on sex affecting the dignity of women and men at work". The victims are nearly always won-n (although statistics show men are son-times harass- ed) and the attacker, usually a man, is often in a position of authority over the woman he harasses.

The Asia-Pacific Regional Organisation of the International Confederation of Free

Trade Unions (ICFTU-APRO) launched a campaign against sexual harassment in 1992, and listed some examples of sexual harassment it aimed to tackle: commen- ting on a woman's anatomy, e g, her breasts and buttocks; making repeated in- vitations for private meetings; making of-. fensive sexist jokes; making conversation with sexual connotations or innuendoes; soliciting sexual favours; showing porno- graphic materials; touching, caressing or fondling withut consent. Few companies in Asia have dear guidelines to deal with sexual harassn-nt, and few, if any Asian governments have made concerted efforts, for instance through laws or education campaigns, to stop it. Little mention has been made so far of trade union activities against sexual harassment. This is because unions in Asia have generally been inac- tive on this issue, but this may gradually be changing.

The European Communitv's code of practice encourages employers to take ac- tion, such as to: issue a policy statement on sexual harassment; communicate it ef- fectively to all employees; designate someone to provide advice to employees subjected to harassment; adopt a formal complaints procedure; and treat sexual harassment as a disciplinary offence.

-Asian Labour Update

E omic and Political Weekly September 11, 1993 1.949

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