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It is therefore not transgression that should be our watchword, but transformation. [`Is Transgression Transgressive?', in Joseph Bristow and Angela Wilson (eds.), Activating Theory: Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Politics (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1993), 107 16]
60 Secual Liberation and Feminist Politics
Lynne Segal
`There is feminism and then there's fucking', declares the bulimic and alcoholic exfeminist literary critic Maryse, in the Canadian film A Winter Tan (1987), based on the published letters of Maryse Holder, Give Sorrow, Words. Maryse tells her audience that she is taking a holiday from feminism to indulge herself and her `natural sluttishness' with young Mexican men—one of whom eventually murders her. After gloomily absorbing this narrative, I found it hard to decide whether it was Maryse's notion of feminism or her own (and her killer's) predatory view of sex which was the more depressing in this harrowing tale of one woman's neurotic selfdestruction. The fact that many feminists would proudly endorse Maryse Holder's dual depiction of feminism as antiheterosexual pleasure and heterosexual pleasure as anti woman (a dangerous, if not deadly pursuit), only adds to my sinking spirits. Some of us expect cautionary tales warning women of the price we must pay for sexual pleasure to come from our wouldbe patriarchal `protectors', determined to stamp out the rich and hopeful dreams of women's liberation. It is harder to know what to think when the same message comes from our own side. (A Winter Tan was produced, written, directed and performed by Jackie Boroughs, a leading feminist figure in Canadian film and theatre for the last twentyfive years.)
One thing is clear, however, at least to me. The way to fight the continuing victimization of women cannot be to abandon notions of sexual liberation, or to make women's pursuit of heterosexual pleasure incompatible with women's happiness. It was not only the generation who came of age in the affluent 1960s who discovered that the fight against sexual hypocrisy and for sexual openness and pleasure could inspire both personal and political enthusiasm for creative and cooperative projects of diverse kinds. Such sexual openness lay at the root of the politicization of women and gay people in the 1970s, suddenly fully aware that pleasure was as much a social and a political as a personal matter; well before they discovered Foucault, and his genealogy of the cultural institutions and discourses dictating the norms and regimes of `sexuality'. It was seeing and hearing the dominant language and iconography of the joys of sex focussed on the power and activity of straight men, while subordinating and disparaging straight women (as `chics') and gay men andCop
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lesbians (as `queers'), that inspired the women's and the gay liberation movements into a battle against both sexism and heterosexism.
The ramifications of this battle take us all the way from opposing gender hierarchies to challenging the very conception of `gender' itself. From the extensive debate about the care and treatment of women in relation to fertility control and childbirth, alongside pressure on men to share the full responsibilities of household tasks and parenting, to the subsequent highly successful `safer sex' strategies pioneered by gay communities against the spread of HIV and AIDS, the struggle for sexual liberation has played a crucial role in changing patterns of life in Western countries. Indeed, it was the repression of any moment or movements of sexual liberation in the former Eastern European `state socialist' countries that constituted the most significant aspect of the oppression of women there. Despite greater access to childcare facilities and extensive participation in the workforce, Eastern Europe saw almost no politicization of interpersonal relationships or sexual experience, making sexism, violence against women and exclusive maternal responsibility for childcare and housework as unchallenged as it was ubiquitous. 1
Even in these days of greater insecurity, it is the rediscovering of the pleasures to be found in our bodies and the joy of bringing pleasure to others (of desiring and feeling desired) which, when things go well, feeds personal optimism and strength: `Oh, when I was in love with you | Then I was dean and brave', as Housman wrote of his own homosexual passion, mourning its passing, and the resurrection of that gloomy tyrant—his old self. 2 The idea of sexual liberation, as Bob Connell has recently written, may seem `good mainly for a horselaugh, or a nanosecond of nostalgia in the world of the new puritanism', but in fact it `should come back from the dead; we still need it'. 3 We need it, if only because, while many left and feminist radicals have forsaken their former enthusiasm for sexual liberation, the right have stuck doggedly to their task of opposing it. In these `postmodern' times, we may not see sexual liberation as the struggle to combat the repression of some sexual essence. But we might usefully see it as the struggle to combat the manipulation of people's fears and anxieties around gender and sexuality in a climate of increasing confusion for men, with its accompanying homophobia and violence against women. [. . .]
As feminists, we play into the hands of our enemies if we downplay, rather than seek fully to strengthen, ideas of women's sexual liberation. Nor can we leave the goal of expanding personal liberation to a commodity consumer culture eager to expand its markets, whatever its sometimes `dissident', playful or progressive moments. Women, like gays and lesbians, still need a political movement and agenda of our own, that continues to make demands on the state while providing its own diverse networks of support and cultural resistance.Cop
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Two trends have been highlighted in Western surveys of changing sexual patterns over the last few decades (usually undertaken in the USA): the increasing levels of sexual activity outside marriage, and the lowering of double standards as women's sexual experiences draw closer to men's. 4 Both, quite obviously, reflect a decline in men's control over women's sexuality. As the latest survey of sexual behaviour in Britain has concluded (the survey which Margaret Thatcher tried to prevent by withdrawing its promised funding), quite contrary to traditionalists' dire warnings and secret hopes, sex is far safer and less fraught for women today. The importance of female `virginity' before marriage has all but disappeared as an issue for most groups of women and men, and younger people are far more likely to have used contraception during their first sexual intercourse: over 80 per cent of women, and over 70 per cent of men, had their first heterosexual intercourse with the man using a condom in 1990—two to three times higher than in preceding decades. Around 90 per cent of women gave either love, curiosity or `natural follow on' as the main factor leading to their first intercourse, with the majority of women and men feeling it occurred at about the right time; although one in four women, against one in eight men, thought they had had sex too early. Serial monogamy is now the dominant pattern for both sexes. There seems to be `a genuine longterm decline in the number of men who visit prostitutes'. 5
By arguing for women's sexual autonomy, fertility rights and the education and resources necessary for each person to encounter or care for themselves and for others in ways that enhance the possibilities for pleasure, mutuality, responsibility and comfort, feminists today would be continuing to participate in changes which they once helped to set in motion. Sexual pleasure is far too significant in our lives and culture for women not to be seeking to express our agency through it. The task confronting feminists today, as yesterday, is to uncover the social forces which ensure that women's sexual agency is suppressed in contexts of significant gender inequality, and to fight to change them. It is also to uncover and challenge the cultural forces which disparage women and gay men through meanings roping gender to sexuality via conceptions of `masculinity' as `activity' and `dominance' coded into heterosexual coitus, however shaky the symbolism at interpersonal levels. It is these tasks which keep sexuality a social and political issue and `sexual liberation' a goal for which we have still to struggle. There is cause for genuine optimism, yet so much more to be done.
[. . .] Campaigns like those of Zero Tolerance, publicly exposing and condemning men's use of violence against women, have been launched by several local councils in Glasgow and London. Feminists have also continued to make important interventions and recommendations drawing media and state attention to the absurdly low levels of rape convictions (only 14 per cent of reported rapes result in conviction, on Home Office figures for 1991), withCop
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many violent men being acquitted over and over again, and women victims continuing to be subjected to humiliating treatment in court, especially when their attackers were already known to them. 6
Worryingly, however, there is also some official backing for new antipornography legislation to `protect' us from the `harm' caused by images of `sexually explicit subordination'.7 While strengthening the agenda of moral conservatives, this does nothing to rid us of the ubiquitous nonsexually explicit gender imagery depicting men as dominant and aggressive, women as subordinate and servicing in cultural representation generally (the feminine/effeminate/homosexual remain subordinate identities, in and out of their clothes). Since images are read and responded to differently depending upon their framing, context, and the meanings they carry within the milieu in which they are consumed, sexual minorities and dissidents of all sorts rightly fear it is their representations of sexuality which will be censored by any new legislation, just as they have always been. Certainly `safer sex' campaigning material and sex education generally, in both Britain and the USA has been grotesquely hampered by accusations of `pornography'. 8 Most significantly, proposing antipornography legislation is a cheap diversion from doing anything useful about violence against women. Those most at risk from sexual brutality—overwhelmingly women who feel trapped in relationships with men, as well as prostitutes and gay men (lesbians are less vulnerable, unless occupying one of the first two categories)—need real solutions. These involve increasing women's financial independence, encouraging rather than stigmatizing or trying to penalize `single' mothers who have fled violent partnerships, as well as combatting homophobia.
Given the poverty of resistance and imagination coming from mainstream political parties, it is campaigning groups, community networks and subcultural consolidations which are going to be the main focus for reflection and struggles around sexuality and personal life in the short term. Sexual freedoms have, however, proved one of the few issues capable of drawing people into progressive collective action in recent years, providing radicals of the Left with the best of reasons for addressing them, even as our opponents mobilize their counterattack. The Clause 28 legislation, ironically, backfired completely in its goal of reaffirming the sanctity of the family, and silencing its feminist and gay critics. Instead, as many have celebrated, sexual dissidents of every sort, including heterosexuals, took to the streets in their tens of thousands to support `Stop the Clause' campaigns and marches, and benefits, meetings and publicity stunts occurred throughout the country.9 With well known media figures like lan McKellan and Michael Cashman deciding it was time to come out and organize openly for full gay rights, and more gay and lesbian programmes finding their way into mainstream television, debates and struggles around sexuality seemed to have become the most successful area of dissent in the late 1980s. [. . .]Cop
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