Critical Thinking: Case Study - Develop a Motivation Plan

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Content Theories of Motivation

Chapter 6

Learning Outcomes

After completing this chapter, the student should be able to understand:

The definition of motivation.

The difference between content theories and process theories of motivation.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and its criticisms.

Alderfer’s ERG Theory

Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory and how it relates to job design.

Hackman and Oldham’s Job Characteristic Model.

McClelland’s Three-Needs Theory

What Is Motivation?

The psychological process through which unsatisfied needs or wants lead to drives that are aimed at goals or incentives.

Content vs. Process Theories of Motivation

Content theories of motivation

Explain the specific factors that motivate people and answers the question “what drives behavior?”

Process theories of motivation

Helps explain how an individual’s behavior is energized, directed, sustained, and stopped.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Reproduced from Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York, NY: Harper & Row.

Criticisms of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Lack of evidence that workers have a single dominant need.

Lack of evidence that a need diminishes in strength when gratified.

Difficulty explaining individuals who neglect their lower level needs in pursuit of higher level needs (e.g., starving artist).

Alderfer’s ERG Theory

Existence refers to an individual’s concern with basic material and physiological existence requirements.

Relatedness refers to the need for developing and sustaining interpersonal relationships.

Growth refers to an individual’s intrinsic need to be creative and to make useful and productive contributions, including personal development with opportunities for personal growth.

Existence

Relatedness

Growth

Alderfer vs. Maslow

Does not require a strict ordering of needs satisfaction

Accounts for differences in need preferences by individuals

Frustration–regression principle

Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory

People have two sets of needs

Avoidance of unpleasantness

Personal growth

Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory

Job

Satisfaction

No Job Dissatisfaction

No Job Satisfaction

Job

Dissatisfaction

Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory

Hygiene Factors

Extrinsic (Job Context)

Company Policies

Administrative Policies

Supervision

Salary

Interpersonal Relations

Working Conditions

Motivators

Intrinsic (Job Content)

Achievement

Recognition

The work itself

Responsibility

Advancement

Herzberg and Job Design

Herzberg promoted the concept that if the work one does is significant, it will ultimately lead to satisfaction with the work itself.

Employees will be motivated to do work that they perceive to be significant.

The Job Characteristics Model of Work Motivation

Reproduced from Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1980). Work redesign (p. 90). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

McClelland’s Three-Needs Theory

Three types of motivational needs:

Achievement

Power

Affiliation

Daniel Pink

Daniel Pink Ted Talk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t9wDmRMtPnA

Autonomy

Mastery

Purpose

Hackman and Oldman’s Job Characteristic Model

Reproduced from Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1980). Work redesign (p. 90). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Comparison of Content Theories of Motivation