Describe how the COVID-19 Pandemic influenced patients with mental health disorders and their treatment plans?
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SEU_HCM500_Module02_PPT_Ch02.pptxGLOBAL HEALTH AND DISEASE
Chapter 2
Chapter 2: Overview
Introduction
Burden of Disease
Non communicable Disease
Infectious Disease
The Future of Infectious Disease
Public Health and Healthcare Strategies
Conclusion
Introduction
Development and management
Understanding the environmental or national context
Social and cultural beliefs
The physical environment
The political climate
3
3
Introduction
Understanding the environmental or national context
Economic development
Social structures
Types of diseases present in the population
4
4
Introduction
Influence of population health needs
Distribution of medical resources
Provision of health services
5
5
Introduction
Demands on healthcare systems
Disease prevention
Primary treatment
Secondary treatment
Tertiary treatment
6
6
Introduction
Integration of the healthcare system with public health system
Public health system responsibilities
7
7
Burden of Disease
Measurement of disease
Prevalence
Incidence
Disease specific mortality
Case fatality rate
Mortality rates
8
8
Burden of Disease
Reporting the burden of disease
Disability-adjusted life years (DALY)
Quality-adjusted life years (QALY)
Health expectancy
Healthy life years
Application of cost-benefit analyses
9
9
Burden of Disease
Effect of measurement on appropriation of health resources
Difficulties with collecting health statistics
10
10
Noncommunicable Disease
Heart disease
Cerebrovascular disease
Respiratory infections
HIVAIDS
Chronic pulmonary disease
Perinatal conditions
Diarrheal disease
Tuberculosis
Malaria
Respiratory tract cancers
Top 10 leading causes of death
Noncommunicable Disease
Emergence of noncommunicable disease
Heart disease
Stroke
Cancer
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12
Noncommunicable Diseases
Emergence of noncommunicable disease
Chronic respiratory disease
Mental illness
Diabetes
13
13
Noncommunicable Disease
Increasing impact on worldwide mortality
Differences between communicable and noncommunicable disease
World Health Organization projection
14
14
Noncommunicable Disease
Risk factors for noncommunicable disease
Lifestyle
Environment
Top ten leading causes of death worldwide
15
15
Noncommunicable Disease
Cardiovascular disease
Forms of disease
Atherosclerotic disease
Non-atherosclerotic disease
16
16
Noncommunicable Disease
Cardiovascular diseases Types
Coronary Artery Disease
Heart Attack
Congenital Heart Disease
Aneurysm
Heart Failure
High Blood Pressure
Stroke
Arrhythmias
17
17
Noncommunicable Disease
Cancer
Risk factors
Preventable risk factors
18
18
Noncommunicable Disease Factors Known To Increase Cancer Risk
Age: can take decades to develop
Lifestyle: Certain lifestyle choices
Family history: 10% due to inherited condition
Health conditions: Some chronic health conditions can increase risks
Noncommunicable Disease Factors Known To Increase Cancer Risk
Environment: may contain harmful chemicals
Globalization:
Rising consumption of tobacco; processed foods high in fats, sugars, and salt
Declining consumption of fruit and vegetables
More sedentary activity levels
Noncommunicable Disease
Diabetes mellitus
Definition
Classification
Type 1
Type 2
Gestational
21
21
Noncommunicable Disease Projections By The International Diabetes Federation
By 2025: people with diabetes expected to be 380 million worldwide
80% living in the developing world
Each year, 7 million people develop diabetes, while 38 million die of diabetes-linked causes
Noncommunicable Disease Projections By The International Diabetes Federation
Diabetes affects 15%–20% of the adult population Asia, Middle East, Caribbean
India has the largest number of diabetics followed by China, US and Russia
Increasingly affects young & middle aged
More than half of diabetics in developing countries between 40 and 59 years old
Noncommunicable Disease
Mental illness
Global burden
Most common forms
Impact on the individual
Important facts
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24
Facts About Mental Illness And Recovery
4/10 causes of disability = mental disorders
By 2020, major depressive illness will be the leading cause of disability
Untreated mental illness in US costs $100 billion per year
Facts About Mental Illness And Recovery
Strikes individuals in their prime; without treatment:
Unnecessary disability
Unemployment
Substance abuse
Suicide
Homelessness
Inappropriate incarceration
Facts About Mental Illness And Recovery
Best treatments for serious mental illnesses today are highly effective
With appropriate effective medication and a wide range of services tailored to their needs, most people can live with serious mental illnesses or reduce the impact
Early identification and treatment is vital
Stigma erodes confidence in system’s ability to detect and treat effectively
Infectious Disease
Definition
Transmission
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
28
28
Infectious Disease
Increased global awareness of the burden of disease by developed countries
Impact on their populations
Sense of justice
29
29
Infectious Disease
Vector-borne diseases
Factors for resurgence
Classification by type of pathogen
Examples:
Malaria
Zika Virus
30
30
Infectious Disease
Malaria
Infectious agent
Vector
Symptoms
Management
Treatment
Control
31
31
Infectious Disease
Water-borne diseases
Route of infection
Important organisms
Examples: Diarrheal Disease and Cholera
32
32
Infectious Disease
Diarrheal disease
Impact
Control and management
33
33
Infectious Disease
Respiratory infection
Categorization
Examples: Tuberculosis and Influenza
34
34
Infectious Disease
Sexually transmitted disease
Impact of the HIV epidemic
Challenges to disease control
35
35
Infectious Disease
Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS)
Prevalence
Impact on sub-Saharan Africa
Control efforts
Challenges to meeting reduction goals
36
36
Infectious Disease
Zoonotic Infections
Infectious agent transmitted under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to humans
Examples: salmonella, hantavirus disease, a hemorrhagic disease
Avian Influenza: 7 types of influenza (type A)
Ebola Virus: identified in 1976 in the Congo with 318 cases, of which 280 died
Infectious Disease
Immunization and other intervention programs
Preventable infectious disease
Mechanisms for reducing mortality
38
38
Infectious Disease
Emerging infectious diseases
New diseases
Contribution to disease emergence
CDC identified 18 bacteria resistant to antibiotics; placed into three categories:
Urgent
Threat
Concerning
39
39
The Future of Infectious Disease
Cornerstones:
Early diagnosis, prevention, treatment
Challenges:
Climate change
Violence and war
Population migration
Rapid global transportation & communication
Declining infrastructure and Poverty
Antibiotic resistance
Viral and bacterial mutations
Lack of Infrastructure
Globalization
Public Health and Healthcare Strategies
Successful intervention of current and emerging diseases depends on:
Integration public health and health services
Vigilant and well prepared professionals
Constant surveillance
Community health workers with the right skills
Countrywide policies: prepare, protect, respond
All nations to engage in new research
Conclusion
Requirement for constant disease surveillance
Requirement for high-level coordination
Other strategies
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42
This Section Reserved for Instructors
Suggested Discussion or Research Questions
General Question Categories
Structure and Evaluation Healthcare Services and Systems
Global Burden of Disease
Cultural Influences
Medical Travel and Tourism and Off Shoring
Health Communication, Marketing, Social Marketing
Data and Measurement
Policy, Strategy, and the Regulatory Environment
Global Health Leadership
International Best Practices
Discussion or Research Questions
Describe the different environmental and national contexts that influence the development and management of a country’s healthcare system.
What are they nonmedical services health systems provide in the arena of public health and how do they impact community health and well-being?
Discussion or Research Questions
Provide a brief description and application for the commonly used population health indicators.
What are the implications of using measurements such as quality-adjusted life years, health expectancy, and on decisions made by national health systems?
Discussion or Research Questions
What are they nonmedical services health systems provide in the arena of public health and how do they impact community health and well-being?
Provide a brief description and application for the commonly used population health indicators.
Discussion or Research Questions
What are the implications of using measurements such as quality-adjusted life years, health expectancy, and on decisions made by national health systems?
Describe the impacts that decreasing rates of communicable diseases and increasing rates of communicable diseases have on national health systems?
Discussion or Research Questions
Describe the impacts that decreasing rates of communicable diseases and increasing rates of communicable diseases have on national health systems?
Describe the factors that increase the risk of developing cancer.
Explain how changes in global transportation impact the geographic distribution of communicable diseases.
Discussion or Research Questions
What environmental infrastructure deficiencies make control of communicable diseases difficult in developing countries?
How do changing climactic conditions affect the incidence and prevalence of vector-borne diseases?
Suggested Topic Areas To Use When Facilitating Discussions, Projects, or Case Studies
Engagement of stakeholders
Effectively working in and managing teams
Learning how to get in front of the problem or identify opportunities
Learning to communicate effectively
Assessment of solutions that fit the country
Embracing systems thinking
Recognize and embrace diversity
Sustaining the mission of health as well as health care
