Persuasive Essay 2 Pages Double Space
layla97
Session007-TheIndianQuestion.pptxThe “Indian Question”
From Reservation to Reorganization
The Spirit of Crazy Horse
Struggle to defend the Black Hills
End of Frontier
Market Revolution
Aided by the Transcontinental RR
Incessant immigrant labor supply
Technological advances
Immigrant settlement in the Great Plains
Progress signaled the end of the Indian way of life?
Policies toward Indians? Conflict? Peace?
The Bozeman Trail
The Bozeman Trail enabled settlers and pioneers to reach the West Coast via the Oregon Trail. The trail connected Virginia City (MT) to Wyoming (near Fort Laramie), however it went through the Indian territory. Shoshone, Arapaho, and Lakota Indians resisted the encroachment by the settlers and led to a series of Indian Wars, culminating in the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868.
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The Oregon Trail
The oldest overland route to the Pacific Northwest; allowed fur trappers and traders to travel by horse and later by wagons.
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Transcontinental RR
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General George A. Custer
West Point graduate
Civil War general
Ordered to fight the Indian Wars
1868 – Custer attacks Cheyennes
Fort Laramie Treaty
1874: Custer’s Black Hills (Lakota - Paha Sapa) Expedition (gold)
1876: Little Big Horn where Custer dies
Fort Laramie Treaty, 1868
Lieutenant General William T. Sherman, General William S. Harney, General Alfred H. Terry, General O. O. Augur, J. B. Henderson, Nathaniel G. Taylor, John G. Sanborn, and Samuel F. Tappan, duly appointed commissioners on the part of the United States, and the different bands of the Sioux Nation of Indians, by their chiefs and headmen, whose names are hereto subscribed, they being duly authorized to act in the premises.
http :// www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/resources/archives/four/ftlaram.htm
Red Cloud
Resisted against the incursion by the US Army and gold prospectors along the Bozeman Trail (WY to MT) - 1866
Successful attacks against forts in Wyoming led to the Fort Laramie Treaty, 1868
Lakota possession of Western South Dakota (including Black Hills), MT and WY
Crazy Horse
Fearless warrior, fought alongside Red Cloud during the 1865-68 war (later splintered)
Following the Fort Laramie Treaty, he resisted against the surveying party led by Gen. Custer
Joins forces with Sitting Bull at the battle of Little Big Horn
Sitting Bull
Medicine Man, last to surrender to the US government
Led Sioux and Cheyenne warriors against Custer’s 7th Cavalry (Little Big Horn)
Sioux Territory, 1868-
Peace Policies
Francis Amasa Walker, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, raised the “Indian Question,” “what should be done to ensure the survival of the Plains Indians?”
Social Engineering: government management through “grand reservations”
Assimilation
Discipline: boarding school
Self-improvement
Kill the Indian, save the Man
Dawes Act, 1887
Land allotment
Each individual head of family was granted 160 acres – property owners
These lands were ineligible for sale for 25 years – secured entitlement
Citizenship was conferred upon grantees who gave up tribal affiliation
Purpose
Sever the ties with the tribes: tribalism=idleness
independent farmers: independence, self-reliance
Impact
Industrial economy and railroads conflicted with Indian land ownership
Congress passed 23 laws giving right of way to railroad corporations
Loss of land: 17.4 million acres
U.S. Supreme Court (1902 Lone Wolf decision) abrogated a provision of Indian treaty (i.e. the right of Indian tribes to monitor the transfer of lands)
1906 – Burke Act – nullified the 25 year trust provision in the Dawes Act
By 1933, Indians had lost 60% of the 138 million acre land they had owned at the time of the Dawes Act.
Indian New Deal
1934 Indian Reorganization Act:
Cultural pluralism: right to self-government recognized, preservation of Indian culture (arts, crafts, and traditions), Abolished the allotment program and authorized funding for tribal land acquisition.
The following year the votes were counted and 172 tribes (132,426) voted in favor of the law, while 73 tribes (63,467) chose to be excluded.
Navajo tribe resistance: what’s best for Indians should be determined by Indians, not the bureaucrats from Washington, irrespective of their good intentions.
