History

1948 CONGRESSIONAL REGORD-SENATE 963 THE EUROPEAN nECOVERY PROG:aAM

Mr. JENNER obtained the floor. Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will

the Senator yield? , Mr. JENNER. I yield to the Senator

from Nebraslm. . Mr. WHERRY. I understand the dis-

tinguished Senator from Indiana is about to deliver an address on the so- called .European recovery plan. I sug- gest the absence of a quorum.. , The PRESIDING OFFICER. 'The clerk will call the roll.

The Chief Clerk called theroII, and the following Senators answered to, their names: Aiken George Morse Ba!dwin Green Murray Ball Gurney Myers Barkley Hatch O'Conor Brewster Hawkes O'Daniel Briclter Hayden Overton Bridges Hill Reed Brooks ' Hoey Robertson, Va. Buck lvI's Robertson, Wyo. Bushtield Jenner. Russell Butler Johnson, Colo Saltonstall Byrd Johnston, S, C. Smitb Cain Kem Sparkman Capehart Kilgore. Stennis, Capper Know;and Stewart Chavez . Langer Taylor Connally Lodge Thomas, -Utah Cooper Lucas ThyI' Cordon . McCartby Tobey Donnell McClellan Tydings ·Downey· McFarland Umstead Dwcirshak MoKellal' Vandenberg Eastland . McMahon Watkins Ecton Magnuson Wherry Ellender Martin Wiley Ferguson Maybank Williams Flanders Millildn Wilson Fulbright Moore Young

The PRESIDING OFFICER. .Eighty- four Senators having answered to their names,. a 'quorum is present.

Mr. JENNER. Mr. President, anyone acquainted' with the realities of present- day Europe, its grinding pressures, its hunger, its spiritual starvation, must feel that· wherever relief from this vast ugli- ness and injustice may be looked for- there we must make due search. This search must be made in full awareness that our Nation abroad· is confronted with a new and sinister power bent upon an implacable mission of world domina- win. , We are not at peace. At best we enjoy

'but an uneasy armistice. At home we are already at grips with the evils of

.monetary inflation and propaganda ap- peals for the controls of state socialism.

It is in this spirit of humanity and humility and yet with these foreboding facts squarely. before us that we must study to comprehend the veiled general- iti'es of the so-cailed Marshall plan. .

The United States Senate has never failed to show unmistakable sympathy for the peoples and the nations who need and have earned that sympathy. No up- tight person will ask or expect the United States Senate to be a "sucker" for na- tions Which have not earned the 'right to our, sympathy: The Senate' will fail in the discharge of its responsibility if it fails to go beyond mere emotionalism and inquire fullY and fearlessly into the underlYing facts and into the' nature and causes of the problems with which 'we are attempting to deal.

Indeed the decisive. considerations . must be the facts rather t,han any so-

called general principles regarding the charitable obligations of this Nation' in the matter of care and protection for other nations. A glance at the world deterioration of the past 12 months will reveal the all-encompassing reasons for a national policy of greatest care and most balanced judgment. , Scarcely a 'year ago 'America was still talking about one world. Less than 3 months ago the last conference of for-. eign ministers collapsed like a punctured balloon and notified the world that American diplomacy, under Mr. Truman, is little more than a system for announc- ing .public disagreements publicly arrived at. ' .

The past year has clearly revealed the frightfully precarious margin of time within which we can hope for exclusiv'e' custody of the power to destroy all civili- zation: It also disclosed in its ominous sunset the forbidding outline of the tens of millions who would exult to destroy us. There can be no denying a crisis in our national life and a crisis in world affairs.

. There can be no denying our duty to determine the exact stUff of which this crisis is made. Just as in the crisis of President .Lincoln's time, so in the crisis of our time, pernicious abstractions are everywhere being urged upon us; Among the most insidious of these, in my judg- ment, is the doctrine that the United States has a positive duty to give huge' sums of money to European nations if it is to save the world from communism and chaos. This is said to be a. calCUlated risk. It is clearly that dubious sort of risk for -the success of which no one is yet willing to pledge his honor _or give the least assurance that it is more than a gambler's chance. Taking gamblers' chances with our Nation's 'future was a recognized New Deal prDcedure. My mail indicates that America is now awake fo the peril implicit in this procedure- and wants no more of it.

Indeed, under clear-eyed scrutiny, this calculated-risk business is credible only as a lively fiction intended to obscure the suffering that ineVitably -will 'fpl1ow for the ..L'..n1erican taxpayer. I know that many thoughtful Members of this Congress regard it as little better than a strange frolic of generous impulse,- which might well imperil and disrUpt our entire national structure.

It is obVious that the protection 'of our national- integrity' rests far less on

. the acceptance of formUlas, in Which agreement may be all too easy, than upon ,a correct appraisal of: the actual pur- poses and the actual effects of our pro- posed conduct when applied to the facts of life in Europe.

It is the constitutional function of the Senate to guard the Nation's welfare in matters of foreign policy. It will be it crime against the people if we indulge in pernicipus abstractions while reso- lutely shutting, our eyes to the social, political, and economic facts of the present-day Europe.

In this connection, we should remem- ber that there Is nothing inevitable in history except as the acts of men make' it so~and that unless we move with

promptness and vigor to protect the strength of our own land, we shall shortly

,have precious little with which to help anyone anywhere in the world.

It seems to be a universal assumption that if the European. crisis deepens or if European shortages continue, then Europe will turn in desperation to com~ munism. '

Apparently it has never occurred to anyone that Europe's crisis, ·if left to those responsible for it, could well lead to a demand, not for communism, but for a. return to economic freedom. In- deed, there are already some signs of this. Italy has recently 'found it ex- pedient to restore relative freedom in foreign exchange. France has found it necessary to drop some of its more 1m- 'portant" controls, and, only a few days ago, marked the franc down sharply toward its 'true worth.

Mr. Truman has been warning us about the dangers of providing "only half- hearted and halfway help." He has ignored the dangers of half-hearted and· halfway self-support in Europe. Un- less Mr. Truman is actually and secretly opposed to the American free-enterprise system, I doubt that he will deny the tremendous risk that funds supplied by the Marshall plan could make the situa-

.tion in EUl'Ope sufficiently easy, for the time being at least, that they would serve in fact to delay or prevent a return in Europe of free markets and free enter- prise upon which the economic' health of the whole world is grounded.

I am not one of those who would dis- COllJ.'lt the European problems that are a direct result ,of war damage. It is 'true, nevertheless, that in the whole of Social- ist and neo-Communist Europe, pro- duction has beEm so disorganized and reduced by economic prohibitions and by the requirements of a specian·icense· for almost every economic, act that the world-respected London economist has felt impelled to warn us that-.

What is planned is actually a series of bottlenecks. .

With many others I believe that the most damaging single circumstance in the whole effort toward European recov- ery resides·in the socialist economic con- trols that systematically suffocate its own capital production and investment. Former Premier Daladier of France re- cently declared in debate that -inflation cannot be overcome in France as long as a managed economy prevails. There are many evidences in Britain that pub- lic faith in a managed economy is dying. Certainly, we are simple-minded and stu- . pid 'if we embark on a program that amounts ,to nothing more than paying for French and Italian strikes.

While the typical European' national budget is wretchedly unbalanced, it is stiIl true that massive sums are being spent on armaments, on increasing pen- sions and family ' allowances, on nation- alized industries operating under' huge deficits, on food SUbsidies, and other. forms of social security, while those gov- ernments blame their consequent eco- nomic distress on speculators and hoarders.

964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE FEBRUA~Y 3 Indeed, both in Europe and America states, the last free market in the world, As to our'domestic inflation, Mr. Tru-

the whole subject of inflation requires to make up their own deficiencies exactly man may be quite cofr.ect. the kind of clear intelligence which the " when Mr. Truman has been asking us to . Our inflation is the' direct -result of his, . London Economist gives us again when reestablish at home the collectivist sys- own policy of high wages and continu- . it pointed out recently that-' ' tem of rationing, allocations, licensing; ously expanding banklolj.ns. .

Rising prices 'and 'inflation are associated Wage controls and price controls that· . In truth, Mr. Truman's administra- . together like scarlet fever and rising tem-' hav.e in their 'very nature created the tiop .seems to ·be. ~'al1,apoplexy at. the peratllres-but; so far from ,being the ·:same present Europe,an 'crisis: .... ' center ·.and, apathy at the .extremities." thing, one is the cure for the other. . . . .With gold 'and dollars now held by the' It seems to be.Mr; Truman's thesis'that

Inflation is an excess of demand civer sup-' outside 'world haVing reached the un- the international crisis can.only pe solved ply and one way in .which .the two can 'be precedented total of twenty billions and' if we buy off the dangers of communi~m bi'ought in·to balance is' by such 'a rise .in: with the United states having con- b'y' giving' large cash donation.s from theprices that the available supply satisfies the, ., d .' th demand. " " " Nobody in h.is .sens~S tributed in cash and goods lJ.rmg e' American taxpayer's pocket .,to .aiready would advocate 'an indefinite rise in' prices· past 2 yeliL~os·:ap. estinfated'seventeen bi.l- shaky, Euiopean gOVernments most·, of as an end in itself. '''''.: ' ,",'- lions additional~ 'we justly st!1nd' 1ll whom are, .in fact, :only a degre,e iir. two

But it, 'does bring the:'ihfiation ·to aW'end ~:tn,~ie'il?-ent at ·.~9-e'~~si~g'~hr~u~,9~, CO,ill t , -,. remov.ed'in color 'froni the'menace from

whereas holding aU pi"ices down merely gilar':", p11:pnts,oyer El,lrope s evel)'::srQwmg do\. ar " which we 'are supposed to be protecting antees that it ". " ". shall goon forever... 'sIi6rtag¢., ' . them. ' ~"', ,'''',.',., . '..' .

There is nothing new in all this. . How' can there 'be' a dollar shortage; . The .:giddi:p.~ss of" thiS. r\?a.soning ,1;l,e< More than 100 years ago that eminent. and wh~ isre~pi:lIl;si~le?" ..' . .comes .apparE;lnt "with om firq;t, gla,ncel:\,t

economist John stuart Mill wrote:' .. ' . \ .The sll?ple.truth I~ tha~ nearly'every th ft· , ' '.' ',' ' cU1lrency nithe-world IS delIberatelY over- ~ ac S., .' ....' .:,

~t is,not somuch the ge~eral o~ ave~a:ge ,priced. in relation to the dollar. ,In ·.the Decembe,r 22 .iss:U!~. pf l?n~ pf prlCe <;Jf food, as its o.ccaslOnal hlgh ppce ..' ''' I ' _ our,Jeading,national pUblications-:-New:s-; , in times of emergency,' whip):). governments' ,T?is IS true because near y every coun , 'week-we find th,e following dispatch: have stUdied to reduce.' ", try m the world ,wants to·buy at the low- , .' . . '. .

In some .cases" ,,', * '" the compUlsory, est possible pl'ice in: the American As a 'result' of ..the Communistcinspired regulation was attempted. by the' ruIing' market," strikes, economic adVisers have told the state Powers to counteract the necessll,ry conse- '. Our .for,eign ,frien.. d,S a..re" tryin.g t,o ,do. DepartmeI1-t t;b.at France, now. faces a .pr<;J-

ductton deficit" of around $800,000.000 notquences 'of their own' acts; to, ~catte! an in- . this by· keeping their official currency cqp,templated $,t the tim~ stopgap aid fig).lre~ d~finite. abundance qfthe Cltcu~atlfg: l?e~exchange rates' -high, and ·making it ·.a, wer!l,prepa'red. . .' " . , dlum wlth one hand "aAd kee? down. pnce.s, crime, to buy or ,sell, their currencies, This,. more than. olIsets' .th.e .$328,000,00,,0with the other, a thmg malllfestly Impos- " '. .'., . ' sible under any regime, 'except one of unmiti· ' below .the offic~a~ ..rates. . , .' contained in the interim-aid' bill calculated gated' terror. . .. ,. " ..' " The respqnslbIllty falls, squarely ·upon to tide'France'thl'ough,tbe winter crisis up

. . . : the shoulders. ,of these governments. to March. 31. . The confusion of today is well ~llUS- . '. It is exactly this policy of overvalua- In' other, words, the' 'Communist~in-"

boated by the statements of two emm~nt, ticin. cCHlpled with socialisti.c govel'llment . spii'edstrikes iIi France cost in prod:uc~ gentlemen who have posed as ,P0sSeSSII1-g " contr€lls that ,encourages the ·.Europeans .,.'.. , some authority on,~liis stibjllct, the Presi-: 'to' l'n'c'r"e"ase·'th·e·ir .bti"ing 'from Us While tion $800,000;OOO,.Wheh we as represent a-

M Ch t J tives of Am.erican taxpayers were hur-dent of the United States,and' 1", es er. discouraging our'putl;:hases from' them,' Bowles. . 'The ealance ofiriternational trade can riedly called ,back into"special session to,

d ' t rush money over to France to tide themOn Februar·y 14, 1946, Presi en Tru- never' be restored under any such system .. rp.an said:. . 'Marshall plan or no Marshall plim, tljis over to Mar~~ 31. ..' : ' . Production. is our, salvation-production problem will ,never be :solved ,until all' ~ob.e sure". the, Commtlllist-inspire,d

will do .away y,rith the nec\l~sl~y t;or Go~ern-, nations are 'Willing to accept ,the verdi'ct strIkes ~n France· and Italy.and elsewlier~ ment controls., .. of: the open market· as. to .what their"" c:;tn ,q),llckly cancel out, the vi;l.lue ,of OUI

In October· of 1947; in a·radio 'addres's," currencies are really worth. ,:", iJ,,·'aId.· ' . ,'.- . __' 0'. ..' Mr. Truman asserted: "F'I'ance's :recent devaluation is simply' Our .aid cl}n never:'hopet'o cancel'put

a courageous and'clear-headed recognl- _ the lilvil', eff.e,ct,s of. those strikes, " '.' , We are producing more, goods for civilian' tionof the fact that' sh~"inust eatnmore . If· .E:uroP,ean:g,ov:ernments laok, ~heuse than ever before In'history. , .

dollars and pay her own way, rather than unit:y, and the '-l;Jurpose·to prevent these TestifYing before' ~ 'committee of this rely' 'on the- charity' of America or any ruinous disruptions' of output; then it is

Congress on February 18, 1949, ~ha~ npisy· other, nation.' . manifestlY. impossible 'for us to .save expert on Price. pontrQI!3,. Mr. Ch~!3t,er. . In trying to measure these problems,' Europe; . '. ," :' . , .' < Bowles said" that "pro'auction is., the only we must never forget that if -we send food' Europe has 350,000,000 -'people to feed' answer' to inflation." --. ." '01' money to' European nations' which' and cn'obody SUggestS'that as a nation~'

Since we are now turning out more maintain enormous: standing armies, de-' 'we"ha;ve 'mOre than a narrow 'margin; than 50 percent:of the world's'kno'wn fn~', faulting.state-owned industries, and im- of less ·than 5 percent; to spare.1rom dustriai pro~uction,as agaij}-st 80..B~rpe!)~ mense pep-sian and family aHowances' lor . what' we produce, to feed and clothe' ollr before the war; it "is .perfect non,s~nse. W, ,nonproductive workers, we niay be ..solv-· own--140;000;000 p-eople.. ' , ... suggest that. a ·lac.k ,of. production has ing their immediate' food' problems. only It is··'alJ. e~emeritary' fact thP,t aid :to brought ,the· current palsy of 'inflation by' making it possible for them'to take European governments wiilbe futile un'- upon us. , . . their' li10st productive youth away from, less' they change their OWIi economic . In'1947 we produced in gp~ds,and serv- 'the fami a,udthe'factory in order·tokeep, p'olicies:"-MarShaJl ~ian or no' M.arbhaU· ..

ices more than $23.0;000,000,000 Worth, or: them in'military:service.. " plan. .In support oCthis conclusion; I' more than 13 percent above'the record, -- Under the· proposed Marshall plan, the- offer the words of the most distingUished peacetime year of.. 1946., .. '.. , .. ,. '.:' money we:lend or ·give.to reilev'e· a for-. British 'ecotlOmist'of our ,era: .. ,.

This achieve,ment, moreover, cannot ,be.. eign riati~n fr.bni ,providing for any,of the 'The 'Unit~cJ.States is. disi~li:lined to ~n~ charged to' a :ds'e in prices for the items. needs Ofl~S own peo:ple. can be .used~or' taJ;lgle, :hersel{ Iurti:i~r (after repent expert-. turned out were 23 percent.in excess of: any. purpo!'e that natIon may choo.-;;e, lU- ences) in the afl'?-irs of' Europe.- " *..•' the astounding total of 1946'-;""Time, ·page. eluding the increased ,publication of. anti- There' is rio guaranty that E~ope will put 75, Janua;ry 12, 194.8. . , . . capita;list·propaganda.· . financial assistance toproPllr' use, Of that

.A clear examination ,of· the cop-tradic-·. , The conclusion,is-inescapable that :gifts. she' will not squander it .'and b.e in' just as tions and the fear that constitute the core. whic~ serve. only, to prolong the paralysis. qad a"c~e ;n ~ or. 3, year~ l~\lnce' assb,e j~ oJ. Mr..·Truman's . ever-shifting . poliCY~ of EUl:opean pr.oduction and European, n,ow, , , .1J;l short~ Amenca WPl,lll:lhave,

h . th t " . . t nostponed .her own capltal. develcpment, a;nd.serves but.to emp aSlze . a our cnsIs IS, self,.help are worse than hrown a way. . rais~d,J,er ,own cost of li~ing in, order, that. a crisis in leadership -rather'than a crisis , In November of last year, ,Mr. Truma:n Europe misht .continue for ,anottler. y,e!3-r .or. in economics or ·.diplomacy. 'asserted'that-:. two the practices; ti:q.e policy an9. the men of

'. Amidst all the claims and counter~: . An.-'a~tempt 'has been' made to place the the past 9, months. ~ * * • , ' claims' of the T.ruman adI'ninistration the,. b,lame ;(for-.higl,J.er prices), on our .foreigJ;l aid. .: If.~ had inflUence at. the: (Jnited States liistounding fact remains that'tlie Nati<5ns: progr.a~ ..but·tp.i~ has not b,eenborne out;by; 'l'r,e!].s1.!ry" 1 .Would not: lend .a' penny to a: of 'Europe have turned. to the United the facts. single one of the governments of Europe.

1948 CONGRESSIONAL' RECORD-SENATE 965 These are not the' criwKed and hollow

W,Ql:ds of some cur.rent" American isola- ;tiiQnist. T,hey are the ringing denuncia- tion of John Mayn~rd Keynes, uttered in il.9l9, when European economy was im- measurably healthier than' it is todaY. .They constitute' an amazing ptopnecy and a stinging rebull:e'to the PI'esident, who goes blithely forward with a huge program of foreign.aid, piled on top of the swollen buying power of our ·own do- mestic market; a swollen buying power wlli!ch ha:s been .created almost entirely by the vast increase in money and bank credit br·ought on by his own fiscal pol- Icies.

Does:Mr. Truman think the Ama-iean people wm fail to perceive the dangerous insincerity implicit in the efforts of hiS administration to protect us frogl the evil ,consequences 'Of his 'Own deliberate policy 'Of" easy IDuney, high wages, and massive foreign·toans-just because he asks for more powers 'l3,gainst specUlators, pro- ducers,and profiteers? . Mr. President, recently, Mr. Truman told us he 'wanted legislation permitting him to impose price ceilings. Now he blames us for not giving it to him. y.et we all know, as the most elementary les- son,of the last War, ths,t mere price con- trols fail to solve anything.

We all know that, if prices are held be- low the point where supply and demand meet on natUr~1 ground, then a few peo:- pre, like .Mr. Edwin Pauley, will.soon buy up the entireavaiiable supply-and thus require iron-fisted rationing.

In truth, l'ationingis 'the inevitable and absolute COrOnary of price controls.

In truth, too, Mr. Truman wants uS to accept for America-in this hour of our supposed victory-the wartime controls of a police state:':"-so that he can more ,easily pursue a foreign-aid policy of the v€ry sort· that Lord Keynes so roundly

. and Wisely denounced a generation ago. 'It is pure nonsense to suppose that If

we throw in enough money or goods' to raise 'the standard of living in western Europe,·the nations of that area Will au':' tomatically withdr.aw from state social':' -ism and communism, and will follow their supposedly natm-al bent toward free enterprise.

It lSe at least a startling coincidenc€, if not a calculated and deliberate phenom- enon, that only a few' weel{s 'ago :the pinko-Socialist Labor Party in Britain· was materially aided by the very fact of Mr. Truman's appeal for the reestablish- ment". of price controls here in America.

The New York· Times teported from Eng.land that Mr..Truman's appeal had become a major factor in the. Graves- end bY-l;llection,in which labor conducted its Socialist campaign under the slogan:

Do you stann with Attlee and Truman on the controls issue, or With Churchill and the price racketeers?

Mr. President, the question ~of utmost. gravity to many of us is not whether' Europe wants to return to the ways' of freedom, but whetber Mr. Truman may riot be seeking to press our Nation inex- orably down the path of state s()cialism.

Under the massive cloud of doubt· that 'now envelops him,. I sorely question. whether Mr. Truman can lift either our

foreign or our domestic 'policies above the level of 'dreadsuspiclon and mounting alarm. . ...As one student of affairs .. and as a sol..: _ dler who served.in the Em-opean theater in th~ recent war,. I long since have reached the conclusion that the nations 'of Europe are not in danger. of commu- nism today !;Jecause they have run into a chain of economic crises. They have run into a chain of economic cr.ises because they have succumbed to the illusions .of a dictated economy, socialistic controls, and deliberate monetary inflation-those three things. - Taken together, these have destroyed the mechanism of free .enter- prise and its irreplaceable incentives to self-respect and se,lf-support. .

It is precisely because Europe is in such economic distress that she needs free en- terprise-and needs it right now-and not, as Cripps. says, in effect, "On with the socialistic program, although we run up a billion-dollar deficit next year, even With the aid we .are supposed to get."

If the United States tries to bolster the whole west'ern world with dollars, it is quite conceivable that we may contribute to the world's future nothing better than a corresponding paralysis of local respon- sibility everywhere else.

. Every Btatesman in history, sooner or later, has had to learn that patriotism and unselfi:shness have been invoked re- peatedly f(,r eause:; far below the level of the common good.

Every Member 'Of this Congress knows, moreover; that there must be some limit to our prodigaIities if the bitter seeds of discontent are' not to be planted deep in our already painful self-inflicted ·wounds.

Mr. President, the desires of President Truman and Secretary Marshall seem to be as nebulous as the very Marshall plan itself. As late as January 29, only

.4 or 5 days .ago, President Truman told his new.sconference he wanted '~all or nothing." Secretary Marshall said earlier to. the Cong:r;ess, "take it or leave' it." And, as I have .said, Mr. Truman said, only a few days ago, that he wanted "all 'Or nothing.'" Yet, while in- sisting vn authoril?:atiQ~ for the full 4% year pro.gram,· he, at the same time, voiced arguments for the $6,8'00,000;000 cost of the European recovery plan for the first 15 months. But now they are talking· about cutting it down to 12-in other words, to make it· more palatable, so We can swallow it more easily.

. Could it be that this is someWhat of a hasty and ill-conceived retreat from Mr. Truman's' original demand- Of $17,000,- OOO,OOO? M:ust we .accept this.as his own acknowledgment of the new unrest and: the rising public temper toward these problems? .

Mr. President, having watched with careful anxiety the mounting anger in masses of men and women as Mr. Tru- man's domestic price policy and his prodigal foreign policy have heaped burden upon burden on their aching backs, I have bec.ome increasingly cer- tain that the quality of our future ciVIli- zation will ne'ver' measure our' hopes if it is to depend on some happy accident of maudlin generosity.

We must do far better' than to create on a world-wide basis another "boondog- gling PWA." '. _

You m.ay well ask what I have to sug- gest-:-what may be in fact an available and sensible. alternative.

I have the following suggestions' to make:

First. Since the United Nations is the world's last hope for wldespread and long-continued peace, I would ask Amer- ica to take the lead in putting real teeth into its procedures so as to make' it work-at whatever cost-with or without the cooperation of .Russia-for if Russia will not cooperate then the unity of the rest of the ciVilized world is still the last and best hope for peace which humanity can find anywhere in this troubled world.

Second. I would defend free enter- prise without apology, recognizing that from its deep well-springs of imaginative

. enterprise and human incentive have Howed the whole magnificent achieve":- ment of our people. . Third. I would resolutely oppose the doctrine of the welfare state both' at hDme and abroad and would therefore extend loans or grants only on terms and under conditions that make the sol- vency of the borrower certain and the repayment of a fair and equitable con- sideration to the United States an ·equal certainty.

Fourth. I would tell the American peo- ple the truth, the Whole trUth, and noth- ing but the truth.. . If our purpose is honestly and actually to prevent Communist expansion I would explain to them that the present admin- istration and its predecessor are totally reSPonsible for the Communist domhia- tion in all that vast land mass from Berlin, across Europe and Asia, to the very waters of Alaska.

I would tell the Am.erican people what the deals were that made this possibie- at Yalta, Tehran, and Potsdam.

I would tell them by what right they may now expect a better result from the same hands that thus far have produced only diplomatic chaos.

If Russia is our enemy, I would ex- plai.n to the American people why Amer- ican engineerB are now, at this very min- ute, working in Russia with the knowl- edge and acquiescence of our State De-

.partment, to. restore Russia's mightiest military potential, her bombed' and broken power· dams and hydroelectric plants.

Fifth. I would demand that the in- ternational monetary· fund cancel the' requirement that member nations main- tain controlled exchange rates, or with- draw from the fund altogether.. '

siJctIi. I would recognize that the busi- ness of lending money is a specialized business and that international lending is doubly perilous for the uninitiated.

t. would place. tIlis entire project, therefore, in .experienced hands, :where the customary safeguards to our mnney and property will be assured.

Seventh. I would open our private financial markets to foreign loans, under proper 'safeguards .for the protection of the ultimate investor.

966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD~SENATE .Eighth. I would recognize and accept . Mr. JENNER. 1 will say to the Senator

the chalienge of communism. in the full:: that:t have tried in my' remarks today to est realization that appeasement of explain my position on what i think Stalin· will be -no less .cal~mitous than should be crone.· . was the appeasement of· Hitler 'and Mr. CONNALLY. 1 thank the Senator. Hirohito. '1 am not trying to heckIe him. 1 am Just

. Ninth. Last, I would recognize, above trying .to find out What his attitUde is alI .things, the devious Oriental.mind . 'going t9 be, 'because if .his. a,ttitude~ il!' that ·guides Stalin: to .oppo,se. the' Mar'; adaman~' .. . shall plan on the.carefully calculated' . Mr.. JENNER. _ It is not adam~nt. I .assumption. that his. opposition. will in-: just· want to protect my c·ountry... , sure its passage. . ;. Mr..qoN;NALLY.. The Senato!;:' pro",-

He certainly wants it. to become a law, poses .about, eight different things. that for only. thus ,can he continue. the col-: ,he, wotild do .. , ." ,', . ' . . , 'lossal game. of ."Put and. take'.' in' which 'Mr~ JENNEE-. :.Nine., '. , : we •'put'.'· and ·he,.'~takes.~'. ,... Mr. CONNALLY. Would the Senator,.

For-it is the simple truth that while we require that all tho'se nine,. things,.be.... have been 'giVIng aid "to, the extent. of done before he ,coulda,gree to the Mar-:- seventeen billions, in Europe, Russia has shaJI plan? . ' . . been taking in.r'eparations;:twelve billions·, .; , Mr. JE:NNER.'. I realize that in'legis-

, out,of Europe. ,m. s. News'-World Re:"" .l~tive boqies:,:I0here must be, compromise,: port, January,·aO, 19.4B:, p. ,19.)· .:. .' butI.do ,not )Vant., t9 compJ;'omise away' , Only so long "as we, continue. to "put'.' my ~ol1ntry. " . , ..

can he continue to '~take." '. , Mr. CONN:ALLY. So, at present' we MarshaLStalin.knows: better,than, any.,. can.not count' on' the Senator?"

one now living, that his..sole' hope. fo;r Mr. JENNER.. .It is too·'weak. world domination lies, in. t,he ,Suce,ess .of, ';M:r., CONNALLY~,Very welI. his secret purpose to have AmerJca, spend herself into ,bimkruptcy. '" '

With these guiding, principles .in ,mi~d I shall gladly join in the effort. to achieVe a world of order and stll-bility.in which the American people will not be asked tq respond to economic superstition or serve the will of any demagogue.

Pr,oceeding in this spirit, I believe there is a genuine opportunity for ,us ,to lift

:' from our generation the sense of despera- , tion and terror which, for so long a time, i, the enemies of liberty· have been' per- . lnitted to encourage without challenge: '

Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, will the Senator yield?

Mr.' JENNER. I yield. Mr. CONNALLY. The Senator from

Indiana has delivered a very interesting and comprehensive' address, .Which it was expected he would, do. Unfor- tunately, the proposals he'makes are not before us. The Marshall plan is before us. I just wanted to in'!Juire whether the Senator is for or against· the Marshall· plan. '

Mr. JENNER. In its present form I am unalterably opposed to it. '

Mr. CONNALLY. The Senator could be induced to support the plan, thcl1,lgh, if a few modifications here and there

. were made? Mr. JENNER. It seems to be the trick

now to "induce." We start off .with a 4-year program to spend $17,000,000,000.

)Mr. CONNALLY'. :r did not ask that. Mr. JENNER. The Senator propound-

ed a question, and I am trying to answer him. Did we not cut it then to $6,800,:. OO:J,OOO? Now we are talking 'about shortening the period from 15 months to 12 months, and of reducing the amount to $4,500,000,000. I. say, tell the people the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.

Mr. CONNALLY. That is the reason why I am interrogating the Senator.

Mr. JENNER. I am answering. , Mr. CONNALLY. I suppose the Sena- tor is going to tell me the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. What can be done now to make the plan ac- ceptable to the Senator?