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Industrial Safety

TECH 3196

• OSHA stands for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, an agency of the U.S. Department of Labor

• OSHA’s responsibility is to improve worker safety and health protection

 On December 29, 1970, President Nixon signed the OSH Act

 This Act created OSHA, the agency, which formally came into being on April 28, 1971

History of OSHA

OSHA’s Mission

• The mission of OSHA is to assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women by setting and enforcing standards and by providing training, outreach, education and assistance.

• Some of the things OSHA does to carry out its mission are: – Developing job safety and health standards and enforcing them

through worksite inspections – Providing training programs to increase knowledge about occupational

safety and health

Topic 2: What Rights Do You Have Under OSHA?

• You have the right to: – A safe and healthful workplace – Know about hazardous chemicals – Report injury to employer – Complain or request hazard correction from employer – Training – Hazard exposure and medical records – File a complaint with OSHA – Participate in an OSHA inspection – Be free from retaliation for exercising safety and health rights

• Worker Protection is Law: The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSH Act)

• OSHA was created to provide workers the right to a safe and healthful workplace

• It is the duty of the employers to provide workplaces that are free of known dangers that could harm their employees

• This law also gives workers important rights to participate in activities to ensure their protection from job hazards

Your Right to…

• OSHA website: http://www.osha.gov and OSHA offices (you can call or write)

• Compliance Assistance Specialists in the area offices

• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) – OSHA’s sister agency

• OSHA Training Institute Education Centers • Doctors, nurses, other health care providers • Public libraries • Other local, community-based resources

Common Machinery Hazards

29 CFR 1910 Subpart O OSHA Regulation 1910.211-219

• Point of operations – point at which cutting, shaping, boring, or forming is accomplished upon the stock.

• Flanges – collars, discs, or plates between which wheels are mounted and are referred to as adaptor, sleeve, or back up type.

• Safety guard – an enclosure designed to restrain the pieces of the grinding wheel.

• Abrasive wheel – a cutting tool consisting of abrasive grains held together by organic or inorganic bonds

Definitions

Methods of Machine Safeguarding

1.Guards – Fixed – Interlocked – Adjustable – Self-adjusting

2. Devices – Presence Sensing

• Photoelectrical (optical)

• Radiofrequency (capacitance)

• Electromechanical – Pullback – Restrain

– Safety Controls

• Safety trip control

• Two-hand control

• Two-hand trip – Gates

• Interlocked • Other

– Mats

Methods of Machine Safeguarding

Requirements for Safeguards

• Prevent contact: – Hands, arms, body parts, clothing

• Secure: – Tamper proof – Durable material

• Protect from falling objects: – Projectiles

• The safety guard shall cover the spindle end, nut, and flange projections.

• The safety guard shall be mounted so as to maintain proper alignment with the wheel.

1910.215(a)(2) Guard Design

Subpart D

Walking/Working Surfaces

General Requirements - Housekeeping 1910.22(a)

• (a)(1) All places of employment, passageways, storerooms, and service rooms shall be kept clean and in a sanitary condition.

• (a)(2) The floor of every workroom shall be maintained in a clean and, so far as possible, a dry condition.

• (a)(3)Every floor, working place and passageway shall be kept free from protruding nails, splinters, holes, or loose boards.

Some of the most frequently cited violations in Subpart D involve housekeeping:

1910.21 - Definitions

• (a)(1) - Floor hole: An opening measuring less than 12 inches but more than 1 inch in it’s least dimension……………., through which materials but not persons may fall; such as a belt hole, pipe opening, or slot-opening.

• (a)(2) - Floor opening: An opening measuring 12 inches or more in it’s least dimension……. which persons may fall

Protection for Floor Openings 1910.23

Protection of Open-Sided Floors, Platforms, and Runways - 1910.23(c)

(c)(1) Every open-sided floor or platform 4 feet or more above adjacent floor or ground level shall be guarded by a standard railing on all open sides, except where there is an entrance to a ramp, stairway, or fixed ladder. The railing shall be provided with a toeboard whenever, beneath the open sides: • (i) Persons can pass, • (ii) There is moving machinery, or • (iii) There is equipment with which falling materials could

create a hazard.

Standard Railing 1910.23(e)(1)

(e)(1) A “standard railing” consists of top rail, and posts, and shall have a vertical height of 42 inches nominal from the upper surface of top rail to floor, platform, runway, or ramp level. Nominal height of mid rail is 21 inches.

(e)(4) A “standard toeboard” is 4 inches nominal in vertical height, with not more than 1/4-inch clearance above floor level. (e)(4) Top Rail

Mid Rail

Toe Board

Portable Ladders - 1910.25, 1910.26

• Stepladder - .21(d)(2) A self-supporting portable ladder, non- adjustable in length, having flat steps and hinged back.

• Single Ladder - .21(d)(3) A non self-supporting portable ladder, nonadjustable in length, consisting of but one section. It’s size is designed by overall length of the side rail.

• Extension Ladder - .21(d)(4) A non self-supporting portable ladder adjustable in length.

The various types of portable ladders include:

1910.25(d) Care and Use of Ladders

Ladders shall be maintained in good condition at all times:

• Joints between steps and side rails shall be tight • All hardware and fittings securely attached • Movable parts shall operate freely without binding • Metal bearings of locks, wheels, and pulleys shall be • frequently lubricated • Frayed or worn rope shall be replaced • Safety feet shall be kept in good condition

1910.27 - Fixed Ladders

• (d) Special requirements – (1) Cages or wells

• (ii) Provided on ladders > 20’ to a maximum 30’L • (iv) Cages extend down ladder not less than 7’ or

higher than 8’ above base of ladder – (2) Landing platforms

 Ladder with cage: for each 30’H  Ladder/no cage: for each 20’H

– (5) Ladder safety devices may be used in lieu of cages or towers, water tanks, chimney ladders greater 20’

1910.27 - Fixed Ladders • The preferred pitch of fixed ladders shall be in

the range of 75 degrees and 90 degrees with the horizontal.

• Ladders having a pitch in excess of 90 degrees with the horizontal are prohibited.

Subpart E

Exit Routes, Emergency Action Plans, and Fire Prevention Plans

Definitions - 1910.34(c)

1. The way of exit access 2. The exit 3. The way of exit discharge

Means of Egress: A way to travel from inside a building to public space. It consists of three separate and distinct parts:

Design & Construction Requirements - 1910.36(a)

(1) An exit route must be permanent. Each exit route must be a permanent part of the workplace.

(2) An exit must be separated by fire resistant materials.

1910.36(d)(1&3)

(1) There shall be no locks or devices to prevent emergency exiting.

(3) Exception: specialized facilities, such as mental, penal or correctional where attendants are always on duty and there is an emergency plan.

Alarm System - 1910.38(d)

• Employers shall establish an employee alarm system • Alarms should be audible or seen by all people in the

plant • Should have an auxiliary power supply in the event

electricity is affected • The alarm should be distinctive and recognizable

as a signal to evacuate the work area or perform emergency functions

Fire Protection

Subpart L 1910.155 - 165

Classification of Fire Extinguishers

Ordinary combustibles: wood, paper, cloth, (some) rubber, plastics

Flammable & combustible liquids, flammable gases, grease, (some) rubber, plastics

Energized electrical equipment (need to use nonconductive extinguishing media)

Combustible metals: magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium, lithium, potassium

Portable Fire Extinguisher Training - 1910.157(g)

 Initial employment and at least annually  Employees designated to use fire fighting

equipment

Fire Extinguishers

Mobile Equipment Self-propelled

Elevating Work Platforms

AERIAL, VEHICLE-MOUNTED ELEVATING AND ROTATING

WORK PLATFORMS

MOBILE EQUIPMENT EDUCATIONAL SESSION

DEFINITIONS “Aerial Device”. Any vehicle-mounted device, telescoping or articulating, or both, which is used to position personnel

“Mobile Unit”. A combination of an aerial device, its vehicle, and related equipment

DEFINITIONS

“Guardrail System” means an assembly of components joined together to provide a barrier to prevent a worker from falling from the edge of a surface.

MOBILE EQUIPMENT EDUCATIONAL SESSION

DEFINITIONS

“Full Body Harness” means a device that can arrest an accidental vertical or near vertical fall of a worker and which can guide and distribute the impact forces of the fall by means of leg and shoulder strap supports and an upper dorsal suspension assembly which, after the arrest, will not by itself permit release or further lowering of the worker.

MOBILE EQUIPMENT EDUCATIONAL SESSION

OSHA & ANSI STANDARDS ANSI A92.2

A2.2 – Training. Operators should be familiar with the manufacturer’s manual, especially those parts which relate to operation, maintenance, and safety. They should follow all recommendations made in the manual.

DUTY OF EMPLOYER

The Occupational Health and Safety Act places a duty on employers to ensure that the measures and procedures prescribed are carried out in the workplace. Therefore, the employer must ensure that any worker assigned to operate an elevating work platform is competent to do so.

MOBILE EQUIPMENT EDUCATIONAL SESSION

Subpart N

Materials Handling & Storage

Powered Industrial Trucks

• Only Approved Trucks • Modifications Not Allowed without

Manufacturers Approval • Trained Employees • Proper Fuel Handling • Battery Charging Provisions

1910.178

Powered Industrial Trucks Operator Training - 1910.178(l)

• No employee, including supervisory personnel, is permitted to operate a powered industrial truck unless properly trained and authorized to do so. Methods shall be devised by management to train operators in the safe operation of powered industrial trucks.

Powered Industrial Trucks Truck Operations - 1910.178(m)

• (5)(i) When a powered industrial truck is left unattended, load engaging means shall be fully lowered, controls shall be neutralized, power shall be shut off, and brakes set. Wheels shall be blocked if the truck is parked on an incline. (ii) A powered industrial truck is “unattended” when the operator is 25 ft. or more away from the vehicle which remains in his view, or whenever the operator leaves the vehicle and it is not in his view.

Powered Industrial Trucks Maintenance of Industrial Trucks - 1910.178(q)

• (4) Industrial trucks shall be examined before being placed in service, and shall not be placed in service if the examination shows any condition adversely affecting the safety of the vehicle.

• (7) Examinations shall be made at least daily. Where trucks are used on a round- the-clock basis, they shall be examined before and after each shift.

Materials Handling Slings, Safe Operating Practices- 1910.184(c)

• Slings that are damaged or defective shall not be used.

• Slings shall not be shortened with knots or bolts or other makeshift devices.

• Sling legs shall not be kinked.

Materials Handling Slings, Safe Operating Practices- 1910.184(c)

• Slings shall not be loaded in excess of their rated capacities.

• Slings used in a basket hitch shall have the loads balanced to prevent slippage.

29 CFR Part 1910

Subpart I

Personal Protective Equipment for General Industry

132(d) - Hazard Assessment and Equipment Selection

• Employer shall assess workplace to determine if hazards are, or are likely to be, present which necessitate PPE

• If so, employer shall: – Select and require use of appropriate PPE

– Communicate selection decisions to employees

– Select PPE that fits

• Written certification of hazard assessment required

132(f) - Training

• Employer shall provide training to all employees required to use PPE

• PPE training must cover: – When PPE is necessary – What PPE is necessary – How to don, doff, adjust and wear PPE – Limitations of PPE – Proper care, maintenance, useful life

and disposal

132(f) - Training (cont'd)

• Employees must demonstrate an understanding of training topics and ability to use PPE properly before working with PPE

• Retraining may be required • Written certification of training required

Subpart H Hazardous Materials

Hazardous Material

Any substance or compound that has the capability of producing adverse effects on the health and safety of humans.

Flammable and combustible liquids

Flammable and combustible liquids are liquids that can burn.

Classified as either flammable or combustible by their flashpoints.

Does the liquid itself burn?

Flammable and combustible liquids themselves do not burn. It is the mixture of their vapors and air that burns.

Gasoline, with a flashpoint of -40°F, is a flammable liquid. Even at temperatures as low as -40°F, it gives off enough vapor to form a burnable mixture in air.

Phenol is a combustible liquid. It has a flashpoint of 175°F, so it must be heated above that temperature before it can be ignited in air.

1910.146 Confined Spaces

Confined Spaces

• Not designed for continuous human occupancy

• Large enough to completely enter and do useful work

• Have restricted means of entry and exit

Permit Required Confined Space

• Have a hazard… • An actual or potential hazardous atmosphere • Material which could engulf an entrant • Internal design that could trap an entrant • Any other serious safety or health hazard

Why be concerned? • Fatal Incidents:

• 95%Due to atmosphere hazards – no warning low oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, explosive gas or vapor

• 65%Didn’t recognize area as confined space and did not take precautions

• 50%Were attempting a rescue but didn’t have the right training or equipment

The Control of Hazardous Energy

Key Points of the

OSHA Standard

Key Points of the

OSHA Standard

• Each employer shall establish a program consisting of energy control procedures, employee training and periodic inspections to ensure machinery is rendered inoperative [.147(c)(1)]

• If an energy isolating device is capable of being locked out the employer shall use a lockout versus a tagout [.147(c)(2)(ii)]

• Key Points

• The “law” does not cover normal production operations . . .