Physics writing
User1166
Semester_Project_Instructions_in_Detail_2425_20212.docxSemester Project: Planet Earth
Instructions in Detail
Please read all these instructions carefully. Investing some time in reading these instructions will prevent delays and save you time in the future. The project will take time. Please start working on it as soon as possible and try to complete parts of it every week. If you have done this project in a previous semester, then please look at the “Project done before” document for additional instructions.
Note : this project seeks to evaluate your personal writing, quantitative, critical thinking, speaking etc. skills. It is therefore an individual effort. The parts where you can collaborate with your group partner are some parts of the Experimental component and the carbon footprint tables. It is recommended you collaborate with a partner throughout the semester to gain teamwork skills. However, if you do not have a partner, please put “Worked alone” in the “Teamwork” section of your project report, it will not affect your project grade.
Background
Climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing our planet today. If we do not act, scientific models predict disastrous consequences. Life will be impacted on a global scale. Summer 2019 was the hottest on record for the northern hemisphere, and June 2020 was the third hottest month (NOAA https://www.noaa.gov/ ). The purpose of this project is to introduce us to some basic concepts of how human activity contributes to climate change. The greenhouse effect, an important principle in physics, plays a key role in our climate and our planet’s habitability.
The following videos will help review the science:
1. Causes and Effects of Climate Change | National Geographic (3:04 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G4H1N_yXBiA
2. Understanding The Science Of Climate Change | Earth's Survival | Spark (51:17 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M3Iztt4D2UE
3. Climate Change: Science and Policy’ Lecture by Mario Molina, Nobel Prize in Chemistry (78:50 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U_bXzc6hfGM
4. Bill Nye, and Neil de Grasse Tyson on Climate Change (2:57 min, and 9:26 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S7Lu-R4EwQw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jm_YoL9ykC4
Other useful websites:
National Climate Assessment:
https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/1/
NASA Climate Change:
NASA scientist, Kate Marvel, answers your questions on climate change (52:38 min):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hQFWO-65gbQ
ESRI- The Science of Where:
https://storymaps.esri.com/stories/2018/hot-numbers/index.html
EPA Climate Change Indicators
https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators
University of Colorado useful links
https://seec.colorado.edu/act/the-science.html
What the future might look like for Texas:
https://statesatrisk.org/texas/all
Carbon footprint
Global warming results from increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere. Human activity adds to atmospheric greenhouse gases. The carbon footprint is a measure of the amount of greenhouse gases released by a given system. The system may be an individual, family, organization, activity, etc. Major greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4).
Purpose
We will estimate our carbon footprint to see how our own greenhouse gas emissions contribute to global warming.
Procedure
Go to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) website:
https://www3.epa.gov/carbon-footprint-calculator/
Enter the information for energy usage, transportation, and waste for your household. If you do not have exact numbers, you may approximately estimate these values. After entering the information, view “Your Household Family Report.” Record your contributions in the table below:
Table 1
Household contributions without remedial actions.
|
Activity |
CO2 emissions (lbs) |
CO2 emissions (kg) Divide lbs by 2.2 to convert to kg |
|
Home energy |
5188 |
2358 |
|
Transportation |
4050 |
2025 |
|
Waste |
2165 |
984 |
|
Total |
11403 |
5367 |
Next, calculate how making a few changes can reduce your carbon footprint. Changes to consider are:
Driving a more energy efficient car, performing regular maintenance on your car, car-pooling, driving less, turning down the thermostat in winter, using ENERGY STAR products (those that are certified by the U.S. Department of Energy), washing your clothes in cold water, hang-drying your clothes, and recycling your waste. All of these are “sustainable activities.” Please take a picture of one or more of these as evidence for the sustainable activity required for your project report.
A list of actions recommended by the United Nations is listed at the following website:
https://www.un.org/en/actnow/index.shtml
This is a useful New York Times article:
https://www.nytimes.com/guides/year-of-living-better/how-to-reduce-your-carbon-footprint
List the actions you could take and the resulting reductions in CO2 emissions in Table 2 below. The savings in cost and pounds will be listed on the EPA carbon footprint calculator website.
Table 2
Reduction in CO2 emission by taking remedial actions (please delete unused rows)
|
Activity |
Annual savings in cost (Dollars saved) |
Annual saving in pounds of CO2 |
|
Turn down heating thermostat on winter nights by 70℉ |
100 |
1027 |
|
Turn up A/C thermostat in summer by 75℉ |
333 |
3424 |
|
Replace 8 incandescent light bulbs with ENERGY STAR lights |
32 |
323 |
|
Enable the power management features on your computer |
13 |
131 |
|
Wash your clothes in cold water |
12 |
122 |
|
Use clothes line or drying rack instead of dryer for 50% of your laundry |
46 |
470 |
|
Replace your refrigerator with ENERGY STAR models |
38 |
394 |
|
Reduce the number of miles you drive on Vehicle 1 |
511 |
2414 |
|
Recycle: newspapers, magazines |
- |
562 |
|
Total |
1084 |
8867 |
Teamwork
1. Communicate with your group partner to compare your contributions to CO2 emissions with and without remedial actions.
2. Enter your group’s information in Table 3 below:
Table 3
Team contributions without and with remedial actions.
|
Group member’s name |
Total CO2 emissions (lbs) WITHOUT remedial measures |
Total reduction in CO2 emissions (lbs) WITH remedial measures |
|
Sadikshya Shrestha |
11403 |
8867 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3. Discuss with your partner, ways to realistically implement these remedial measures in your day-to-day life.
Indicators of climate change
There are various physical indicators that can help study, and track climate change. We will look at three in this part of the project.
A. Temperature
1. Go to NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) website:
https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cag/national/time-series
This website allows you to plot recorded temperature data for over 100 years.
Click on “Display Trend,” and then click on “Plot” in the blue box. Study the resulting graph. It shows a record of the temperature measured in the US for the same month, for over a century. The blue line displays how the temperature has been changing. You may need to “refresh” your browser to see the plot.
If you continue to have problems seeing the plots, please try using a different browser.
2. Change the month to the coldest month of the year (January), click on “City” at the top, and make a similar plot for your city (e.g., Dallas, TX). Study the resulting graph, make sure the blue “Trend” line is visible. Take a screenshot of one such graph and paste it in the “Results” section of your project report. Add a few words describing what the graph is in figure caption in the Results section of your project report.
3. Write a few words about what you learned about the trend in the temperature in “Discussion” section of your project report.
4. You can change the parameter from “Average Temperature” to “Maximum temperature” etc. to investigate more on your own. You can also study the global temperature trends by clicking on “Global” at the top.
B. Sea level
1. Go to the NOAA website:
https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-sea-level
2. Study the plot that shows change in global mean sea level from 1880 to 2020.
3. Take a screenshot of this graph and paste it in the “Results” section of your project report. Add a few words describing what the graph is in the figure caption in the Results section of your project report.
4. Write a few words about what you learned from this website in the “Discussion” section of your project report.
C. Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI)
1. Go to the NOAA website:
2. Study the plot that shows the warming influence of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere since 1980.
3. Take a screenshot of this graph and paste it in the “Results” section of your project report. Add a few words describing what the graph is in the figure caption in the Results section of your project report.
4. Write a few words about what you learned from this website in the “Discussion” section of your project report.
Report
Use the “Project_Report_Outline” document to complete your project report. This report is in the form of a template to guide you and is available in the “Project” folder on eCampus. It has all the sections you need to complete your report in one, Word document. These sections are typically found in a paper published in a scientific journal and will therefore give you valuable experience in scientific writing. You will be submitting this completed outline document as your project report. Below, are some tips to help with completing the individual sections in this report template:
1. Introduction: write a short introduction (one or two paragraphs) giving background information about the project to a newcomer. Describe what the greenhouse effect is and how greenhouse gases contribute to climate change by trapping heat in the atmosphere and preventing it from escaping into outer space. Address the question: why should we be concerned about climate change? Use in-text citations in APA style to support your statements throughout your report. In scientific writing, a statement conveying new information is generally followed by its source. For example:
Climate change can be defined as “the change in the usual weather found in a place” (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2017).
Look for credible sources of information (e.g., peer-reviewed journal articles).
The Dallas College library can help you with this. Please visit their website:
https://www.dallascollege.edu/libraries/pages/default.aspx
2. Materials needed: list the materials needed to do this project. For example, list of websites in APA style, other resources, etc. The purpose is to tell the brand-new person what they would need to do the project. List the websites in APA style:
Author. (Year). Title. Retrieved from (give the URL here).
Or, you can list the websites in a shorter format: Title of website (Author, Year).
An example is:
Carbon Footprint Calculator (Environmental Protection Agency, 2016).
You will be listing all of these references in APA style in the separate references list at the end.
3. Procedure: briefly describe the procedure you followed to calculate your carbon footprint in the “Procedure” section of the “Project_Report_Outline” document. If you like, you can also briefly describe procedures for other things you did for your project that you think the reader may not know. Step by step instructions are easier for the newcomer to follow.
4. Results: copy-paste your carbon footprint tables (Tables 1 to 3 above) into the Results section of the “Project_Report_Outline” document. Paste screenshots of your graphs of indicators of climate change here. Add a few lines explaining what the tables and graphs are in the captions below the tables and graphs.
5. Discussion: here, you need to interpret and clarify your results for the reader. What does it all mean? Bring out the most important information for the reader. Help them digest this information because it is new to them. Explain what you found/learned/discovered while working on your project. Some other points that can be included in this section are:
1. What do the measured indicators of climate change tell us?
2. Carbon dioxide can last in the atmosphere for thousands of years (see websites below). How will this affect future generations?
a) EPA post:
https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/atmospheric-lifetime-and-global-warming-potential-defined
b) Journal article:
http://climatemodels.uchicago.edu/geocarb/archer.2009.ann_rev_tail.pdf
c) NOAA article:
d) EDF post:
http://blogs.edf.org/climate411/2008/02/26/ghg_lifetimes/
3. Compare your carbon footprint to the U.S. average for your zip code.
4. What source (activity) is the major contributor to your carbon footprint?
5. By how much can you realistically reduce your CO2 emissions per year?
6. Can you plant a tree, or can you help tree planting efforts in your community?
See how trees can reduce greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at:
https://onetreeplanted.org/blogs/stories/planting-trees-reduce-carbon-footprint
7. Is it worth taking remedial actions now?
8. What would happen if you did nothing?
9 How would you educate others about what you learned while working on this project?
10. If you would like to help our planet, below are a couple of links to help you get started.
“Project Drawdown” is a worldwide effort led by Dr. Katharine Wilkinson with over eighty solutions in different sectors. You can learn more in this YouTube video (11:13 min):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iz5pfXXLB4Y
The Project Drawdown website is:
The link below has a list of fifty non-profit organizations that need your support.
You can choose a cause, and an organization you feel most passionate about. An example is 350.org, which is a global grassroots movement working to address climate change:
https://climatestore.com/take-action/get-involved/non-profit-organizations-working-on-climate-change
Conclusion: summarize your take-home message for the reader. What is the one most important thing they should learn from your project - and not forget when they wake up the next morning?
References: list all the sources you consulted while working on your project. The reference list must be in APA style. You need to have at least three references cited in the text, and then listed at the end. Some examples are below however, you would need to have your own references.
1. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2017.). What is Climate Change? Retrieved from https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/nasa-knows/what-is-climate-change-k4.html
( Note: this is the reference we cited as an “in-text” citation in our Introduction section at the top).
( Note: this is an example of a book reference).
3. Wikipedia (2019). Carbon footprint. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_footprint.
( Note: this is a Wikipedia article).
There are several websites that have instructions on the APA style. A google search will help you find them. One example is:
https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/intext
Quantitative component
Please complete the accompanying quantitative section as instructed. Instructions for this section are posted on eCampus.
Sustainable activity
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Grading scheme in brief
Semester project report = 50%
Quantitative component = 20%
Experimental component = 30%
Total = 100%
Grading scheme in detail
Semester project report = 50%
You will be evaluated for:
i) Written communications skill: content development, follows rules of academic writing, gives sources or citations, grammar, mechanics, and syntax.
ii) Personal responsibility: ethical choices, decision making, consequences.
iii) Social responsibility: cultural competence, civic responsibility, and community engagement.
iv) Critical thinking: explanation of issues, providing evidence, analysis of the issues, takes a position, makes a thesis or hypothesis, makes a conclusion explaining the implications and consequences.
v) Teamwork: contributes to meetings, facilitates participation of members, completes all assigned tasks, fosters constructive team climate, responds to conflict.
Quantitative component = 20%
You will be evaluated for:
Interpretation (of equations, graphs, tables, figures etc.), representation (convert relevant information to mathematical forms such as equations, graphs etc.), calculations, analysis, assumptions, and communication with clarity and quality.
Experimental component = 30%
You will be evaluated for:
i) Written communications skill: content development, follows rules of academic writing, gives sources or citations, grammar, mechanics, and syntax.
ii) Personal responsibility: ethical choices, decision making, consequences.
iii) Social responsibility: cultural competence, civic responsibility, and community engagement.
iv) Critical thinking: explanation of issues, providing evidence, analysis of the issues, takes a position, makes a thesis or hypothesis, makes a conclusion explaining the implications and consequences.
v) Teamwork: contributes to meetings, facilitates participation of members, completes all assigned tasks, fosters constructive team climate, responds to conflict.
Thank you, good luck, and wish you an enjoyable project experience!
2
