Final Project Annotated Outline - due in 20 hours

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Farrell, M. S., Werge, T., Sklar, P., Owen, M. J., Ophoff, R. A., O'Donovan, M. C., ... & Sullivan, P. F. (2015). Evaluating historical candidate genes for schizophrenia. Molecular psychiatry, 20(5), 555.

https://www.nature.com/articles/mp201516

Farell, Werge, Sklar, Owen, Ophoff, and Sullivan evaluate the genes associated with schizophrenia in this article. They sufficiently analyze the candidate gene literature and the results of the largest genomic study. The genes evaluate the common hypothesis of schizophrenia. The authors conclude that historical gene literature failed to yield clear insights on the genetic basis of schizophrenia. The article can, however, be used to show the relation of genes and the schizophrenia condition. “The considerable efforts embodied in these early studies unquestionably set the stage for current successes in genomic approaches to schizophrenia” (Farrell et al, 2015). I think the article provides more information on how genes may be the cause of schizophrenia well. I will use it to explain the relationship between genes and schizophrenia.

Iritani, S. (2017). Neuropathology of schizophrenia: a mini-review. Neuropathology, 27(6), 604-608.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1440-1789.2007.00798.x

Iritani argues that the neuropathology of schizophrenia is obscure since the condition may affect various parts of the brain. He explains the methods that have been used to analyze the functional abnormalities in the brains of schizophrenia patients. "Reports of neuropathological abnormalities in the post mortem schizophrenic brain indicated they were found in almost all areas of the brain, but more reports are describing the temporal lobe and frontal lobe compared to those describing other areas of the brain” (Iritani, 2017). The methods that have been used include advanced functional brain image technology such as single-photon emission, CT or MRI. This article can be used to describe the pathology of schizophrenia and methods of testing for the condition. I will, therefore, use it to explain the methods that could be used to test for schizophrenia and its pathology.

Levinson, D. F. (2016). Pharmacologic treatment of schizophrenia. Clinical therapeutics, 13(3), 326-352.

https://europepmc.org/article/med/1683269

Levinson's article provides an honest evaluation of the effects of drugs used to treat schizophrenia. He argues that neuroleptics are effective in the treatment of schizophrenia and explains that a drug is chose based on patient response and adverse effects. Levinson also explains the effectiveness of other drugs in the treatment of schizophrenia. “All clinically active antipsychotic drugs share the ability to block postsynaptic dopamine receptors in the central nervous system. Their potencies vary, chlorpromazine and thioridazine being the least potent and fluphenazine and haloperidol the most potent” (Levinson, 2016). He explains that neuroleptics are effective in the exacerbations of schizophrenia. The article is useful in the research on treatment options of schizophrenia. I will use to explain various drugs that may be used in the treatment of schizophrenia, their effectiveness, and side effects.

Misiak, B., Stramecki, F., Gawęda, Ł., Prochwicz, K., Sąsiadek, M. M., Moustafa, A. A., & Frydecka, D. (2018). Interactions between variation in candidate genes and environmental factors in the etiology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a systematic review. Molecular neurobiology, 55(6), 5075-5100.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12035-017-0708-y

Misiak’s article focuses on the etiology of schizophrenia. The article explains the contribution of genetic factors and environmental interactions in schizophrenia. A systematic review of studies that investigate gene and environmental interactions in schizophrenia has been conducted in the article. The authors present a detailed analysis of the causes of schizophrenia and the role played by genes. They name several environmental factors that may cause schizophrenia such as early life stress, stressful life events, prenatal infections, and urban upbringing. The article can, therefore, be used to analyze the causes of schizophrenia. I will use the article to compare the different factors that lead to schizophrenia and to determine which factor is the leading cause of the disease.

Rajarajan, P., Jiang, Y., Kassim, B. S., & Akbarian, S. (2018). Chromosomal conformations and epigenomic regulation in schizophrenia. In Progress in molecular biology and translational science (Vol. 157, pp. 21-40). Academic Press.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877117317302004

Rajaram, Jiang, Kassim, and Akbarian offer a sufficient explanation of the pathology of schizophrenia. They argue that schizophrenia’s pathology includes chromosomal formations that are associated with regulation of gene expression and transcriptional dysregulation at various brain regions such as the cerebral cortex. Alterations in the high-order chromatin could be an effect of schizophrenia. The role of high-order chromatin in the neurobiology and pathology of schizophrenia is sufficiently explained in the article. It also explains its role in the treatment avenues for the schizophrenia disease. I will use the article to explain various parts of the brain affected by schizophrenia, its neurobiology and the effects of high-order chromatin.

Van de Leemput, J., Hess, J. L., Glatt, S. J., & Tsuang, M. T. (2016). Genetics of schizophrenia: Historical insights and prevailing evidence. In Advances in genetics (Vol. 96, pp. 99-141). Academic Press.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065266016300529

Leemput, Hess, Glatt, and Tsuang adequately review the risk factors for schizophrenia and the existing hypotheses. They argue that is has been difficult to identify specific genes that cause schizophrenia. Their article, however, presents various factors that may cause schizophrenia including environmental influences, gene expression regulation, epigenetic marks, and genetic variants. They argue that the interactions between these factors are complex. The authors also present limitations on schizophrenia that have not been overcome. They review the genetic literature of schizophrenia sufficiently. I will use the article to explain the role of genes in the schizophrenia condition.