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Will Science Save Justice?

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Will Science Save Justice?

Despite the intensified understanding of human behaviors, psychologists and neuroscientists purport that we are no longer rational deciders as we think because intuitive processes guide us beyond our control or awareness. Therefore, we easily notice imperfections in others while ignoring our weaknesses. Unfortunately, neuroscientists and psychologists purport that cognitive forces that are beyond our control negatively affect the criminal justice system of various countries globally. Consequently, these significant forces abrogate the justice promise to everybody. Recent research established that the inordinate law structure is mainly supported by destructive and indelicate philosophies about human cognition that have gone unchallenged for several centuries. Judges' rulings are propelled by various critical factors, including race, gender, age, cultural backgrounds, histories, and identities, among other factors. Regrettably, tremendous efforts geared towards addressing the damaging biases end up unfruitful. The purpose of this text is to establish whether science will help reinstate justice in our legal systems by expounding how cognitive forces pest our control mars our rational thinking. The appropriate audience is judges as they are at the helm of justice systems in all countries. The main argument of the text is that justice is no longer accorded to everybody in courts as expected because the cognitive forces have barred judges from making rational rulings and decisions. The article is an effective example of academic writing because it uses fundamental techniques such as appeal to authority, appeal to reason, and appeal to emotion.

Appealing to authority is one of the essential persuasive techniques of academic writing. This technique entails using important experts or people in a particular field because they make the argument at hand, convincing. Appeal to authority goes hand in hand with the research studies conducted on the topic. Therefore, "Can Science Save Justice" is an actual example of academic writing because it uses significant proponents in Science such as Emerson, Franklin, Pope, and Plato. Moreover, Plato is the most prominent scientist among them, and they helped in describing the human project. Human behavior is indeed complex and scientists have played a great role in helping us understand it well (Benforado, 2017). Besides, this article is much convincing because it has incorporated various recent studies on how our legal systems have become biased due to the irrational thinking spurred by cognitive forces. LeGrande & Mierau (2003) claims a recent study conducted on the DNA clemency cases in America, which established that 28% of these confessions are false. Still, on the judges’ ruling, another research study argued that 16% of judges with a daughter instead of a son in the U.S. were likely to rule favoring women's rights in cases of civil rights concerning gender issues (Glynn & Sen, 2015). The study affirms that judges are no longer rational thinkers as other external forces strongly influence their final ruling decisions.

Besides, appealing to reason is another effective technique of academic writing. Consequently, information, numbers, logic, and facts greatly make an argument convincing when used in abundance. The article “Can Science Save Justice” is very effective under this technique. First, it has provided substantial information on how cognitive forces are negatively impacting justice not only in the U.S. but also in other parts of the world. Most significantly, the information which is provided by the article is very logic and makes a lot of sense. Also, facts are a critical component of this technique and evidence-based facts are overflowing throughout the article, making it appear quite convincing to the readers. Numbers appeal to reason and make an argument sound more real in various contexts. Consequently, the article has used numbers effectively in elaborating various claims on how our cognitive behaviors impact justice. Numbers are used to showing how African Americans (Eric Garner, Michael Brown, Alton Sterling, and Philando Castile) were persecuted in the hands of the police resulting in their cruel deaths. For instance, Castile was pulled for approximately 49 times in 13 years before the deadly encounter. Numbers are also used in the article to depict the increment in percentages of Ivy League disability students attending interviews from 20%- 60 %.

Moreover, appealing to emotions is an important technique of academic writing. Getting folks to feel angry, sad, or happy can greatly assist your argument as arguments which ‘runs' flat appears boring to read. Therefore, authors of articles should always have the readers' emotions in mind and be capable of twisting them as much as possible. This article is indeed appealing to the emotions of the readers, with most of its parts appealing to sadness. Benforado (2017) claims the biggest part of it provides evidence-based information on how cognitive forces that cannot be controlled deter judges from making a fair judgment in courts of law. A recent study conducted in America concerning witnesses affirmed that 28% of them gave wrong information, meaning that numerous innocent souls are rotting in jails because of false witnesses (LeGrande & Mierau, 2003). Also, the article shows how several African Americans experienced cruel deaths in the hands of American police due to their race. African Americans were also exposed to harsher treatments on matters relating to charge, bail, and justice in American courts. This brutal treatment means that African Americans presented in American courts would be charged higher bails and awarded longer sentences due to their Black race. Therefore, the punitive treatments are given to them by both police and judges due to their race greatly appeals to the emotions of people. Any African or African American who reads the article and deeply mediates on it must get sad and worried why we would be segregated due to our black race.

It is indisputable that cognitive forces that are beyond our control negatively affect the justice system in the United States and revokes the promise of justice to everybody regardless of gender, race, sex, or race. Despite most of us claiming to be rational thinkers, the intuitive procedures beyond our control greatly impact the decisions which we make. Judges are not immune to these intuitive processes, and psychologists and neuroscientists claim that it deters them from ruling fairly. Various recent studies in America have established how judges would become bias in various contexts due to issues of gender, race, or sex. The article, ‘Can Science Save Justice,' is an effective example of academic writing because it incorporates essential techniques: appeal to emotion, appeal to authority, and appeal to reason throughout the text. It appeals to authority by using prominent scientists such as Plato, Emerson, and Franklin appeals to reason by using facts, numbers, logic and information. Lastly, it appeals to emotions by getting folks into sadness/ anger in various parts.

References

Benforado, A. (2017). Can Science Save Justice? Judicature, 101, 24.

Glynn, A. N., & Sen, M. (2015). Identifying judicial empathy: Does having daughters cause judges to rule for women's issues?. American Journal of Political Science, 59(1), 37-54.

LeGrande, N., & Mierau, K. E. (2003). Witness preparation and the trial consulting industry. Geo. J. Legal Ethics, 17, 947.