10 pages paper : Paul Berg(scientist)
Panel Presentation
Paul Berg
Group 1
Biography
American biochemist
Developing recombinant DNA techniques
Won Nobel Prize (1980)
Family: Textile manufacturer
Enjoyed to read the work of some scholar like Sinclair Lewis and Paul DeKruif.
Born on June 30,1926
(Age 92)
https://medicalgiving.stanford.edu/why-giving-matters/paul-berg
-an-uncommon-legacy.html
Emre
This award was meant to recognize him for his research with Frederick Sanger and Waiter Gilbert on nucleic acids.
----After he completed his high school at Abraham Lincoln High School, he applied to do biochemistry at a university call Penn State University. This was because he was too young to join the navy but he later joins. In 1948 he completed his biochemistry course then join Western Reserve University for a doctorate….-------
It was in 1952 after he had taken a position of postdoctoral when he discovered a new enzyme that created nucleoside triphosphates for a nucleic acid with Wolfgang Joklik who was also postdoctoral.
It was until Berg moved to Stanford University with Kornberg to set up a new department of biochemistry when he started to shift his focus to molecular biology from classical biology. In 1967 with the help of Robert Symons and David Jackson engineered a virus that happens by splicing two DNA molecules from a tumor virus. In 1980 with Arthur Kornberg they give a hand in establishing a biotechnology research institute and Beckman center which its main aim was to connect clinical researchers with molecular biology researcher more closely. Generally, in biochemistry, Berg is one of the people who made the most significant positive changes through his extensive researches.
Biography
Abraham Lincoln High School
Penn State University 48’ (Biochemistry)
Western Reserve University 52’ (Doctorate)
Stanford University (Classical Biology)
1967: Engineered a virus that happens by splicing two DNA molecules from a tumor virus
1979: Established a biotechnology institute with Kornberg
Prospering career in biochemistry
https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/paul-berg
https://news.stanford.edu/news/2007/october31/med-kornberg-103107.html
In 1980 with Arthur Kornberg they give a hand in establishing a biotechnology research institute and Beckman center which its main aim was to connect clinical researchers with molecular biology researcher more closely. Generally, in biochemistry, Berg is one of the people who made the most significant positive changes through his extensive researches.
Major achievements
Outstanding contributions to biochemistry and molecular biology for over 50 years
Early years: metabolic chemistry
Later years: mechanisms by which DNA and RNA direct the synthesis of protein in living systems
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/cd/76/b5/cd76b5b32c8d1e46959631bde38ba23d.jpg
http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1972_Berg.jpg
https://www.historyforsale.com/productimages/jpeg/100692.jpg
Mingrui
Major achievements
1956- : Demonstrated the mechanism by which amino acids are assembled into proteins was very similar to that observed in fatty acid synthesis
i.e., amino acids are "activated" into an acyl-AMP form, attached to transfer RNA, Transfer RNAs then transport them to cell ribosomes for protein assembly
1959 Eli Lilly Prize in Biochemistry
focused increasingly on RNA-directed protein synthesis and how genes operate in the process
https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/access/CDBBNJ_.jpg
Mingrui
Major achievements
Mid 1960s: Possible analogies between the workings of bacterial viruses and those of the tumor viruses that infect some mammalian cells
whether viruses could be used to study gene regulation in mammalian cells
cell culturing methods
investigated how mammalian viruses pick up genes and transfer them to new cells (as bacterial viruses often did)
https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*dCBOc9mK2u5H08B_6Wavxg.jpeg
https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/access/CDBBNK_.jpg
Mingrui
Major achievements
1971-1972: First to create a molecule containing DNA from two different species by inserting DNA from another species into a molecule
Synthesized the first recombinant DNA (rDNA)
Spliced two DNA molecules- one from a tumor virus and one from a plasmid carrying E. coli gene
The beginning of rDNA technology
1980: Nobel Prize and the Lasker Award
Queen Beatrix meets Nobel laureates in 1983, Paul Berg was fourth to the left
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_Beatrix_meets_Nobel_Laureates_in_1983.jpp
Mingrui
The Road Map of the Nobel Prize Winning Research
Ying is going to present this silde.
Background of Paul’s Nobel Prize Research
In the late 1960s, while at Stanford, he began studying genes of the monkey tumor virus SV40 as a model for understanding how mammalian genes work
By the 1970s, Paul discovered how the SV40 genes affect the DNA of host organisms they infect.
It was this work with SV40 genes that led directly to the development of recombinant DNA technology
http://www.humaneresearch.org.au/case-studies/macaques-used-in-vision-experiment-
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SV40
SV40 Virus
Ying’s Suggestion, Presented by Can
SV-40 both in monkeys and humans, potential cause for tumors in animals
Artificial dna- recombinant dna
Paul’s Question & Hypothesis
While studying how genes controlled the production of specific proteins, Berg also was trying to understand how normal cells seemed spontaneously to become cancerous.
He hypothesized that cells turned cancerous because of some unknown interaction between genes and cellular biochemistry.
https://psmag.com/nature-and-technology/now-can-edit-genes-84048
https://www.baamboozle.com/game/9976
Presented by Can
Paul Berg’s Plan for Experiments
In order to study these issues, he decided to combine the DNA of SV40, which was known to cause cancer in some animals, into the common intestinal bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli)
He thought it might be possible to smuggle the SV40 DNA into the bacterium by inserting it into the DNA of a type of virus, called a bacteriophage, that naturally infects E. coli.
https://publichealthmatters.blog.gov.uk/2016/10/16/beating-e-coli-what-are-you-doing-to-break-the-chain-of-infection/, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YI3tsmFsrOg
E. coli
bacteriophage
SV40 Virus
Presented by Can
Paul Berg’s Experiments
Berg began his experiment by cutting the SV40 DNA into pieces using so-called restriction enzymes, which had been discovered several years before by other researchers.
Then, he added one base at a time to one side of the double-stranded molecule using another type of enzyme called terminal transferase.
Thus, he formed a chain that extended out from the double-stranded portion
Presented by Can
Paul Berg’s Experiments (Cont'd)
Berg performed the same biochemical operation on the phage DNA,
Except he changed the sequence of bases in the reconstructed phage DNA so it would be complementary to the reconstructed SV40 section of DNA extending from the double-stranded portion
Such complementary extended portions of DNA that bind to each other to make recombinant DNA molecules are called "sticky ends."
Presented by Can
https://socratic.org/questions/why-are-restriction-enzymes-important-for-recombinant-dna-technology
Reconstructed SV40
Section of DNA
Reconstructed section of
Phage DNA
Ying is going to present this slide, as a conclusion and graph illustration of the experiment
Profound Impact
Best known for his development of a technique for splicing together DNA from different types of organisms- recombinant DNA Technology.
Being considered as one of the most fundamental technical contributions to the field of genetics in the twentieth century
https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2013/04/02/Allergen-GMO
-and-animal-species-testing-speeds-up
Ying (the impact of his achievements)
Profound Impact (Cont'd)
His achievement gave scientists a tool for studying the structure of viral chromosomes and the biochemical basis of human genetic diseases
Offered the means to put genes into rapidly multiplying cells, such as bacteria, which would then use the genes to make the corresponding proteins
Let researchers turn simple organisms into chemical factories that churn out valuable medical drugs.
Profound Impact (Cont’d)
The commercial application of Berg's work underlies a large and growing industry dedicated to manufacturing drugs and other chemicals.
The ability to recombine pieces of DNA and transfer them into cells is the basis of genetic engineering and an important new medical approach to treating diseases by a technique called gene therapy.
https://depositphotos.com/200918356/stock-photo-opioid-painkillers-crisis
-drug-abuse.html
Source:Genome Campus Website, https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-gene-therapy
Group Reflections
Follow your passion and keep intellectual curiosity
A great scientist should focus on giving back to the community and keep making differences to the country, the industry, and the world.
Following the Scientific Research Method is very important
“The bold adventurer succeeds the best.”
Importance of education
How dedication, observation and research can lead to many discoveries in the future
Focusing on more than one field can lead to a new discovery
Everyone add one or two bullet points of your own reflection!!!!
Can be related to the part that you are responsible for or not.
Question & Answers
Discussion Questions:
Was there any downsides or potential dangers in Paul Berg’s experiment of making recombinant DNA ?
What could be the potential dangers?
Do you think the ethical issues had made Paul Berg’s research become unmeaningful?
What measures do you think the scientist & the government can take to prevent the potential dangers?
Bonus Question: Can anyone give me any specific examples of genetic engineering used in real life? (in any specific industry, on any specific items, or events, etc.)
Videos
1. How Paul Berg conducted his experiment using SV40 section of Monkey DNA molecule?- The mechanism of recombinant DNA experiment.
https://www.dnalc.org/resources/3d/20-mechanism-of-recombination.html
2. Paul Berg’s Technology being used today- How gene therapy works in curing cancer? Real life Example:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UqZCeDS6uqo&t=0s&list=WL&index=32
3. Genetic Engineering Introduction Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAhjPd4uNFY&t=0s&list=WL&index=31
References
Friedberg, Errol C. "A biography of Paul Berg: the recombinant DNA controversy revisited." World scientific (2014): 12-40. Document.
Wade, Nicholas. The ultimate experiment: Man-made evolution. New York: Walker , 1977. Document.
Thefamouspeople.com. (2018). Who is Paul Berg? Everything You Need to Know. [online] Available at: https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/paul-berg-7560.php [Accessed 14 Oct. 2018].
Professor Paul Berg | Biographical summary. Retrieved October 14, 2018, from http://www.whatisbiotechnology.org/index.php/people/summary/Berg
Paul Berg. (2018, September 12). Retrieved October 15, 2018, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Berg#Awards_and_honors
References
Berg.", "P. (2018). Paul Berg. Retrieved October 15, 2018, from https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/genetics-and-genetic-engineering-biographies/paul-berg
Berg.", "P. (2018). Paul Berg. Retrieved October 15, 2018, from https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/genetics-and-genetic-engineering-biographies/paul-berg
The Paul Berg Papers: Biographical Information. Retrieved October 15, 2018, from http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Narrative/CD/p-nid/257
Thank you!