10 pages paper : Paul Berg(scientist)

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SCI362Group1PaulBergPanelPresentationDue10.14Sun..pptx

Panel Presentation

Paul Berg

Group 1

Biography

American biochemist

Developing recombinant DNA techniques

Won Nobel Prize (1980)

Family: Textile manufacturer

Enjoyed to read the work of some scholar like Sinclair Lewis and Paul DeKruif.

Born on June 30,1926

(Age 92)

https://medicalgiving.stanford.edu/why-giving-matters/paul-berg

-an-uncommon-legacy.html

Emre

This award was meant to recognize him for his research with Frederick Sanger and Waiter Gilbert on nucleic acids.

----After he completed his high school at Abraham Lincoln High School, he applied to do biochemistry at a university call Penn State University. This was because he was too young to join the navy but he later joins. In 1948 he completed his biochemistry course then join Western Reserve University for a doctorate….-------

It was in 1952 after he had taken a position of postdoctoral when he discovered a new enzyme that created nucleoside triphosphates for a nucleic acid with Wolfgang Joklik who was also postdoctoral.

It was until Berg moved to Stanford University with Kornberg to set up a new department of biochemistry when he started to shift his focus to molecular biology from classical biology. In 1967 with the help of Robert Symons and David Jackson engineered a virus that happens by splicing two DNA molecules from a tumor virus. In 1980 with Arthur Kornberg they give a hand in establishing a biotechnology research institute and Beckman center which its main aim was to connect clinical researchers with molecular biology researcher more closely. Generally, in biochemistry, Berg is one of the people who made the most significant positive changes through his extensive researches.

Biography

Abraham Lincoln High School

Penn State University 48’ (Biochemistry)

Western Reserve University 52’ (Doctorate)

Stanford University (Classical Biology)

1967: Engineered a virus that happens by splicing two DNA molecules from a tumor virus

1979: Established a biotechnology institute with Kornberg

Prospering career in biochemistry

In 1980 with Arthur Kornberg they give a hand in establishing a biotechnology research institute and Beckman center which its main aim was to connect clinical researchers with molecular biology researcher more closely. Generally, in biochemistry, Berg is one of the people who made the most significant positive changes through his extensive researches.

Major achievements

Outstanding contributions to biochemistry and molecular biology for over 50 years

Early years: metabolic chemistry

Later years: mechanisms by which DNA and RNA direct the synthesis of protein in living systems

https://i.pinimg.com/originals/cd/76/b5/cd76b5b32c8d1e46959631bde38ba23d.jpg

http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1972_Berg.jpg

https://www.historyforsale.com/productimages/jpeg/100692.jpg

Mingrui

Major achievements

1956- : Demonstrated the mechanism by which amino acids are assembled into proteins was very similar to that observed in fatty acid synthesis

i.e., amino acids are "activated" into an acyl-AMP form, attached to transfer RNA, Transfer RNAs then transport them to cell ribosomes for protein assembly

1959 Eli Lilly Prize in Biochemistry

focused increasingly on RNA-directed protein synthesis and how genes operate in the process

https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/access/CDBBNJ_.jpg

Mingrui

Major achievements

Mid 1960s: Possible analogies between the workings of bacterial viruses and those of the tumor viruses that infect some mammalian cells

whether viruses could be used to study gene regulation in mammalian cells

cell culturing methods

investigated how mammalian viruses pick up genes and transfer them to new cells (as bacterial viruses often did)

https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*dCBOc9mK2u5H08B_6Wavxg.jpeg

https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/access/CDBBNK_.jpg

Mingrui

Major achievements

1971-1972: First to create a molecule containing DNA from two different species by inserting DNA from another species into a molecule

Synthesized the first recombinant DNA (rDNA)

Spliced two DNA molecules- one from a tumor virus and one from a plasmid carrying E. coli gene

The beginning of rDNA technology

1980: Nobel Prize and the Lasker Award

Queen Beatrix meets Nobel laureates in 1983, Paul Berg was fourth to the left

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_Beatrix_meets_Nobel_Laureates_in_1983.jpp

Mingrui

The Road Map of the Nobel Prize Winning Research

Ying is going to present this silde.

Background of Paul’s Nobel Prize Research

In the late 1960s, while at Stanford, he began studying genes of the monkey tumor virus SV40 as a model for understanding how mammalian genes work

By the 1970s, Paul discovered how the SV40 genes affect the DNA of host organisms they infect.

It was this work with SV40 genes that led directly to the development of recombinant DNA technology

http://www.humaneresearch.org.au/case-studies/macaques-used-in-vision-experiment-

to-study-attentional-blink

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SV40

SV40 Virus

Ying’s Suggestion, Presented by Can

SV-40 both in monkeys and humans, potential cause for tumors in animals

Artificial dna- recombinant dna

Paul’s Question & Hypothesis

While studying how genes controlled the production of specific proteins, Berg also was trying to understand how normal cells seemed spontaneously to become cancerous.

He hypothesized that cells turned cancerous because of some unknown interaction between genes and cellular biochemistry.

Presented by Can

Paul Berg’s Plan for Experiments

In order to study these issues, he decided to combine the DNA of SV40, which was known to cause cancer in some animals, into the common intestinal bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli)

He thought it might be possible to smuggle the SV40 DNA into the bacterium by inserting it into the DNA of a type of virus, called a bacteriophage, that naturally infects E. coli.

Presented by Can

Paul Berg’s Experiments

Berg began his experiment by cutting the SV40 DNA into pieces using so-called restriction enzymes, which had been discovered several years before by other researchers.

Then, he added one base at a time to one side of the double-stranded molecule using another type of enzyme called terminal transferase.

Thus, he formed a chain that extended out from the double-stranded portion

Presented by Can

Paul Berg’s Experiments (Cont'd)

Berg performed the same biochemical operation on the phage DNA,

Except he changed the sequence of bases in the reconstructed phage DNA so it would be complementary to the reconstructed SV40 section of DNA extending from the double-stranded portion

Such complementary extended portions of DNA that bind to each other to make recombinant DNA molecules are called "sticky ends."

Presented by Can

https://socratic.org/questions/why-are-restriction-enzymes-important-for-recombinant-dna-technology

Reconstructed SV40

Section of DNA

Reconstructed section of

Phage DNA

Ying is going to present this slide, as a conclusion and graph illustration of the experiment

Profound Impact

Best known for his development of a technique for splicing together DNA from different types of organisms- recombinant DNA Technology.

Being considered as one of the most fundamental technical contributions to the field of genetics in the twentieth century

https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2013/04/02/Allergen-GMO

-and-animal-species-testing-speeds-up

Ying (the impact of his achievements)

Profound Impact (Cont'd)

His achievement gave scientists a tool for studying the structure of viral chromosomes and the biochemical basis of human genetic diseases

Offered the means to put genes into rapidly multiplying cells, such as bacteria, which would then use the genes to make the corresponding proteins

Let researchers turn simple organisms into chemical factories that churn out valuable medical drugs.

Profound Impact (Cont’d)

The commercial application of Berg's work underlies a large and growing industry dedicated to manufacturing drugs and other chemicals.

The ability to recombine pieces of DNA and transfer them into cells is the basis of genetic engineering and an important new medical approach to treating diseases by a technique called gene therapy.

https://depositphotos.com/200918356/stock-photo-opioid-painkillers-crisis

-drug-abuse.html

Group Reflections

Follow your passion and keep intellectual curiosity

A great scientist should focus on giving back to the community and keep making differences to the country, the industry, and the world.

Following the Scientific Research Method is very important

“The bold adventurer succeeds the best.”

Importance of education

How dedication, observation and research can lead to many discoveries in the future

Focusing on more than one field can lead to a new discovery

Everyone add one or two bullet points of your own reflection!!!!

Can be related to the part that you are responsible for or not.

Question & Answers

Discussion Questions:

Was there any downsides or potential dangers in Paul Berg’s experiment of making recombinant DNA ?

What could be the potential dangers?

Do you think the ethical issues had made Paul Berg’s research become unmeaningful?

What measures do you think the scientist & the government can take to prevent the potential dangers?

Bonus Question: Can anyone give me any specific examples of genetic engineering used in real life? (in any specific industry, on any specific items, or events, etc.)

Videos

1. How Paul Berg conducted his experiment using SV40 section of Monkey DNA molecule?- The mechanism of recombinant DNA experiment.

https://www.dnalc.org/resources/3d/20-mechanism-of-recombination.html

2. Paul Berg’s Technology being used today- How gene therapy works in curing cancer? Real life Example:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UqZCeDS6uqo&t=0s&list=WL&index=32

3. Genetic Engineering Introduction Video:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAhjPd4uNFY&t=0s&list=WL&index=31

References

Friedberg, Errol C. "A biography of Paul Berg: the recombinant DNA controversy revisited." World scientific (2014): 12-40. Document.

Wade, Nicholas. The ultimate experiment: Man-made evolution. New York: Walker , 1977. Document.

Thefamouspeople.com. (2018). Who is Paul Berg? Everything You Need to Know. [online] Available at: https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/paul-berg-7560.php [Accessed 14 Oct. 2018].

Professor Paul Berg | Biographical summary. Retrieved October 14, 2018, from http://www.whatisbiotechnology.org/index.php/people/summary/Berg

Paul Berg. (2018, September 12). Retrieved October 15, 2018, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Berg#Awards_and_honors

References

Berg.", "P. (2018). Paul Berg. Retrieved October 15, 2018, from https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/genetics-and-genetic-engineering-biographies/paul-berg

Berg.", "P. (2018). Paul Berg. Retrieved October 15, 2018, from https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/genetics-and-genetic-engineering-biographies/paul-berg

The Paul Berg Papers: Biographical Information. Retrieved October 15, 2018, from http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Narrative/CD/p-nid/257

Thank you!