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SCI209Week5TheFlowofEnergy.pptxThe Flow of Energy
Shannon Dowd
SCI209
August 13, 2018
Mark Butler
[Ocean Clipart]. Retrieved from https://www.scribblefun.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Ocean-clipart.jpg
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Primary producers
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herbivorous consumers
1 st level consumers
2 nd level consumers
3 rd level consumers
Top carnivores
Sun’s Energy
decomposers
Heat Energy Loss
trophic
seaweed
Phytoplankton
Zooplankton and cockles
juvenile fish and jelly fish, small fish and crustaceans
Larger fish
squid
Sharks, dolphins, albatross
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Primary Productivity:
Photo = Light
Syn = With
Thesis = Arranging
Light With Arranging will convert light energy into chemical energy.
Photosynthesis:
Chemo = Chemistry
Syn = With
Thesis = Arranging
Chemistry with arranging will produce energy through the oxidation of chemicals.
Chemosynthesis:
Energy flow in photosynthetic marine environments is not a sequence, conversely, an monodirectional flow based off of a incessant source of solar energy. Take into consideration an algae-supported biotic area, where energy flows into the system and algae absorb solar radiation. Photosynthesis transforms this solar energy into chemical energy, in which is utilized for the algae’s breathing. This chemical energy is correspondingly transferred to the animals that ingest the algae for their development and other life purposes. The animals distribute mechanical and heat energy, of which are gradually less restorable types of energy, up until this residual energy turns out to be consumed within the ecosystem. Intrinsically, the ecosystem depends on a continual supply of energy in the form of sunlight (Trujillo & Thurman, 2014, Chapter 13: Biological Productivity and Energy Transfer).
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Methods of measurement:
[Science and Research Clipart]. Retrieved from https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/b/science-research-icon-flat-set-scientist-lab-equipment-symbols-isolated-vector-illustration-51222130.jpg
[Lab Equipment Clipart]. Retrieved from https://cmkt-image-prd.global.ssl.fastly.net/0.1.0/ps/506419/300/200/m1/fpnw/wm0/laboratory_preview-.png?1433082672&s=ed583e0e785391f8744d46baa0895449
To measure overall primary productivity, researchers frequently use the light-dark bottle method. With this method, variations in dissolved oxygen concentration are used to measure photosynthesis and respiration (given that oxygen is created in photosynthesis and expended in respiration). Water samples are positioned into clear glass bottles, and a identical sample is put into bottles that are painted black or concealed with tape so that no light can influence the sample. Deprived of light, no photosynthesis can occur. Respiration, on the other hand, will continue to occur. A third sample is equipped in a clear glass bottle. Liquified oxygen in the third sample is measured with a dissolved oxygen meter or chemical methods, and determines the preliminary dissolved oxygen existing in the light and dark bottle samples at the outset of the experiment (Goodwin, 2018).
The light/dark bottle is a way of measuring primary production by comparing and contrasting beforehand and afterward concentrations of dissolved oxygen.
Bottles holding seawater samples with phytoplankton are incubated for a predestined interval of time under light and dark conditions. Incubation is preferably carried out in situ, at the distance downward from which the samples were gathered. Alternately, the light and dark bottles are incubated in a water furrow on deck, and neutral density filters are used to inexact the light conditions at the collection depth. ( Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office, 2018).
Rates of net and gross photosynthesis and respiration can be established from measurements of dissolved oxygen concentration in the sample bottles ( Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office, 2018).
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[Light / Dark Incubations Image]. Retrieved from https://images.slideplayer.com/20/6019389/slides/slide_10.jpg
How primary productivity affects the color of the ocean?
[Ocean Clipart]. Retrieved from https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQTYUaxUzpra-5k6i7n38Q8jfGN6fTsKubFihy1J07h_Azme-gvfA
[Under the Ocean Image]. Retrieved from https://st3.depositphotos.com/8398422/14171/i/1600/depositphotos_141712206-stock-photo-the-sea-world-composition-with.jpg
Primary production affects the ocean water by changing the color. The more this production occurs, the more the water will turn a green color due to the chlorophyll that is used to make the primary producer’s food. This change in color can also be used as another method to determine productivity and the abundance of phytoplankton.
Pure water is seamlessly clear, of course -- but if there is a lot of water, and the water is vastly deep so that there are no reflections off the sea floor, the water comes out as a incredibly dark navy blue. The explanation of how the ocean is blue is attributable to the absorption and diffusion of light. The blue wavelengths of light are dispersed, reminiscent of the distribution of blue light in the sky, however, absorption is a considerably greater factor than dispersal for the clear ocean water. In water, absorption is powerful in the red and fragile in the blue, consequently red light is absorbed rapidly in the ocean resulting in the blue color. Nearly all sunlight that flows into the ocean is absorbed, with the exception of the section that is especially close to the coast. The red, yellow, and green wavelengths of sun rays are absorbed by water molecules in the ocean. The minute sunlight strikes the ocean, a variety of of the light is reflected back unequivocally, but the majority of it enters the ocean surface and interrelates with the water molecules that it comes across. The red, orange, yellow, and green wavelengths of light are absorbed so that the lingering light we see is comprised of the smaller wavelength blues and violets (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2018).
According to National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2018), “If there are any particles suspended in the water, they will increase the scattering of light. In coastal areas, runoff from rivers, resuspension of sand and silt from the bottom by tides, waves and storms and a number of other substances can change the color of the near-shore waters. Some types of particles (in particular, the cells of phytoplankton, also referred to as algae) can also contain substances that absorb certain wavelengths of light, which alters its characteristics.” (Ocean Color).
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Factors that cause regional primary productivity to vary among Polar, Tropical, and Temperate Oceans:
[Arctic Ocean Clipart]. Retrieved from https://us.123rf.com/450wm/natis76/natis761510/natis76151000051/46719470-stock-vector-polar-nature-winter-wonderland-low-poly-style-landscape-vector-infographic.jpg?ver=6
[Tropical Island Clipart]. Retrieved from https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/b/tropical-beach-island-palm-tree-ocean-summer-vacation-concept-fl-tropical-beach-island-palm-tree-ocean-summer-vacation-concept-110487647.jpg
[Temperate Ocean Clipart]. Retrieved from http://www.clker.com/cliparts/6/0/4/3/13803115612065963632ocean.svg
There are three primary places in the ocean that have strengths and weaknesses to which makes each and every one transcendent. These three locations in the ocean are: the tropical zone, the polar zone, and the temperate zone. The tropical ocean acquires a plethora of sunlight, but conflictingly, there is an insufficiency of nutrients. This is the prevailing reason it performs the poorest out of the counterpoints, pertaining to it’s primary productivity. The polar ocean, contrastingly, has it’s topmost productivity in May for the reason that this is the time where the sunlight is the most desirable. For the duration of the rest of the year, the sunlight is dreadfully insufficient and under no circumstances, acquires as much sunlight as the contrasting oceans. This is the core hindrance with this specific ocean. Last but not least is the temperate ocean, which has the utmost productivity predominantly, but, the greatest of productive seasons are in the spring and fall. There are not a lot of nutrients during the summer season and not a great deal of sunlight in the winter season, however, in spite of everything it maintains persistent productivity during the course of the year (Trujillo & Thurman, 2014, Chapter 13: Biological Productivity and Energy Transfer).
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Overfishing Affects
[Overfishing Clipart]. Retrieved from http://www.pewtrusts.org/-/media/post-launch-images/2015/03/ebfm_overview_570x570.jpg?w=280&h=280
All fish perform significant tasks in a biomass pyramid, for example, regulating the pyramid, which is enormously imperative. Overfishing has developed into a problem in the marine ecosystem. The biomass pyramid is incredibly susceptible and every outside disturbances (like overfishing) can and will definitely place the ecosystem and biomass pyramid at risk (Trujillo & Thurman, 2014, Chapter 13: Biological Productivity and Energy Transfer). Overfishing of the large and small-gamefish has initiated immense complications which result in critical consequences for the reason that this will, in the long run, be the cause of a number of the biomass pyramid to intensify and upsurge subsequently over populating another species; laying the foundation of that ecosystem to collapse(Trujillo & Thurman, 2014, Chapter 13: Biological Productivity and Energy Transfer).
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References:
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office. (2018). Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office. Retrieved from https://www.bco-dmo.org/instrument/498
Goodwin, M. (2018). The NOAA Office Of Ocean Exploration And Research. Retrieved from https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/02arctic/background/education/media/arctic_message.pdf
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (2018). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved from https://science.nasa.gov/earth-science/oceanography/living-ocean/ocean-color
Trujillo, A. P., & Thurman, H. P. (2014). Essentials of Oceanography (11th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection.
