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Technology and Crime

Criminology Today

An Integrated Introduction

CHAPTER

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Technology and Crime

Technology and crime have always been closely linked.

Technology can be used by both crime fighters and lawbreakers.

As technology progresses, it facilitates new forms of behavior, including new crimes.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

High Technology and Criminal Opportunity

Routes to illegitimate access to computerized information

Direct access

Computer trespass

Cybercrime/computer crime

Any violation of a federal or state computer-crime statute

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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

High Technology and Criminal Opportunity

FBI typology of cybercrimes

Internal cybercrimes

Internet/telecommunications crimes

Support of criminal enterprises

Computer-manipulation crimes

Hardware, software, and information theft

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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

High Technology and Criminal Opportunity

Most financial transactions are computerized.

Money is information.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

The Extent of Cybercrime

Annual cost of cybercrime in the U.S. estimated at $666 million

2014 global report on cybercrime cost

Cybercrimes and associated costs continue to increase.

Most costly cybercrimes caused by malicious insiders

Business disruption represents the highest cost.

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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

The Extent of Cybercrime

Software piracy

Unauthorized and illegal copying of software programs

Phishing

Scam using official-looking e-mails to steal valuable information

May threaten viability of e-commerce

Not all cybercrime is committed for financial gain.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Cybercrime and the Law

Communications Decency Act (1996)

Reno v. ACLU

No Electronic Theft Act (1997)

Digital Theft Deterrence and Copyright Damages Improvement Act (1999)

Cyber Security Enhancement Act (2002)

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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Cybercrime and the Law

Computer-related crime

Any illegal act for which knowledge of computer technology is involved for its investigation, perpetration, or prosecution

Computer abuse

Any incident associated with computer technology in which a victim suffered loss and perpetrator intentionally gained

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

The History and Nature of Hacking

Computer hacking began in late 1950s with creation of interstate phone system and direct distance dialing.

Phone phreaks

Used special telecommunications access codes and other restricted information to avoid paying long-distance charges

DHS identified modern threats to handheld devices like mobile phones.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

A Profile of Cybercriminals

Cybercriminals tend to come from hacker subculture.

Average hacker

Male between 16–25 who lives in the US

Computer user but not programmer

Hacks with software written by others

Primary motivation is to gain access to Web sites and computer networks.

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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

A Profile of Cybercriminals

Hacker typology

Pioneers

Scamps

Explorers

Game players

Vandals

Addicts

Some hackers are high-tech operators.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Cybercrime as a Form of White-Collar Crime

Many similarities between computer and white-collar crime

Committed through nonviolent means

Access to computers or storage media often needed

Involve information manipulations creating profits or losses

Can be committed by individuals or organizations

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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Cybercrime as a Form of White-Collar Crime

Other similarities include:

Crimes are difficult to detect.

Public sees them as less serious than violent crimes.

Cost victims and society large amounts of money and other resources

Prevention requires a combination of legal, technical, managerial, security, and audit-monitoring controls.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Technology in the Fight against Crime

Technology is a double-edged sword.

Provides criminals new weapons to commit crimes

Provides the criminal justice system with new tools to fight crime

Criminally useful or evasive technologies and law enforcement capabilities commonly leapfrog one another.

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

DNA Technology

DNA profiling

The use of biological residue found at a crime scene for genetic comparisons to help identify suspects

DNA evidence long-lasting

Highly reliable but not infallible

The greatest threat to reliable results is human error in conducting the tests.

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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

DNA Technology

Daubert standard

Test to determine whether a form of scientific evidence is reliable

Key factors

It has been subjected to testing.

It has been subjected to peer review.

It has known/potential rates of error.

It has standards controlling application of the techniques involved.

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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

DNA Technology

Federal government, most states have digitized forensic DNA databases

National DNA Index System (NDIS)

All states have legislation requiring convicted offenders to provide samples for DNA databases.

DNA Identification Act of 1994

CODIS/NDIS

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Computers as Crime-Fighting Tools

Computers connect people.

Provide many law and law-enforcement related resources

Expert systems

Computer systems that try to duplicate decision-making processes used by investigators in analyzing evidence and recognizing patterns

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Combating Cybercrime

Threat analysis (risk analysis)

Complete and thorough assessment of the kinds of perils facing an organization

Once threats identified, can introduce strategies to deal with:

Audit trail traces/records computer operator activities, lets auditors examine sequence of events relating to any transaction

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Police Investigation of Computer Crime

Many police departments lack personnel skilled in the investigation of computer crimes.

May intentionally avoid computer-crime investigations

Many departments place a low priority on computer crime.

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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Police Investigation of Computer Crime

FBI's National Computer Crime Squad investigates violations of federal computer crime laws.

DCS-3000 network "sniffer" focuses on intercepting suspect personal communications delivered via wireless services

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Cybercrime and Internet Security

Information is the lifeblood of the modern age.

Needs to be moved safely and securely

Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection

National Infrastructure Protection Center (1998)

Succeeded by the Office of Infrastructure Protection (part of DHS)

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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Cybercrime and Internet Security

President's Working Group on Unlawful Conduct on the Internet (2000)

U.S.-CERT (2003)

Pres. Obama has identified cybersecurity as one of the most serious economic and national security challenges facing the U.S.

DHS Cyber Security Division

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Policy Issues: Personal Freedoms in the Information Age

First Amendment

Freedom of speech

Are electronic communications protected?

Fourth Amendment

Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures

Does this include electronic information?

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e

Frank Schmalleger

Assignment 2

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