CJ 150

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Policing: Purpose and Organization

Criminal Justice Today

An Introductory Text for the 21st Century

CHAPTER

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

The Police Mission

Enforce the law

Investigate crimes and apprehend offenders

Prevent crime

Ensure domestic peace and tranquility

Provide enforcement services to the community

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Enforcing the Law

Police agencies are the primary enforcers of criminal laws.

Police see themselves as crime fighters.

Enforcing the law is not their only job.

Spend majority of their time on nonemergency calls, controlling traffic, writing tickets

Cannot enforce all the laws

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Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Enforcing the Law

Expected to support as well as enforce law

Respect for the law begins with the personal and public behavior of the police.

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Apprehending Offenders

Some offenders are apprehended during the commission of a crime or immediately afterward.

Many are caught only as the result of extensive police work involving painstaking investigation.

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Preventing Crime

Proactive approach to crime problem

The anticipation, recognition, and appraisal of a crime risk and initiation of action to remove or reduce it

Act before crime happens.

The goal is to lower the potential rewards of criminal activity and lessen the public's fear of crime.

Depend on community involvement

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Predicting Crime

Police planners use tools to help predict when/where crimes will occur.

CompStat is a process of crime analysis and police management using crime mapping.

CrimeStat identifies crime hot spots, spatial distribution of incidents, and distance analysis

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Preserving the Peace

Virtually limitless police activity

Involves not only activities that violate the law but many others as well

Many departments focus on quality of life offenses as crime reduction and peacekeeping strategy.

continued on next slide

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Preserving the Peace

Broken-windows theory is based on the notion that urban decay in a neighborhood signals the laws are not being enforced.

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Providing Services

Most calls for service are placed through the 911 system, which is for emergencies.

Some areas have started a 311 system for non-emergency calls.

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Core Operational Strategies

Preventive patrol

Routine incident response

Emergency response

Criminal investigation

Problem solving

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Preventive Patrol

Dominant operational policing strategy since the time of Sir Robert Peel

Purposes of patrol

Deter crimes

Interrupt crimes in progress

Position officers for quick response

Increase public's feelings of safety and security

continued on next slide

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Preventive Patrol

Interactive

Expected by the public

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Routine Incident Response

Officers collect information and typically file a written report.

The objective is to restore order, document information, or provide an immediate service.

Response time

The time it takes for officers to respond to calls for service, directly linked to citizen satisfaction

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Emergency Response

Critical incidents

Events where human life may be in jeopardy

Takes priority over all other police work

Emergency response training includes first aid, hostage rescue, and the physical capture of suspects.

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Criminal Investigation

The process of discovering, collecting, preparing, identifying, and presenting evidence to determine what happened and who is responsible

First responders

First investigators on a scene

Provide emergency assistance, capture suspects, secure crime scene

continued on next slide

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Criminal Investigation

Crime scene

Physical area where crime is thought to have occurred

continued on next slide

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Criminal Investigation

Preliminary investigation

Respond to immediate needs, aid injured.

Note key facts and provide HQ with assessment of scene.

Determine crime was committed.

Initiate enforcement action.

continued on next slide

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Criminal Investigation

Preliminary investigation

Secure crime scene, protect evidence.

Determine need for detectives.

Compile thorough report of activities.

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Problem Solving

Problem-oriented policing seeks to reduce chronic offending in a community.

SARA

Scanning, analysis, response, assessment

CAPRA

Clients, acquired/analyzed, partnerships, response, assess

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Support Services

Include activities such as dispatch, training, human resource, property and evidence control, and record keeping

Keep agencies running, help deliver resources necessary to support officers in the field

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Managing Police Departments

Management

Administrative activities that control, direct, coordinate personnel, resources, and activities

continued on next slide

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Managing Police Departments

Key roles

Line operations

Field/supervisory activities related to daily police work

Staff operations

Support roles, administration

continued on next slide

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Managing Police Departments

Chain of command

Order of authority

Span of control

Number of personnel or units supervised by particular commander

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Policing Styles

Watchman style

Order maintenance

Uses discretion, informal intervention

Legalistic style

Strict enforcement of the letter of the law

May take hands-off approach to non-criminal disruptions

continued on next slide

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Policing Styles

Service style

Focus on meeting needs of community

Emphasize helping over strict enforcement, more likely to use community resources

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Police-Community Relations

Increasing social disorganization in 1960s led police to focus on increasing positive police-citizen interaction through PCR programs.

Modern programs frequently fail.

Focus on serving groups already satisfied with police

Initiatives hard to manage, alienate officers from communities

continued on next slide

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Police-Community Relations

Team policing

Became extension of PCR movement

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Community Policing

Strategic policing

Emphasizes crime fighting but expands to nontraditional criminals

Problem-solving policing

Address underlying social problems causing crime

Community policing

Partnership between police and community

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Critique of Community Policing

Program effectiveness difficult to measure

Hard to conceptualize and quantify citizen satisfaction with police performance

Concept of "community" ambiguous

Some public officials unwilling to accept community policing

continued on next slide

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Critique of Community Policing

Lack of consensus within community about problems and solutions

Not all police officers, managers willing to accept nontraditional images of policing

Some public officials unwilling to accept community policing

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Terrorism's Impact on Policing

9/11 significantly affected policing

Police devote more time, resources to preparing for possible terrorist attacks and gathering intelligence.

Local dept. involvement in prevention depends on budgetary considerations and on assessed likelihood of attack.

IACP initiatives

FBI counterterrorism components

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Intelligence-Led Policing and Antiterrorism

Intelligence-led policing

Use of criminal intelligence to guide policing

Intelligence function of police department more exploratory and more broadly focused than a single criminal investigation

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Information Sharing and Antiterrorism

Need to effectively share criminal intelligence between agencies

Governments working toward creation of fully integrated criminal justice information system

LEO, NLETS

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Fusion Centers

Fuse intelligence from participating agencies to create more comprehensive threat picture

Integrate new data into existing information, evaluate and analyze it, disseminate findings to appropriate agency.

continued on next slide

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Fusion Centers

Involves collaboration between multiple agencies to maximize ability to deal with criminal and terrorist activity

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan

NCISP development involved federal, local, state, tribal law enforcement representatives

NCISP provides specific steps agencies can take to participate in sharing of critical law enforcement and terrorism prevention information.

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Ethnic and Gender Issues in Policing

Many departments increasing complement of officers from underrepresented groups through dedicated recruitment

Ethnic minorities now employed in policing in numbers approaching representation in U.S. population.

continued on next slide

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Ethnic and Gender Issues in Policing

Women still significantly underrepresented

Many departments aggressively recruit and retain women.

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Women as Effective Police Officers

Research found female officers:

Are extremely devoted to their work

See themselves as women first, then police

Are more satisfied in nonuniformed capacities

continued on next slide

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger

Women as Effective Police Officers

Two main groups of female officers

Those who feel well-integrated into departments and are confident in their jobs

Those who experienced strain and isolation

Female officers often underutilized, leading to frustration and lack of job satisfaction

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text

for the 21st Century, 14e

Frank Schmalleger