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Chapter 12

Asian Americans:

Growth and Diversity

Asian Americans

  • Diverse group that is one of the fastest growing segments of U.S. population
  • Includes Chinese Americans and Filipinos
  • Includes the Hmong that do not correspond to any one nation

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Asian Americans

  • See “race and ethnicity” in America framed as a Black-White issue
  • “Tri-racial”
  • Hispanics that are now added to Black-White racial issue

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The “Model Minority” Image Explored

  • General image people in U.S. hold of Asian Americans as a group
  • Variation of blaming the victim – “praising the victim”

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The “Model Minority” Image Explored

  • Despite prejudice and discrimination, succeeded
  • Economically, socially, & educationally without political or violent confrontations with Whites

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Education and the Economy

  • Impressive school enrollment compared to the total population
  • 2010
  • Half Asian Americans, 25+ had Bachelor degrees compares with 28% of Whites
  • Asian Americans as group have more formal schooling than Whites

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Education and the Economy

  • Often viewed as successful overachievers, but
  • Have unrecognized and overlooked needs
  • Experience discomfort and harassment on campus
  • Under-represented on college campuses
  • Experience stress and alienation on campus

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Education and the Economy

  • Occupationally Asian Americans occupy mid-level occupations and are
  • Under-represented in top management positions in corporate America
  • Glass ceiling and glass wall impact on upward mobility
  • Agriculture

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

  • Another misleading sign of success is high income as a group
  • Whites earn more than their Asian counterparts of the same age
  • If education from overseas, they are devalued by U.S. employers

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Education and the Economy

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Education and the Economy

  • “Model Minority” stereotype is a disservice
  • Excludes Asians from social programs and conceals unemployment and other social ills
  • Local governments are eliminating Asian Americans from the definition of minority

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Door Half Open

  • Asian Americans often stereotyped & ignored; described negatively in media
  • Overgeneralizations
  • Ethnic slurs
  • Inflammatory reporting
  • Japan bashing
  • Media invisibility

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Door Half Open

  • Model minority
  • Anti-Asian American feeling built on long cultural tradition
  • Yellow Peril
  • Refers to the generalized prejudice toward Asian people and their customs
  • Subject to institutional discrimination

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Door Half Open

  • Marginal status of Asian Pacific Islanders
  • Leaves them vulnerable to selective and collective oppression
  • 1999 Wen Ho Lee: Resulted in Asian Americans viewed as security risks
  • 32% of feel Chinese Americans more loyal to China than US

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Door Half Open

  • Asian Americans avoid top-secret science employment
  • Because of subjection to racial profiling at high security levels
  • Young Asians in U.S. struggle for identity
  • Because their heritage is devalued by those in positions of influence

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Political Activity & Pan-Asian Identity

  • Politically Asian Americans tend to be less active than other subordinate groups
  • Function of
  • historical influences
  • cultural influences
  • demographic influences

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Political Activity & Pan-Asian Identity

  • Six factors why Asian Americans not more active in politics
  • Traits needed to become a candidate are alien to Chinese culture
  • Older people remember blatant discrimination & tell others to be quiet & not attract attention

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Political Activity & Pan-Asian Identity

  • Recent immigrants have no experience with democracy and have distrust of government
  • Concentration on getting ahead economically and education of their children
  • Careers of the brightest are in business and science, not law or public administration

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diversity Among Asian Americans

  • Census Bureau enumerates 47 groups
  • Diverse historically, culturally, politically, and economically
  • Asian Indians:
  • Pattern of immigration
  • Between 1820 and 1965 approximately 17,000 came

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diversity Among Asian Americans

  • Many came under the 1965 Immigration and Naturalization Act
  • Tended to be better educated, urban and English speaking
  • Religious diversity
  • Hindu
  • Sikhs

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diversity Among Asian Americans

  • Muslims
  • Zoroastrians
  • Religious traditions remain strong among new arrivals
  • Concern about erosion of traditional family authority
  • Desi pronounced (“DAY-see”)

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diversity Among Asian Americans

  • Colloquial name for people who trace their ancestry to South Asia, especially India
  • Arranged marriages
  • Cultural conflicts between national traditions and American culture
  • Filipino Americans
  • Third largest Asian American group in U.S.

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diversity Among Asian Americans

  • Immigration divided into four distinct periods
  • First group in the 1920s; male and employed in agriculture
  • Second group as contract workers in Hawaiian sugar cane plantations
  • Third group after World War II included veterans and wives of U.S. soldiers

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diversity Among Asian Americans

  • Newest immigrants arrived under 1965 Immigration Act and included many professionals
  • Lack significant ethnic organizations-function of
  • Strong loyalty to family and church
  • Diversity among Filipinos make forming ties problematic

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diversity Among Asian Americans

  • Organizations are club like or fraternal and largely invisible
  • Show signs of seeking involvement in broader community
  • American born Filipinos tend to be educationally and economically:
  • Disadvantaged in comparison to new arrivals

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diversity Among Asian Americans

  • Southeast Asian Americans
  • Came largely from Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos
  • Many arrived as political refugees after the Communist take over in their countries
  • Many experienced adjustment problems culturally, and economically

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diversity Among Asian Americans

  • Crime among this group has two ugly aspects
  • Reprisals for the war
  • Emergence of gangs as the young seek support of close-knit groups
  • 1995 US initiated normal diplomatic relations with Vietnam
  • More movement between the nations

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diversity Among Asian Americans

  • Case Study: A Hmong Community
  • Sizable population in Wausau, Wisconsin
  • Come from rural areas of Laos and Vietnam
  • Recruited to work for the CIA during the war
  • Life difficult after US pulled out, many immigrated because US policy open to their residency

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diversity Among Asian Americans

  • Faced major issues of assimilation especially in language and education
  • Conflict over contemporary US policies
  • Recruited to gather information about communists during the war
  • Continued disputes over whether US may lift trade barriers with communist-rum government of Laos

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diversity Among Asian Americans

  • Korean Americans
  • Community is result of three waves of immigration
  • First group of 7,000 immigrants came between 1903 and 1910
  • And settled and worked as laborers in Hawaii

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diversity Among Asian Americans

  • Second group of 14,000 came after the Korean War from 1951-1964
  • Third group and largest group came under the 1965 Immigration Act
  • Face cultural/economic adjustment problems
  • Stress, loneliness, alcoholism, family strife, and mental disorders

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diversity Among Asian Americans

  • Ilchomose
  • “1.5 generation”
  • Korean immigrants that accompanied parents to US when young and now occupy middle marginal positions
  • Between Korean and US culture
  • Church is the most visible and important organization outside of the family

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diversity Among Asian Americans

  • Provides a sense of community
  • In the early 1990s, nationwide attention was given to the friction between Korean Americans
  • And other subordinate groups, primarily African Americans, but also Hispanics
  • 60% of US born Korean and half of the women born abroad are in the labor force

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diversity Among Asian Americans

  • Significant because of established, well-defined family roles allow women to be homemakers
  • The Sovereignty Movement
  • Kye (pronounced “kay”)
  • Special form of development capital
  • Used to subsidize businesses & not protected by laws/insurance

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diversity Among Asian Americans

  • Conflict with other minority groups gained national attention during 1992 South LA riots
  • Hawaii and its People
  • Effect of White arrival on the Hawaiians was disastrous
  • Civil war and disease reduced number to 30,000 by 1900 and is probably 10,000 now

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diversity Among Asian Americans

  • 1900 Organic Act
  • Guaranteed racial equality but foreign rule was psychologically devastating
  • The degree of exogamy: marrying outside one’s own group
  • About 45 percent of all marriages performed in the state involving residents are exogamous

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diversity Among Asian Americans

  • Hawaii has always been more racially harmonious than mainland
  • Never had segregation, Jim Crow, slavery, or laws against interracial marriage
  • Sovereignty Movement
  • Effort by people of Hawaii to secure a measure of self-government & restoration of their lands

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diversity Among Asian Americans

  • The sovereignty efforts of Native Americans
  • Native Hawaiian Government Reorganization Act or the Akaka Bill
  • Provide people of Hawaiian ancestry more say over resources
  • Affordable housing, steps to preserve culture, & create a means to better express their grievances

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diversity Among Asian Americans

  • Hawaii is no way a racial paradise
  • Certain occupations and social classes are dominated by a single racial group
  • It is expected that people will not totally resist prejudice as the island’s isolation is reduced
  • Relative to the mainland, race relations characterized more by harmony than discord

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.