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ESSENTIALS OF LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT, 5e
JOHN W. SANTROCK

Socioemotional Development in Adolescence

Chapter Outline

Identity
Families
Peers
Culture and adolescent development
Adolescent problems

Identity

Identity is a self-portrait composed of many pieces
Vocation/career
Political views
Religious beliefs
Relationship
Achievement/intellectual
Sexual
Cultural/ethnic
Interests
Personality
Physical

Identity

Erikson’s stages – Identity versus identity confusion
Psychosocial moratorium - Gap between childhood security and adult autonomy
Relatively free from responsibility, able to try on new identities
Experimentation with different roles and personalities
Adolescents who cope with conflicting identities emerge with a new sense of self

Identity

Marcia’s 4 statuses of identity:
Identity crisis
Identity diffusion
Identity foreclosure
Identity moratorium
Identity does not remain stable throughout life
“MAMA” - Repeated cycles of moratorium to achievement
Key changes in identity are more likely to take place in emerging adulthood than in adolescence

Figure 10.1 – Marcia’s Four Stages of Identity

Identity

Ethnic identity: Enduring aspect of the self that includes:
Sense of membership in an ethnic group
Attitudes and feelings related to that membership
Many adolescents develop a bicultural identity
Identify in some ways with their ethnic group and in other ways with majority culture
May consciously confront their ethnicity for the first time as adolescents
Positive ethnic identity is related to positive outcomes for ethnic minority adolescents

Families

Parental monitoring and management
Managerial roles of parents, supervising adolescents’ choice of:
Social settings
Activities
Friends
Academic efforts
Low parental monitoring is associated with negative mental health outcomes, predicts delinquency and substance use
When parents engage in positive parenting practices, adolescents are more likely to disclose information
Higher levels of parental monitoring reduced negative peer influence on adolescent risk-taking
Parental snooping was a relatively infrequent parental monitoring technique and is an indicator of problems in adolescent and family functioning

Families

Autonomy and attachment
Adolescents’ competing needs for autonomy and control, independence and connection
Push for autonomy
May puzzle and anger many parents
Ability to attain autonomy is acquired through appropriate adult reactions to desire for control
Adolescents gradually acquire ability to make mature decisions on their own
Boys are granted more autonomy than girls
Role of attachment
Securely attached adolescents are less likely to have emotional difficulties and to engage in problem behaviors

Families

Parent-adolescent conflict
Increases in early adolescence, does not reach tumultuous proportions
Remains somewhat stable during the high school years
Higher level of conflict was linked to higher anxiety, depression, and aggression, and lower self-esteem
Lessens as adolescent reaches 17 to 20 years of age
Everyday conflicts serve a positive developmental function
Old model of parent-adolescent relationships:
Adolescents detach themselves from parents, move into a world of autonomy apart from parents
New model:
Parents as important attachment figures and support systems while adolescents explore a wider, more complex social world

Figure 10.2 - Old and New Models of Parent-Adolescent Relationships

Peers

Friendships
Most teens prefer a smaller number of friendships that are more intense and more intimate
Friends become increasingly important in meeting social needs:
Need for tenderness (secure attachment)
Companionship
Social acceptance
Intimacy
Sexual relations
Positive friendships are related to a host of positive outcomes

Figure 10.3 - Developmental Changes in Self-Disclosing Conversations

Peers

Peer pressure
Young adolescents conform more to peer standards than children do
Boys were more likely to be influenced by peer pressure involving sexual behavior than were girls
Cliques and crowds
Cliques: Small groups averaging 5 or 6 individuals
Usually same age and sex
Engage in similar activities
Crowds: Larger than cliques and less personal
Membership based on reputation
May not spend much time together

Peers

Dating and romantic relationships
Three stages of romantic relationships:
Ages 11-13: Entry into romantic attractions and affiliations
Ages 14-16: Exploring romantic relationships
Ages 17-19: Consolidating dyadic romantic bonds
Variations on three stages include early and late bloomers

Peers

Dating for gay/lesbian youth
May date other-sex peers, which can help clarify their sexual orientation or disguise it from others
Many have same-sex experiences with peers who are “experimenting”
Sociocultural contexts and dating
Values, beliefs, and traditions dictate the age at which dating begins
Dating and adjustment
Romantic experiences linked with measures of adolescent adjustment

Culture and Adolescent Development

Cross-cultural comparisons
Traditions and changes in adolescence around the globe
Health
Gender
Family
Peers
Rite of passage: ceremony that marks an individual’s transition from one status to another
Focus on transition to adult status

Culture and Adolescent Development

Ethnicity
Immigration
High rates of immigration contributing to the growth of U.S. ethnic minorities
Immigrants experience stressors uncommon to longtime residents
Language barriers
Dislocations and separations from support networks
Dual struggle to preserve identity and acculturate
Changes in SES status
Undocumented status

Culture and Adolescent Development

Adolescent media use has increased dramatically in the past decade
Media multitasking
Mobile media
Digitally-mediated communication
Email
Text/instant messaging
Social networking sites
Chat rooms
Video/photo sharing
Multiplayer online games
Virtual worlds

Adolescent Problems

Juvenile delinquency
Adolescent who breaks the law or engages in illegal behavior
Males more likely to engage in delinquency than females
Rates among minority groups and lower-SES youth are especially high
Causes of delinquency
Lower class culture
Parents less skilled in discouraging antisocial behavior
Siblings and delinquent peers
Academic success and delinquency

Adolescent Problems

Depression and suicide
Rates of major depressive disorder range from 15-20% of adolescents
Factors contributing to depression
Genes
Gender differences
Certain family factors
Poor peer relationships
Combination of drug therapy and cognitive behavioral theory effective in treating adolescent depression

Adolescent Problems

Suicide
3rd leading cause of death in 10- to 19-year-olds in the U.S.
More adolescents contemplate or attempt it unsuccessfully than actually commit it
Females are more likely to attempt suicide, but males are more likely to succeed
Suicidal adolescents often have depressive symptoms

Interrelation of Problems and Successful Prevention/Intervention Programs

Four problems that affect the most adolescents:
Drug abuse
Juvenile delinquency
Sexual problems
School-related problems
Problem behaviors are often interrelated
Adolescents at highest risk experience multiple problems

Interrelation of Problems and Successful Prevention/Intervention Programs

Successful intervention programs include:
Intensive individualized attention
Community-wide multiagency collaborative approaches
Early identification and intervention