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sanitation.pptxSanitation problem in India
Introduction
This presentation is about basic sanitation in rural areas of India
Access to water and sanitation required
Inadequate sanitation leads to open defecation
Contamination of environment
Spread of diseases leads to deaths
Inadequate supply of water cause problems.
Literature review
Toilet structures in their homesteads was 31%
Open defecation in rural India accounts for 2.5% of diseases with 40% of the population having no access to any kind of toilets (Jain, Fernald, smith & Subramanian, 2019)
Diseases related to open defecation include urinary area infections, soil-transmitted infections, cholera, and trachoma.
Stereotypes and beliefs exist that prevent Indians from using toilets and most of them are social-cultural taboos.
The government of India in 1999, through the ministry of rural development, dropped the TSC program which was a community-driven project to aware the community about the importance of toilets.
Due to this program, toilet structures increased by 1% from 2001 to 2011
Background of the study
Improving population in India is dealing with poverty, illiteracy and have lack of sanitation (Nath, 2003).
620 million individuals in India lack toilets (Sengupta et al., 2019)
97 million people have inaccessibility to adequate sources of water (Showkat, 2016).
600,000 poverty-stricken villages have led to financial problems for the construction of latrines (Sengupta et al., 2019).
In India, only 10 states are announced as open defecation free out of 29 in 2019 (Yoshino et al., 2019).
In India 6 lakh people die due to diarrhea every year (Showkat, 2016)
The percentage of population served by proper sanitation in urban areas increased to 80% and in rural area 48% since 1990 to 2015.
One of the issues is the overflow of raw sewage and increased load due to poor maintenance even in major cities.
Three-fourth of India’s surface water resources are polluted according to the country’s Tenth Five-Year Plan (Nair and Sheela 2008).
Central Rural Sanitation Program (CRSP) 1986.
Fishbone technique
Poor Sanitation
Environment
Material
Methods
Equipment Layout
Personnel
Pollution
Poor maintenance
Wrong cleaning choices
Inadequate disposal material
Human Resources
Poor drainage
Poor Hygiene
Heavy Spillage
Lack of knowledge
Environment and location variability Issues:
Too often in areas with difficult topography and climate.
Ex: Twin leach pit toilets
Variability of behaviour in relation to sanitation.
One of the major issues being groundwater contamination from domestic sewage.
Climate change.
Inadequate Human Resources, poor drainage and equipment :
Training and capacity building projects should include design and development.
Timing and coordination of planning are highly critical for improved performance.
Inadequate capability may have a major negative effect on rural sanitation (Ministry of Jal Shakti, 2019).
Need to provide workers with the right tools (including software) and strategies of collective mobilisation, sanitation and promotion of hygiene.
Poor maintenance methods and cleaning choices:
In some rural areas the beneficiaries lack support and sufficient financing.
Self-help Groups (SHGs) have sponsored micro-financing schemes.
Lack of knowledge and poor Personnel hygiene:
Illiteracy
Poverty
Culture
Recommendations
The water, sanitation, health and hygiene sectors and policies should be harmonised and controlled in a holistic manner.
More involvement and efforts of Government and Civil Social organization.
Behavioral improvement with awareness-raising and behaviour-changing strategies with key stakeholders (such as leaders, citizens, colleges, media, etc.) to achieve expected results.
Biodegradable point-of-use sanitation bags.
Sewage disposal needs to be strengthened by using new technologies and decentralised treatment / management facilities at multiple locations within urban local authorities (ULBs).
To achieve better WASH outcomes all infrastructures must be focused on creative concepts for the maintenance and operations & management (O&M) under Swach Bharat Mission(SBM).
conclusion
SBM has seen unparalleled engagement by people, as well as receving tremendous political support.
Behavioral change is a major component for achieving safe sanitation and media has the power to bring people together.
Lack of water supply in toilets as well as dysfunctional toilets are two key reasons for slippage from ODF.
Stable and long-term funding are crucial to retaining status.
Workable approaches for either rural or urban conditions must start at state level.
Short-term or One time planning without a future roadmap will result in low quality toilets.
Sewage disposals needs to be strengthened by using new technologies and decentralized treatment/ control facilities at multiple locations across all ULB’S.
References
Aijaz, R., 2020. India’s Peri-Urban Regions: The Need For Policy And The Challenges of Governance | ORF. [Online] ORF. Available at: <https://www.Orfonline.Org/research/india-peri-urban-regions-need-policy-challenges-governance-49274/> [Accessed 22 July 2020].
ADB, UNDP, UNESCAP, and WHO. 2006. Asia Water Watch 2015: Are Countries in Asia on Track to Meet Target 10 of the Millennium Development Goals?. Manila
Augsburg et al., Sanitation and child health in India, World Development, Volume 107, July 2018, pp 22-39
Bharat, G., India needs climate-resilient sanitation tech, Sci Dev Net, 2014
Bhagat, R. (2014). Rural and Urban Sanitation in India. KURUSHETRA. Pp. 11-14.
Bonu, Sekhar and Hun Kim. May 2009. Sanitation in India: progress, differentials, correlates, and challenges. ADB. Based on author’s analysis of the 2005 national family health survey.
Ifs.org.uk. 2020. [Online] available at: <https://www.Ifs.Org.Uk/uploads/publications/wps/WP201532.Pdf> [Accessed 22 July 2020].
REFRENCES
Jain, A., Fernald, L., Smith, K. R., & Subramanian, S. V. (2019). Sanitation in Rural India: Exploring the Associations between Dwelling Space and Household Latrine Ownership. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(5), 734. Https://doi.Org/10.3390/ijerph16050734
Kayser, G., Rao, N., Jose, R. And raj, A. (2020). Water, Sanitation And Hygiene: Measuring Gender Equality And Empowerment.
Mohanty., P., 2020. Planning And Economics of Cities : Shaping India’s Form And Future / Prasanna K. Mohanty. - Franklin. [Online] Franklin.library.upenn.edu. Available at: <https://franklin.Library.Upenn.Edu/catalog/FRANKLIN_9977598982603681> [accessed 22 july 2020].
Nair, Santha Sheela. 2008. SACOSAN and India’s Experience. Presented at Third South Asian Conference on Sanitation, 18–21 November 2008 in new Delhi.
Nath, k. J., (2003). Home hygiene and environmental sanitation: a country situation analysis for India. International Journal of Environmental Health Research 13, S19 – S28. DOI:10.1080/0960312031000102778
Prasad and Ray, when the pits fill up: (in)visible flows of waste in urban India. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development (2019) 9 (2): 338–347.
Suthar et. al., Study on the perception of SBA and attitude towards cleanliness among the residents of Urban Jodhpur. J Family Med Prim Care 2019;8:3136-9
References
Sriroop Chaudhuri& Mimi Roy. (2018). Rural sanitation in India: The Poo Party. Stanford School Innovation. Https://ssir.Org/articles/entry/rural_sanitation_in_india_the_poo_party#
Sengupta, S., Misra, D. C., Chaudhary, M., & Prakash, O. (2019). Role of Technology in Success of Rural Sanitation Revolution in India. Https://doi.Org/10.1145/3326365.3326367
Showkat, N., (2016). Coverage of Sanitation Issues in India. 6(4). Https://doi.Org/10.1177/2158244016675395
Taylor & Francis. 2020. Global Health Action. [Online] Available at: <https://www.Tandfonline.Com/toc/zgha20/9/1> [Accessed 22 July 2020].
Yoshino, N., Araral, E., Ram, KE. S., (2019). Understanding Behavior Change for Ending Open Defecation in Rural India: A Review of India’s Sanitation Policy Efforts. In WATER INSECURITY AND SANITATION IN ASIA (Ch 13). Retrieved from https://www.Adb.Org/sites/default/files/publication/544131/adbi-water-insecurity-and-sanitation-asia.Pdf#page=298
