Sanders PHIL 1301 Test 3

Question 1

 

Consider the following argument: All groups or institutions that spend money are businesses. All families are groups or institutions that spend money. Therefore, all families are businesses. This argument is invalid because:

		the conclusion is true, and thus the argument is not truth preserving.
		the premises are true, and thus the argument is truth preserving.
		the premises and conclusion are false; it doesn't matter if truth is preserved.
		the premises are true, but the conclusion is false (and thus the argument is not truth preserving).

 

Question 2

 

Consider the following argument: All mammals eat food. Dogs are mammals. Therefore, dogs eat food. This argument is:

		invalid.
		non-truth preserving.
		valid.
		strong.

5 points  

Question 3

1.  

Consider this argument: All cities have sea ports. Switzerland is a city. Therefore, Switzerland has a sea port. Why is this argument unsound?

		All the assumptions are true.
		All of the extraneous material is false.
		It is invalid.
		Even though it is valid, the premises are false.

Question 4

 

Which of the following best characterizes the idea of deductive argument as truth-preserving?

		The truth found in the premises is preserved in the conclusion.
		The premises are always true in a deductive argument.
		The extraneous material is always true in a deductive argument.
		The assumptions are always true in a deductive argument.

5 points  

Question 5

1.  

Consider this argument: All countries have leaders. Canada is a country. Therefore, Canada has leaders. This argument is sound because:

		the premises are all true, and so are the assumptions.
		it is valid, and the premises are true.
		the extraneous material is interesting.
		the conclusion is obvious.

Question 6

 

Which of the following best defines deductive reasoning?

		Worrying about whether we should allow extraneous material in the text
		Deciding if the premises are all false
		Eliminating false assumptions
		A focus on whether the conclusion follows logically from the given premises

 

Question 7

 

Consider this argument: All mammals breathe oxygen. Dogs are mammals. Thus, dogs breathe oxygen. This argument is:

		almost strong.
		unsound.
		sound.
		invalid.

Question 8

 

Consider the following argument: All high schools in New York are educational institutions. New York University is an educational institution. Therefore, New York University is a high school in New York. This argument is:

		invalid.
		truth preserving.
		valid.
		inductive and strong.

Question 9

Match the terminology with the correct definition.

Deductive reasoning Valid reasoning Invalid reasoning Unwarranted conclusion Sound argument

A. Reasoning in which the conclusion does not logically or necessarily follow from the premises B. A conclusion that is not supported by its premises C. Reasoning in which the conclusion does necessarily or logically follow from the premises D. Determining whether conclusions follow logically or necessarily from the premises E. An argument that is both valid and the premises are true

Question 10

Consider the following argument: All states in the United States have capital cities. Paris, France, is a capital city. Therefore, Paris, France, is a state in the United States. Explain why this argument is invalid. In your response, make sure to explain why the argument is not truth-preserving. Your response must be at least 75 words in lengt

Question 11

All countries have cities. Canada is a country. Therefore, Canada has cities. This is an example of a valid argument. Write your own valid argument. Explain why your argument is valid. In your explanation, make sure you appeal to the idea of truth-preserving arguments. Your response must be at least 75 words in length.