Research Proposal

Sample strategy

Assumption of quantitative sampling:

1. We want to generalize to the population

2. Random events are predictable

3. We can compare random events to our results

4. Therefore, probability sampling is the best approach

Probability sampling:

1. Simple Random:

1. Generate random numbers 2. Select one person per random number

2. Systematic Random:

Selecting every kth subject from a list of the members of the population

3. Stratified (divided into):

The population is divided into two or more groups called strata, according to some criterion, such as geographic location, grade level, age, or income and subsample are randomly selected from each strata.

4. Multi-stage Cluster:

The process of randomly selecting intact groups, not individuals, within the defined population sharing similar characteristics.

Cluster are locations within which an intact group of members of the population can be found: neighbourhoods, school districts, schools and classrooms.

Assumption of qualitative sampling:

1. Social actors are not predictable like objects.

2. Randomized events are irrelevant to social life

3. Probability sampling is expensive and inefficient.

4. Therefore, non-probability sampling is the best approach.

Non- probability sampling:

1. Convenience

The process of including whoever happens to be available at the time, so it also called the “accidental” or “haphazard” sampling

2. Snowball

Find a few people that are relevant to your topic

Ask them to refer you to more of them

3. Quota

The process whereby a researcher gathers data from individuals possessing identified characteristics and quotas

4. Purposive

The process whereby the researcher selects a sample based on experience or knowledge of the group to be sampled

· Qualitative researchers seek “saturation饱和”

“how many” isn’t the issue. Do you understand the phenomenon? Have you learned enough? Mere numbers are irrelevant. you want deep understanding.

· Quantitative researchers seek statistical validity

Can your safety generalize to the population? Have you systematically excluded anyone?