Response
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Elizabeth Leontiev
WR 39C
Lynda Haas
June 10, 2007
Coca Is Not the Enemy
To most Americans, the word cocaine evokes images of the illegal white powder and those who
abuse it, yet the word has a different meaning to the coca farmers of South America. As Arthur C.
Gibson, an economic botanist at UCLA, points out, Erythroxylum coca, or the tropical coca plant, has
been grown in the mountainous regions of Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru since 3000 B.C. (Gibson). The
coca plant has been valued for centuries by indigenous South American cultures for its ability to alleviate
pain and combat fatigue and hunger (Forero, “Bolivia”). Just as many Americans drink coffee every day,
natives of the Andes Mountains chew coca leaves and drink coca tea for a mild stimulant effect. Easy to
grow, not addictive, and offering many medicinal benefits, coca is part of the everyday lives of the people
in this region.
Aside from its medicinal and cultural value, coca is also important to Andean farmers
economically, as a result of a long history of illegal drug trafficking. Dried coca leaves mixed with lime
paste or alkaline ashes produce cocaine—a highly addictive substance that delivers euphoric sensations
accompanied by hallucinations (Gibson). Supplying the coca for the illegal drug trade accounts for a
tremendous portion of the Bolivian, Peruvian, and Colombian economies. In Bolivia, for example, it has
been estimated that coca makes up anywhere from onethird to threequarters of the country’s total
exports (KurtzPhelan). In 1990 the Bolivian president even asserted that 70% of the Bolivian gross
domestic product was due to the coca trade (KurtzPhelan).
Despite such statistics, for most farmers in the region growing coca is about making a living and
supporting their families, not becoming wealthy or furthering the use of cocaine. More than half of
Bolivians live in poverty, with a large portion earning less than $2 a day (Ribando 2). In the words of one
coca farmer, “‘The U.S. says ‘Coca is cocaine, coca is cocaine,’ but it isn't,’ says Argote. ‘Coca is the tree
of the poor’” (Schultz and Gordon). Can we reduce cocaine trafficking without eliminating coca? Evo
Morales, the current president of Bolivia, believes the answer is “yes,” and has advocated a “zero cocaine,
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not zero coca” policy in his country. This policy would allow native Andeans to maintain their cultural
practices, boost South American economies, and channel coca into a new market, away from cocaine
traffickers. For all of these reasons, the Morales plan should become a model for other cocagrowing
countries.
Morales gained recognition for his “zero cocaine, not zero coca” program during his 2005
presidential campaign. His policy aims to legalize the coca crop but not the cocaine that is produced from
that crop. He also expressed a desire to get the United Nations to rescind its 1961 convention declaring
coca an illegal narcotic. In December 2005, Morales won the election with more than 50% of the vote,
and he made history as the first indigenous Bolivian president (Forero, “Coca”).
Morales’ plan promotes the best interests of the Andean farmers and offers multiple economic and
social benefits. First, South American countries would be able to export nonnarcotic cocabased
products, such as soaps, toothpaste, tea, alcohol, and candies (Logan 2). Products like these are already
being produced for local use in Bolivia, and manufacturers would like to seek an international market for
them. These new coca products would stimulate the Bolivian economy and put money in the pockets of
coca growers to support their families, rather than in the pockets of the drug lords. Second, if the market
for legal coca were to increase, farmers would be able to make a legal living from a crop that has long
been a mainstay of their culture. With legal coca products, the indigenous people of the Andes would not
have to sacrifice their way of life. Finally, an increase in the demand for legal coca products might also
result in less cocaine being trafficked illegally around the world, since more of the raw material for
cocaine will be used for new legal coca products.
In order to understand the benefits of Morales’ plan, we must first investigate the failures of the
alternatives. The United States has been waging various “wars on drugs” for decades, spending up to $1
billion trying to control cocaine trafficking from South America (Forero, “Bolivia’s Knot”). In the 1990s
the U.S. shifted its efforts from fighting the trafficking of cocaine to eliminating the source of the drug—
the coca plants growing in Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru. Coca eradication has taken two main forms. In
Bolivia, bands of soldiers move through the countryside using machetes to hack away coca plants (see
Fig. 1). This process is slow and dangerous, and there have been reports of human rights abuses and
extreme violence against the peasant farmers who grow coca (Gordon 16). In nearby Colombia, the U.S.
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funded aerial fumigation programs to poison the coca fields; native farmers complain that the herbicide
used in the fumigation is causing health problems and environmental pollution (Shields). By destroying
coca plants in Colombia, the US has “left 500 million people poorer” (Padgett). It is unclear whether
fumigation results in any benefit, since farmers respond by moving further and further into the jungle and
replanting their crops there (Otis). Such dense areas are harder to see and therefore harder to fumigate
effectively.
Fig. 1. Manual eradication of a coca field in Chapare, Bolivia. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
Another U.S. effort encouraged farmers to replace coca with other crops, like coffee, bananas, and
pineapples. Alternative crop programs seem like a good idea because they will get rid of the coca farms,
but they have their own drawbacks. First, as coca grower Leonida ZuritaVargas noted in her 2003 New
York Times opinion column, transporting heavy fruits like pineapples from the mountainous cocagrowing
regions is expensive and difficult (ZuritaVargas). Second, growers are seldom willing to give up coca
farming because they can make more money by selling coca than any other crop. Even with government
incentives for alternative cropping, coca remains more profitable, a big inducement for poor farmers who
can barely support their families and send their children to school. The Houston Chronicle reports that
even in areas where farmers have planted alternative crops, the farmers are being lured back to the coca
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plant by larger profits (Otis). One coca farmer asserted that by growing coca, he could “make ten times
what he would make by growing pineapples or yucca” (Harman). Ultimately, alternative cropping means
less coca production overall, which will drive up coca prices and encourage more farmers to abandon
their alternative crops and return to coca.
After decades of legislation and various eradication programs, cocaine trafficking remains a major
problem. The most recent data show that coca cultivation throughout the region remains steady (see Fig.
2). Contrary to dire predictions, there has been no major spike in Bolivian coca production since Morales
was elected at the end of 2005. Furthermore, critics argue that cocaine is no less available in the United
States than before eradication began, and street prices remain low (Forero, “Deep”). Instead of curbing
cocaine trafficking, America’s war on drugs has turned out to be a war against the peasants of Colombia,
Bolivia and Peru.
Fig. 2. Coca cultivation in the Andean region, 1990–2006. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
Throughout the years, the various wars on drugs have failed to produce effective results for the
United States. The programs of alternative cropping and eradication did not succeed due to the
legislators’ inability to see life through the eyes of the coca farmers—something Evo Morales is able to
do. In 2006, Morales addressed the UN General Assembly and waved a coca leaf in the air: “[This] is a
green coca leaf, it is not the white of cocaine. [T]his coca leaf represents Andean culture; it is a coca leaf
that represents the environment and the hope of our peoples” (Morales). Through his bold program of
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“zero cocaine, not zero coca,” Morales aims to improve the lives of Andean farmers and the economies of
South American countries, while still remaining committed to controlling the illegal drug trade. Morales’s
example illustrates that it is time to work with coca farmers, rather than against them.
Works Cited
Forero, Juan. “Bolivia’s Knot: No to Cocaine, but Yes to Coca.” New York Times 12 Feb. 2006. 3 June
2007 <http://www.nytimes.com>.
. “Coca Advocate Wins Election for President in Bolivia.” New York Times 19 Dec. 2005. 3 June
2007. <http://nytimes.com/2005/12/19/international/americas/
19bolivia.html>.
Gibson, Arthur C. “Freud's Magical Drug.” The Mildred E. Mathias Botanical Garden. 1999. UCLA. 22
Apr. 2007. <http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/
economicbotany/Erythroxylum/index.html>.
Gordon, Gretchen. “The United States, Bolivia, and the Political Economy of Coca.” Multinational
Monitor 27.1 (2006): 19. 3 June 2007.
<http://www.multinationalmonitor.org/mm2006/012006/gordon.html>.
Harman, Danna. “In Bolivia, a Setback for US AntiCoca Drive.” Christian Science Monitor 22 Dec.
2005. 12 May 2007. <http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/1222/
p04s02woam.html>.
KurtzPhelan, Daniel. “‘Coca Is Everything Here’”: Hard Truths About Bolivia’s Drug War.” World
Policy Journal 22.3 (Fall 2005): 103112. World Policy Inst. 22 Apr. 2007
<http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/articles/wpj053/kurtzphelan.html>.
Logan, Sam. “DeVilifying the Coca Leaf.” Andean Information Network. 2007. 19 Sep. 2006. 3 June
2007. <http://ainbolivia.org>.
Morales, Evo. Speech before the United Nations General Assembly. Home page. 19 Sep. 2006. 3 June
2007. <http://www.evomorales.net/paginasEng/aDefault_Eng.aspx>.
Otis, John. “Officials Urge Farmers to Try Alternative to Coca Crop.” Houston Chronicle 14 July 2000.
23 April 2007. <http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/special/
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Padgett, Tim. “Taking the Side of The Coca Farmer: A Maverick Politician Stirs a Continent and Puts
Washington’s Drug War at Risk.” TIME 5 Aug. 2002. 22 Apr. 2007. <http://www.time.com>.
Schultz, Jim and Gretchen Gordon. “‘Coca Is the Tree of the Poor’: Indigenous People Leap Forward in
Bolivia.” New America Media. 20 Dec. 2005. 20 May 2007.
<http://news.newamericamedia.org/news>.
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<http://www.unodc.org/pdf/research/icmp/bolivia_2006_en_web.pdf>.
United States. Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Div. Bolivia: Political and Economic Developments
and Relations with the United States. By Clare M. Ribando. 26 Jan. 2007. Federation of American
Scientists. 22 Apr. 2007. <http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/
RL32580.pdf>
ZuritaVargas, Leonida. “Coca Culture.” New York Times. 15 Oct. 2003. 21 May 2007.
<http.nytimes.com>. close