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Annotated Bibliography
Student Name
ILR260
Instructed by: James C. Lhotak, Jr., Ph.D.
[email protected]
National University
August 17, 2018
Annotated Bibliography
Fuster, D., Cheng, D. M., Allensworth-Davies, D., Palfai, T. P., Samet, J., & Saitz, R., (2014). No detectable association between frequency of marijuana use and health or healthcare utilization among primary care patients who screen positive for drug use. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 29(1), 133-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org.nuls.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/s11606-013-2605-z
There is a lack of studies that show the impact of marijuana use on individual health and their use of healthcare services. Fuster et al hypothesized that there is a correlation between the frequency of healthcare utilization and advise effects of marijuana use. The independent variables such as frequency of marijuana use in the past three months; further defined as daily use, less than daily use and no use, the use of alcohol and other drugs were used to determine the results. The study also utilized self-reported health status and frequency of healthcare service use, as well as Charlson comorbidity data from electronic medical records. The results of this study revealed that participants who used marijuana daily or less than daily were healthier than those who reported no use, however the difference was insignificant. The study also showed that there only one percent of the participants experienced adverse effects and that there was no association between marijuana use and healthcare utilization. This study has limitations because of the inaccuracy of self-reporting, illicit drug use by all the participants, and past marijuana use was not considered. In addition, the Charlson comorbidity data was flawed because it was designed to predict mortality rates among older patients. The author acknowledges that their study conflicts with other studies which shows that marijuana has adverse side effects, and do not propose that marijuana is safe. Since a comparison study of a group with no drug use was not conducted, further research needs to be conducted to determine the correlation between marijuana use and health status.
Although this article provides adequate variables, it does not evidence, it does not confirm their hypothesis. Since research is primarily based on self-reporting tools, its accuracy is inconclusive. While the authors claim not to have any conflict of interest, it appears that their research is biased because by their own admission the limitation of the study did not produce irrefutable results. Therefore, I agree that additional studies need to bee conducted about the long-term effects of marijuana use on health and healthcare outcomes.
Hall, W. (2015). What has research over the past two decades revealed about the adverse health effects of recreational cannabis use?. Addiction, 110(1), 19-35. doi:10.1111/add.12703
Given that recreational cannabis use has become as common as tobacco use in teens and young adults particularly in low and middle-income countries, the purpose of this literary review was to examine the problems associated with its use over the past two decades. Hall analyzed literature from previous studies conducted in 1993 and compared them to conclusions from studies conducted in 2013. The study applied variables such as rules for making casual conclusions of previous studies, conclusions about probable causes of adverse health effects particularly when compared to the route of administration, as well as a comparison between the effects of cannabis to those of alcohol and tobacco use. The results of the literary study conclude that cannabis use has a significantly association with adverse health effects, and increased risks of cognitive impairment and psychotic episodes in young adults. In addition, cannabis use is associated with an increase in cancers and other chronic diseases. Hall asserts that since many cohort studies have been conducted around the world, researcher now know more about adverse health effects of cannabis used than their counterparts in 1993. He also admits that there are no overdoses with cannabis use, however, there is a significant risk when alcohol is consumed in conjunction to its use.
The literary review provides adequate evidence of the adverse health effects of cannabis use. It appears that Hall is unbiased because he applied rules for making casual conclusions pertaining to the results of various studies. The only weakness of this study is that Hall made casual conclusion on his review of prior studies. However, based on the breath, time frame, and extent of the literary analysis, no further studies need to be conducted.
Tyler, E., Jones, S., Black, N., Carter, L., & Barrowclough, C. (2015). The relationship between bipolar disorder and cannabis use in daily life: an experience sampling study. Plos ONE, 10(3), 1-15. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118916
Since there is insufficient data about the effectiveness of cannabis in persons bipolar disorder (BD), the purpose of the authors study was to examine the effects its daily use. They hypothesized that: 1). cannabis use to self-medicate would increase as BD symptom change 2). cannabis use would intensify manic and depressive effects of BD sufferers. The authors analyzed other literatures about bipolar disorder and cannabis use, and conducted their own research by using the experienced sampling method (ESM). While the study did require BD sufferers who used cannabis at least twice a week, it excluded those who were severely affected by their symptoms. Twenty-four study participants were prompted at random times to answer a series of questions regarding their thoughts, BD symptomatology, and cannabis use over a six-day period. Variables such as age, gender, other drugs, alcohol, type of cannabis, and total cannabis use, were factored into the results of the study. In addition, dependent variables such as prior positive and negative effects, and prior mania and depression were used to study the effects of cannabis use for self-medication. The results of the study revealed that cannabis use to self-medicate did not increase as BD symptoms changed. However, cannabis use increased the psychological effects of BD sufferers. There is evidence that dose and personal method of use increased symptoms of mania and depression. The EMS tracking allowed the participants to question their cannabis use and even accounted for a reduction of its use in some cases. In addition, the EMS method could be a valuable therapeutic tool in managing cannabis use for BD sufferers. Since cannabis use was self-reported and responses were limited to “yes” or “no,” there is insufficient data and additional studies need to be done to further study the effects of cannabis use by BD sufferers.
The research results suggest that cannabis use is associated with increased episodes of mania and depression in BD sufferers. And while the researchers sought to prove their hypotheses, they are biased because they utilized the same methods as those of previous studies which yielded the same results. I agree that due to the design and limitations of this study, the results cannot be viewed as conclusive. The study would have would have yielded different results if it study was conducted over a longer period of time with more participants, and included more self-reporting responses. While the EMS research is a valuable tool in monitoring cannabis use, the real problem that cannabis increases mania and depression cannot be ignored.
