ASSESSING THE GENITALIA AND RECTUM

Genitourinary Assessment Case Study

NURS 6512: Advanced Health Assessment

Dr. Lenora Wade

August 7th, 2022

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Case Study

CC: Increased frequency and pain with urination

HPI: T.S. is a 32-year-old woman who reports that for the past two days, she has dysuria,

frequency, and urgency. Has not tried anything to help with the discomfort. Has had this

symptom years ago. She is sexually active and has a new partner for the past 3 months.

Medical History: None

Surgical History: Tonsillectomy in 2001, Appendectomy in 2020

Review of Systems:

General: Denies weight change, positive for sleeping difficulty because e the flank pain. Feels

warm.

Abdominal: Denies nausea and vomiting. No appetite

Objective

VSS T =99.1F, P = 102/min, RR = 16/min, and BP = 116/74 mm Hg.

Pelvic Exam: mild tenderness to palpation in the suprapubic area

bimanual pelvic examination reveals normal-sized uterus and adnexa

no adnexal tenderness.

No vaginal discharge is noted.

The cervix appears normal.

Diagnostics: Urinalysis, STI testing, Pap smear

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Assessment: UTI, STI

Additional Subjective Data

Gender identity should never be assumed in this day or age. With gender identity, sexual

preferences should be discussed with the patient as well. Some patient’s sexual endeavors

involve inanimate objects that are harmful to the vaginal tissues. Does this patient know how

many sexual partners she has been with? Is she in a monogamous relationship? Has there been

any post-coideal bleeding or dyspareunia? A historical intake of past urinary tract infections

(UTIs), how many, and how were they treated? Any history of sexually transmitted infections

(STI)? Other information to note is the presence or absence of fever, chills, nausea, vomiting

(Ball et al, 2019, p 450).

The Genitourinary section of subjective data should be included with these symptoms.

Urinary symptoms such as dysuria, burning, frequency, and urgency should be further evaluated.

Is the dysuria acute or chronic? Where is the pain located? Does it happen with every single

urination? Does the pain start in the beginning, throughout, or at the end of urination? Does it

feel like the bladder is empty after voiding? Description of the urine can help identify a

hydration, infection, or kidney function status. Description of urine should include color,

presence of blood or particles, and clear or cloudy. Has the patient been experiencing any

nocturia, polyuria, or stress incontinence? Have they noticed any hesitancy, dribbling, or loss in

force of stream during urination? Has the patient noticed any passing of a stone or edema? Flank

pain was mentioned by the patient, but it does specify which side, how far the pain extends,

characteristics of the pain, or any associated factors with the pain. Is there an associated vaginal

symptom such as discharge, or bleeding? Abdominal distention, fullness, pressure, or cramping?

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There is no medical history noted so I assume the patient is not taking any medications,

but it is a good idea to still include ‘no current medications’ in the chart. Diuretics cause changes

in urinary symptoms that could mask or mimic conditions (Ball et al, p 450). Other history to

obtain include information about menstruation. Menarche, interval, duration, amount, and

common symptoms should be discussed. The use of pads versus tampons should also be

addressed. Personal hygiene should also be discussed since many of the symptoms and

conditions being suspected can be caused by poor hygiene. Does she do vaginal douching? Does

she use feminine wash? How does she clean after defecating? Does she urinate after sexual

intercourse?

Additional Objective Data

This provider did mention use of bimanual pelvic exam, but they did not mention the use

of a speculum. The cervix was noted at ‘appears normal’ but I am unsure if this means it was

palpated as normal or visualized with speculum. If it was visualized the color, position, size,

surface characteristics, discharge, and os should be noted. During the bimanual portion, cervical

movement should be nontender. The presence of friable tissue, red patchy areas, granular areas,

or white patches could indicate an infection (Ball et al, 2019, p 450).

Even though the symptoms have to do with the urinary tract, external genitalia should be

examined and palpated. Hair distribution and color should be noted. Labia majora and minora,

clitoris, urethral orifice, vaginal introitus, and perineum should be examined for coloration and

discharge. Any irritation, inflammation, excoriation, caking of discharge in the tissue folds could

be indicative of infection. The clitoris should be examined for size, atrophy, inflammation, or

adhesions. The urethral orifice and perineum should be inspected with special notes on the

presence or absence of polyps, discharge, caruncles, fistulas, inflammation, irritation, or dilation.

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Inspection and palpitation of the Bartholin glands separately should be done as these glands can

get infected as well. The documented bimanual exam should have noted the examination of the

vaginal wall. It should be smooth, homogeneous, and nontender. Its important to keep in mind

vaginal muscle tone and the presence of any cysts, nodules, masses, or growths. Other important

involved organs that were not mentioned is the uterus and ovaries. The uterus size, shape, and

position should be noted. Ovaries are palpable during a bimanual exam. They should be mildly

tender without enlargement or nodules (Ball et al, 2019, p 450). Visual inspection is important

when suspecting a UTI or STI. Palpation of the flank should also be performed and documented

since there is complaints of flank pain. Non-genitourinary exam should include palpation of

lymph nodes and visualization of the mouth and throat.

Is the assessment supported by the subjective and objective information? Why or why not?

Yes, the assessment is supported by the subjective and objective information gathered.

Even though this exam is missing key data helpful in accurately diagnosing. The information

given, such as dysuria, frequency, and urgency, are acceptable to opine UTI but diagnostic

studies are required for an official diagnosis. STI’s are being considered because her symptoms

appeared after a new sexual partner.

Appropriate Diagnostics

Urinalysis (UA) is used to evaluate multiple conditions, especially those that involve the

kidneys. UA can examine the acidity and concentration of urine. It also looks for evidence of

blood, nitrates, protein, ketones, sugar, bilirubin, and infection.

Pap smear is used to check for abnormal cervical cells indicating risk for cervical cancer.

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STI testing to rule out or confirm the presence of a sexually transmitted infection. This is

accomplished in multiple ways, depending on which infection is suspected. These tests can be

taken via blood, urine, or vaginal culture (Behzadi, Behzadi, & Pawlak-Adamska, 2019).

Diagnostic imaging such as an ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance

imaging (MRI) are used to visualize, structure, flow, and function. It can help detect physical

anomalies, obstructions, and calculi (Akhavan Sepahi & Mosavimovahed, 2021).

Reject or Accept Diagnosis? Differential Diagnosis

I accept the current diagnosis. Why the subjective and objective exam findings are

missing information. The data that is collected is very typical of a UTI or cystitis. UTI’s are also

a lot more common than my other diagnosis and the patient has had these symptoms in the past.

There is no vaginal discharge or sores noted, which leads me to believe that this condition is not

an STI. The presence of a low-grade fever of 99.1 indicated presence of infection. The

suprapubic tenderness and flank pain point to the reproductive and urinary systems being the site

of infection. This patient did not mention nausea, vomiting, or chills which leads me to believe

the infection has not spread into the kidneys.

Cystitis-is considered a UTI, but more specifically it is an infection of the bladder. Symptoms

include a strong urge to urinate, burning sensation when urinating, frequent urination, hematuria,

pelvic discomfort and pressure, cloudy or strong-smelling urine, and a low-grade fever.

Diagnosed with UA, culture, and diagnostic imaging (Alidjanov et al, 2019).

Hydronephrosis-Swelling of one or more kidneys as a result from buildup of urine. Usually

caused by an obstruction not allowing urine to drain. Symptoms are usually nonspecific and

include nausea, malaise, flank pain, and fever. Headache secondary to hypertension can also

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result from this. Some patients report tea-colored urine or gross hematuria. Examination

findings may include edema, hypertension, and oliguria (Patel & Batura, 2020).

Pyelonephritis-Infection of the kidneys. This results from a kidney stone or a UTI spreading

throughout the urinary tract and up to the kidneys. Symptoms include frequent painful urination,

back and/or groin pain, chills, fever, nausea, and vomiting. Diagnosed with a medical history,

physical exam, UA, culture, ultrasound or CT scan (Johnson & Russo, 2018).

Renal Calculi/Renal Calculi-Mineral deposit buildup in the kidney. Calculi often do not cause

symptoms until they move into a ureter. Symptoms include flank pain, groin/pelvic pain, painful

and burning urination, discolored urine, cloudy urine, persistent urge to urinate, nausea,

vomiting, and fever. Objective findings may include only tenderness to abdomen or groin upon

palpation. Calculi are often diagnosed with a UA, and diagnostic imaging (Ball et al, 2019, p

450).

Sexually Transmitted Infection-This can include Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, Trichomoniasis, or Type

2 Herpes Simplex. Gonorrhea often infects the urethra, rectum, or throat. Symptoms include

painful urination, increased vaginal discharge, abnormal vaginal bleeding, and abdominal or

pelvic pain. Chlamydia symptoms include painful urination, abnormal vaginal bleeding, foul

smelling discharge, or sores. Type 2 Herpes Simplex symptoms include sores, fever, swollen

lymph nodes, body aches, headache, decreased appetite, and pain at the site of infection.

Trichomoniasis is an infection caused by a parasite. Most people infected have little or no

symptoms. If symptoms are present, they can include itching, burning, redness, and tenderness

of the genitals, painful urination, and foul-smelling vaginal discharge. Laboratory tests and

cultures are used to diagnose STI’s (Olson et al, 2021).

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Resources

Akhavan Sepahi, M., & Mosavimovahed, M. (2021). Best Imaging Method for Detection of

Renal Stones. Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 35, 160.

https://doi.org/10.47176/mjiri.35.160

Alidjanov, J. F., Naber, K. G., Abdufattaev, U. A., Pilatz, A., Wagenlehner, F. M. (2019).

Reliability of symptom-based diagnosis of uncomplicated cystitis. Karger, 102(1), 83-95.

https://doi.org/10.1159/000493509

Ball, J. W., Dains, J. E., Flynn, J. A., Solomon, B. S., & Stewart, R. W. (2019). Seidel’s guide to

physical examinations: An interprofessional approach (9th ed.). St. louis, MO: Elsevier

Mosby.

Behzadi, P., Behzadi, E., & Pawlak-Adamska, E. A. (2019). Urinary tract infections (UTIs) or

genital tract infections (GTIs)? It's the diagnostics that count. GMS hygiene and infection

control, 14, Doc14. https://doi.org/10.3205/dgkh000320

Johnson, J. R & Russo, T. A. (2018). Acute pyelonephritis in adults. New England Journal of

Medicine, 378, 48-59. 10.1056/NEJMcp1702758

Olson, E., Gupta, K., Van Der Pol, B., Galbraith, J. W., & Geisler, W. (2021). Mycoplasma

genitalium infection in women reporting dysuria: A pilot study and review of the

literature. International Journal of STF and AIDS, 32(13).

https://doi.org/10.1177/09564624211030040

Patel, K. & Batura, D. (2020). An overview of hydronephosis in adults. British Journal of

Hospital Medicine, 81(1). https://doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2019.0274

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