Advanced pathophysiology

Running head: case study analysis 1

case study analysis 8

Prostatitis is a clinical condition that causes the presence of inflammation of excretory ducts of the prostate gland. There are four clinical variants of prostatitis syndrome identified as (1) asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis, (2) chronic pelvic pain syndrome, (3) chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP), and (4) acute bacterial prostatitis (ABP). Enterococci species, as well as gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae are the known causes for CBP and ABP. It has been noted that E-coli can be linked to primary cause of infections associated with the gram-negative cultured microorganisms such as P-euroginos, Serratia species, and Klebsiella species (McCance & Huether, 2018). The most common diagnosis of bacterial prostatitis is that of a urinary tract infection. Upon onset patient often exhibits low back perineal pain, fevers, and chills. Most patients develop some level of dysuria. Occasionally patients may experience lower urinary tract obstruction characterized by constricted urinary stream that requires medical intervention. Upon standing patient experiences pain due to pelvic muscle contraction. Palpitation of prostate often will reveal enlarged gland that is hard and warm to the touch (McCance & Huether, 2018).

STD’s Impact on Fertility

ABP in often linked to sexually transmitted diseases, or urinary tract infections. Acute prostatitis is reflected in an inflammation of the prostate gland located just beneath the bladder in men. The fertility of an individual can be affected by both chronic prostatitis and asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis that results in sperm being mixed with white blood cells, however, it should be noted that this condition is not associated with chronic pelvic pain. Medical research has shown that the function of the sperm; subsequently impacting the quality of the sperm, and resulting in infertility in males (Iliades et al., 2011).

Rise in Inflammatory Markers

High levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the blood is an indicator of inflammation. The natural body response to an injury or infection is through the development of inflammation. As the body responds the level of pro-inflammatory, as well as CRP, and cytokine increase levels. According to information provided by McCance and Huether (2018), CRP affixes itself in macrophages, as well as via bacteria in the complementary system. Factors which are causally related to STD’s are linked especially to mycoplasma genitalium and chlamydia trachomatis, both which subsequently are linked to chronic bacterial prostatitis. It has been proposed that the use of molecular techniques to establish the presence of STD’s contribute to infertility in both the infected individual and subsequent sexual partners (Magri et al, 2018).

Prostatitis – Causes of Systematic Reaction

Inflammation linked to prostatitis is an essential facet of prostatic growth and has been linked as an indicator in the presence of advanced prostatitis and that of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). If a patient fails to address the concerns and have proper medical management of the condition this can lead to acute chronic neuro-inflammation, which has been linked to affecting the nervous, and immune systems (Magri, 2018). Patients who have medical history of clinical chronic prostatitis are often lined as being predisposed to future developments of prostate cancer.

Splenectomy After Diagnosis of ITP

In the case of ITP, the spleen is linked to the destruction of platelets due to the antibodies which are coating platelet cells. Splenectomy is a treatment method that could raise the platelet counts and to mitigate the elimination of cells which are in circulation. Some studies have shown that the spleen can be a site related to antibody production there fore the removal of the spleen can decrease the production of anti-platelet antibodies. Splenectomies however are only recommended in severe circumstances, as there is medical research which has linked this procedure to increased risk of infection, as well as thrombosis (Magri, 2018).

Different Forms of Anemia

Anemia is a medical condition wherein there is not sufficient levels of red blood cells to deliver adequate oxygen to the body cells. Often classified under three general kinds: microcytic, macrocytic, and normocytic. The classification is based upon the size and hemoglobin content within the red blood cells. Microcytic is when red blood cells are smaller than normal, they often contain lower levels of oxygen. This form of anemia is often caused by iron deficiency, thalassemia, and pregnancy. Normocytic anemia is where red blood cells are oversized and is linked to chronic conditions. This form is linked to kidney disease, cancer, and chronic inflammatory disease. Macrocytic anemia is condition where red blood cell is larger, yet hemoglobin content is normal. This is often linked to vitamin B12, and folate deficiencies. (McCance & Huether, 2018).

Conclusion

Based on an assessment of the case study details provided the patient’s condition can be diagnosed as acute bacterial prostatitis. This condition is an excretory inflammation duct of the prostate glands. This condition is most associated with the presence of a urinary tract infection and characterized by a constricted urinary stream. Patients who are experiencing UTI exhibit symptoms such as fever, chills, lower back perineal pain, and subsequent development of dysuria. Treatment of ABP is crucial as when not treated properly can lead to infertility.

References

McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2018). Pathophysiology-E-book: the biologic basis for disease in adults and children. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Iliades, B. C., Levine, B., Divina, D., Alkon, C., Dunleavy, B. P., & Robinson, K. (2011.). Chronic Prostatitis and Fertility - Men's Health Center - Everyday Health. Retrieved from https://www.everydayhealth.com/mens-health/chronic-prostatitis-and-fertility.aspx

Magri, V., Boltri, M., Cai, T., Colombo, R., Cuzzocrea, S., De Visschere, P., ... & Leli, C. (2018). Multidisciplinary approach to prostatitis. 90(4), 227-248.