paper on price based product allocation for edge computing: market equilibrim approach

sample.zip

Home >Information Systems homework help >paper on price based product allocation for edge computing: market equilibrim approach

master-project-paper/main.tex

\input{master-project-paper/1-introduction} \input{master-project-paper/2-cip-code-11-taxonomy} \input{master-project-paper/3-cip-methodology} \input{master-project-paper/4-results-and-discussion} \input{master-project-paper/5-evaluation} \input{master-project-paper/6-conclusion}

master-project-paper/paper-bibliography.bib

\input{abbreviations.bib} @article{Brown:2017, author = {Brown, J. and Mehri, N. and Cummins, P. and Bahr, P.R. and Timilsina, P.}, title = "{{Understanding the enrollment trends among older learners in higher education in Ohio}}", journal = {Innovation in Aging}, volume = {1}, IGNOREnumber = {suppl_1}, pages = {1204-1204}, year = {2017}, month = {June}, abstract = "{Middle aged and older adults represent an increasingly important segment of the U.S.A. labor force. Lifelong learning is necessary to improve employment outcomes among these workers, who face rising demands for new and improved skills. Despite these trends, little is known about their patterns of enrollment at community colleges. We use data from Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), which is collected by the National Center for Education Statistics. Higher education institutions provide information on enrollments, program completions, graduation rates, and other institutional data. We examine age-based enrollment trends of older learners by part-time and full-time enrollment status for students enrolled in Ohio baccalaureate colleges and community colleges from 2005 to 2015. Unlike previous research that considers all age 25plus students as a homogeneous group, we divide older learners into three distinct age groups: 25-39, 40-64, and 65plus. Our results show that, following the great recession, which ended in 2009, enrollments for working age older learners (age 25-39 and 40-64) increased substantially. At four-year institutions, this enrollment bump was largely the result of increased full-time enrollment within the age 25--9 group. At community colleges, much of this increased enrollment was driven by increases in part-time enrollment by the age 40-64 group. These increases appear to be temporary, as enrollment levels in both cases return to near pre-recession levels by 2015. Enrollment patterns for the age 65+ group generally remained consistent over this same period. We discuss the implications of these trends and their relevance to education, employment, and retirement.}", doi = {10.1093/geroni/igx004.4380}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igx004.4380}, eprint = {https://academic.oup.com/innovateage/article-pdf/1/suppl\_1/1204/26110240/igx004.4380.pdf}, note = {\url{https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igx004.4380}, Accessed June 23, 2020} } @article{Miller2019, author = {Miller, Casey W. and Zwickl, Benjamin M. and Posselt, Julie R. and Silvestrini, Rachel T. and Hodapp, Theodore}, title = {{Typical physics Ph.D. admissions criteria limit access to underrepresented groups but fail to predict doctoral completion}}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, elocation-id = {eaat7550}, year = {2019}, numpages = 1, doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aat7550}, publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, abstract = {This study aims to understand the effectiveness of typical admissions criteria in identifying students who will complete the Physics Ph.D. Multivariate statistical analysis of roughly one in eight physics Ph.D. students from 2000 to 2010 indicates that the traditional admissions metrics of undergraduate grade point average (GPA) and the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) Quantitative, Verbal, and Physics Subject Tests do not predict completion as effectively admissions committees presume. Significant associations with completion were found for undergraduate GPA in all models and for GRE Quantitative in two of four studied models; GRE Physics and GRE Verbal were not significant in any model. It is notable that completion changed by less than 10\% for U.S. physics major test takers scoring in the 10th versus 90th percentile on the Quantitative test. Aside from these limitations in predicting Ph.D. completion overall, overreliance on GRE scores in admissions processes also selects against underrepresented groups.}, URL = {https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/1/eaat7550}, eprint = {https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/1/eaat7550.full.pdf}, journal = {Science Advances}, note = {\url{https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/1/eaat7550}, Accessed June 23, 2020} } @misc{NCESCollegeNavigator, title = {{COllege Navigator}}, author = {{National Center for Educational Statistics}}, year = 2020, note = {\url{https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/}, Accessed June 23, 2020} } @misc{NCESBlog, title = {{Introducing the 2020 Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) and Its Website}}, author = {{National Center for Educational Statistics}}, year = 2019, month = {July}, IGNOREnote = {\url{https://nces.ed.gov/blogs/nces/post/introducing-the-2020-classification-of-instructional-programs-cip-and-its-website}, Accessed June 23, 2020} } @misc{IPEDS, title = {{Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS)}}, author = {{National Center for Educational Statistics}}, year = 2020, note = {\url{https://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/}, Accessed June 23, 2020} } @misc{NCESCIPWizard, title = {{Welcome to the CIP Wizard!}}, author = {{National Center for Educational Statistics}}, year = 2020, note = {\url{https://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cipcode/wizard/}, Accessed June 23, 2020} } @inproceedings{hansen2012, author = {Hansen, Andrew and Neupane, Bikalpa and Lunt, Barry M. and Ofori, Richard}, title = {Identifying and Evaluating Information Technology Bachelor’s Degree Programs}, year = {2012}, isbn = {9781450316439}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2380790.2380796}, doi = {10.1145/2380790.2380796}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference on Research in Information Technology}, pages = {19–24}, numpages = {6}, location = {Calgary, Alberta, Canada}, series = {RIIT ’12} } @book{it2017report, author = {Task Group on Information Technology Curricula}, title = {Information Technology Curricula 2017: Curriculum Guidelines for Baccalaureate Degree Programs in Information Technology}, year = {2017}, isbn = {9781450364164}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, address = {New York, NY, USA} } @inproceedings{helps2005, author = {Helps, C. Richard G. and Lunt, Barry M. and Anthony, David K.}, title = {ABET Accreditation with IT Criteria}, year = {2005}, isbn = {1595932526}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/1095714.1095716}, doi = {10.1145/1095714.1095716}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Information Technology Education}, pages = {353–359}, numpages = {7}, keywords = {continuous improvement, CAC, accreditation, evaluation, ABET, assessment}, location = {Newark, NJ, USA}, series = {SIGITE ’05} } @inproceedings{lunt2019, author = {Lunt, Barry and Redfearn, Brady and Mitchell, Elizabeth and Tenney, Samuel and Williams, Cayman}, title = {Identifying and Evaluating Information Technology Baccalaureate Degree Programs per IT2017}, year = {2019}, isbn = {9781450369213}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3349266.3351413}, doi = {10.1145/3349266.3351413}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 20th Annual SIG Conference on Information Technology Education}, pages = {5–9}, numpages = {5}, keywords = {model curriculum, information technology}, location = {Tacoma, WA, USA}, series = {SIGITE ’19} } @inproceedings{lunt2016, author = {Lunt, Barry M. and Richmond, Kaylee and Rowe, Dale C.}, title = {A Profile of SIGITE/RIIT Authors}, year = {2016}, isbn = {9781450344524}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2978192.2978211}, doi = {10.1145/2978192.2978211}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference on Information Technology Education}, pages = {170–172}, numpages = {3}, keywords = {riit authors, sigite authors}, location = {Boston, Massachusetts, USA}, series = {SIGITE ’16} } @inproceedings{lunt2014, author = {Lunt, Barry M. and Paterson, Bill}, title = {An Academic Profile of IT Faculty in the USA}, year = {2014}, isbn = {9781450326865}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2656450.2656455}, doi = {10.1145/2656450.2656455}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference on Information Technology Education}, pages = {163–166}, numpages = {4}, keywords = {academic credentials, faculty profile, information technology faculty}, location = {Atlanta, Georgia, USA}, series = {SIGITE ’14} } @inproceedings{lunt2013, author = {Lunt, Barry M. and Adams, Michael Q.}, title = {Identifying Information Technology Graduate-Level Programs}, year = {2013}, isbn = {9781450322393}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2512276.2512280}, doi = {10.1145/2512276.2512280}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 14th Annual ACM SIGITE Conference on Information Technology Education}, pages = {55–58}, numpages = {4}, keywords = {graduate programs, information technology}, location = {Orlando, Florida, USA}, series = {SIGITE ’13} } @techreport{lunt2008, author = {Lunt, Barry and Ekstrom, Joseph and Gorka, Sandra and Hislop, Greg and Kamali, Reza and Lawson, Eydie and LeBlanc, Richard and Miller, Jacob and Reichgelt, Han}, title = {Curriculum Guidelines for Undergraduate Degree Programs in Information Technology}, year = {2008}, institution = {ACM/IEEE Task Force}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, address = {New York, NY, USA} } @inproceedings{murray2017, author = {Murray, Scott and Gorka, Sandra and Rutherfoord, Becky and Sabin, Mihaela}, title = {Revising the ABET Information Technology Criteria to Reflect the IT 2017 Curriculum Guidelines}, year = {2018}, isbn = {9781450359542}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3241815.3241843}, doi = {10.1145/3241815.3241843}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 19th Annual SIG Conference on Information Technology Education}, pages = {184–185}, numpages = {2}, keywords = {computing programs, information technology programs, industry perspectives, it program accreditation}, location = {Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA}, series = {SIGITE ’18} } @techreport{nsf2019, author = {National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics}, title = {Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities in Science and Engineering: 2019}, institution = {NSF}, year = 2019, number = {NSF 19-304}, address = {Alexandria, VA}, url = {https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/wmpd} } @inproceedings{raj2017, author = {Raj, Rajendra K. and Leone, Jim and Parrish, Allen and Sabin, Mihaela}, title = {Rebooting Information Technology Programs: Panel}, year = {2017}, isbn = {9781450351003}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3125659.3125671}, doi = {10.1145/3125659.3125671}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference on Information Technology Education}, pages = {133–134}, numpages = {2}, keywords = {technological change, information technology programs, gender gap, computing programs, diversity, program accreditation}, location = {Rochester, New York, USA}, series = {SIGITE ’17} } @article{raj2007, author = {Raj, Rajendra K. and Kay, Jennifer S. and Bernstein, Herbert J. and Okasaki, Chris and Forbes, Jeffrey and Teller, Virginia}, title = {Broken or Not? Fixing Undergraduate Computing Education in a Multi-Disciplinary World}, year = {2007}, issue_date = {June 2007}, publisher = {Consortium for Computing Sciences in Colleges}, address = {Evansville, IN, USA}, volume = {22}, number = {6}, issn = {1937-4771}, journal = {J. Comput. Sci. Coll.}, month = jun, pages = {53–55}, numpages = {3} } @inproceedings{rowe2011, author = {Rowe, Dale C. and Lunt, Barry M. and Helps, Richard G.}, title = {An Assessment Framework for Identifying Information Technology Programs}, year = {2011}, isbn = {9781450310178}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2047594.2047630}, doi = {10.1145/2047594.2047630}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Information Technology Education}, pages = {123–128}, numpages = {6}, keywords = {information technology, model curriculum}, location = {West Point, New York, USA}, series = {SIGITE ’11} } @inproceedings{sabin2018, author = {Sabin, Mihaela and Snow, Paul and Simon and Impagliazzo, John and Clear, Alison and Timanovsky, Yan}, title = {Representative Names of Computing Degree Programs Worldwide}, year = {2018}, isbn = {9781450363402}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3160489.3160501}, doi = {10.1145/3160489.3160501}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 20th Australasian Computing Education Conference}, pages = {105–112}, numpages = {8}, keywords = {international computing education, computing terminology, computing program names, computing nomenclature}, location = {Brisbane, Queensland, Australia}, series = {ACE ’18} } @inproceedings{spooner2000, author = {Spooner, David L.}, title = {A Bachelor of Science in Information Technology: An Interdisciplinary Approach}, year = {2000}, isbn = {1581132131}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/330908.331871}, doi = {10.1145/330908.331871}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Thirty-First SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education}, pages = {285–289}, numpages = {5}, location = {Austin, Texas, USA}, series = {SIGCSE ’00} } @article{zweben-cs2019, author = {Zweben, Stuart}, title = {Enrollment and Retention in U.S. Computer Science Bachelor’s Programs in 2016-17}, year = {2019}, issue_date = {December 2019}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, issn = {2153-2184}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3366690}, doi = {10.1145/3366690}, journal = {ACM Inroads}, month = nov, pages = {47–59}, numpages = {13} } @article{zweben-ndc2020, author = {Zweben, Stuart and Tims, Jodi and Timanovsky, Yan}, title = {ACM-NDC Study 2018--2019: Eighth Annual Study of Non-Doctoral-Granting Departments in Computing}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, IGNOREissn = {2153-2184}, IGNOREurl = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3349529}, IGNOREdoi = {10.1145/3349529}, journal = {ACM Inroads}, IGNOREmonth = aug, IGNOREpages = {40–54}, pages = {To appear in September 2020}, IGNOREnumpages = {15} } @article{williams2020, author = {Williams, Tiffani L.}, title = {Underrepresented Minority Considered Harmful, Racist Language}, year = {2020}, issue_date = {June 2020}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, volume = {63}, number = {6}, issn = {0001-0782}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3398386}, doi = {10.1145/3398386}, journal = {Commun. ACM}, month = jun, pages = {10–11}, numpages = {2} } @INPROCEEDINGS{SIGITE2017cyber, author = {Joseph J. Ekstrom and Barry M. Lunt and Allen Parrish and Rajendra K. Raj and Edward Sobiesk}, title = {Information Technology as a Cyber Science}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 37th SIGITE Technical Symposium on Information Technology Education (SIGITE '17)}, pages = {84-89}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York}, month = {October}, year = {2017}, } @INPROCEEDINGS{CISSE2018Parrish, AUTHOR = {Allen Parrish and Rajendra K. Raj and Edward Sobiesk and Andrew Hall and J. J. Ekstrom and Shannon Gorman}, TITLE = {The Evolution of Cybersecurity Education in Four-Year Undergraduate Programs}, BOOKTITLE = {2{2nd Colloquium for Information Systems Security Education (CISSE 2018)}}, PUBLISHER = {CISSE}, ADDRESS = {New Orleans}, MONTH = {June}, YEAR = {2018}, PAGES = {Presentation Only} } \endinput

master-project-paper/0-header.tex

\documentclass[sigconf]{acmart} \usepackage{booktabs} % to create formal tables \usepackage{url} % to cite web sites \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{makecell} \setcopyright{none} \acmConference[]{Master's Project Paper}{December 2020}{Manchester, NH} \begin{document} \title{This Is the Title of Your Paper} \author{Mihaela Sabin} \email{[email protected]} \affiliation{% \institution{Master Project in Information Technology} \institution{Department of Applied Engineering and Sciences} \institution{University of New Hampshire} \city{Manchester} \state{New Hampshire} \country{USA} } \begin{abstract} Enrollment, retention, and graduation rates of undergraduate students in Information Technology (IT) programs are useful measures of institutional performance. Disaggregated by demographics characteristics, such as gender, race, and ethnicity, analysis of student data across IT programs in the U.S. supports the exploration of the breadth and diversity of student participation in IT. Evaluating undergraduate IT programs is particularly challenging for multiple factors, including: IT programs are not always titled "Information Technology"; IT programs are not always ABET-accredited; and IT programs may be housed in various academic units, such as business, computing, engineering, technology, or information sciences. This paper builds on prior work used to identify IT programs in the U.S., including the National Center for Education Statistics' Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) codes, specifically CIP code 11 that designates IT and other computing programs. It also refines CIP code-based program identification and then analyzes 2017-2018 student data from the National Student Clearinghouse Research Center to evaluate IT programs through a student participation lens. The in-depth analysis of student enrollment, retention, and graduation is intended to support IT programs with designing more inclusive learning environments that increase participation of all students, in particular women and racial and ethnic minority students. This paper finally signals the importance of CIP codes that designate IT programs and focuses attention to the role that faculty, IT programs, and SIGITE community at large need to have in CIP code selection to further advance research in IT education. \end{abstract} \keywords{Information technology programs, computing programs, IT program accreditation, industry perspectives} \maketitle \input{main} \bibliographystyle{ACM-Reference-Format} \bibliography{paper-bibliography} \end{document} \endinput

master-project-paper/acmart.cls

%% %% This is file `acmart.cls', %% generated with the docstrip utility. %% %% The original source files were: %% %% acmart.dtx (with options: `class') %% %% IMPORTANT NOTICE: %% %% For the copyright see the source file. %% %% Any modified versions of this file must be renamed %% with new filenames distinct from acmart.cls. %% %% For distribution of the original source see the terms %% for copying and modification in the file acmart.dtx. %% %% This generated file may be distributed as long as the %% original source files, as listed above, are part of the %% same distribution. (The sources need not necessarily be %% in the same archive or directory.) %% \CharacterTable %% {Upper-case \A\B\C\D\E\F\G\H\I\J\K\L\M\N\O\P\Q\R\S\T\U\V\W\X\Y\Z %% Lower-case \a\b\c\d\e\f\g\h\i\j\k\l\m\n\o\p\q\r\s\t\u\v\w\x\y\z %% Digits \0\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8\9 %% Exclamation \! Double quote \" Hash (number) \# %% Dollar \$ Percent \% Ampersand \& %% Acute accent \' Left paren $ Right paren $ %% Asterisk \* Plus \+ Comma \, %% Minus \- Point \. Solidus \/ %% Colon \: Semicolon \; Less than \< %% Equals \= Greater than \> Question mark \? %% Commercial at \@ Left bracket \[ Backslash \\ %% Right bracket \] Circumflex \^ Underscore \_ %% Grave accent \` Left brace \{ Vertical bar \| %% Right brace \} Tilde \~} \NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} \ProvidesClass{acmart} [2019/04/22 v1.60 Typesetting articles for the Association for Computing Machinery] \def\@classname{acmart} \InputIfFileExists{acmart-preload-hook.tex}{% \ClassWarning{\@classname}{% I am loading acmart-preload-hook.tex. You are fully responsible for any problems from now on.}}{} \RequirePackage{xkeyval} \RequirePackage{xstring} \define@choicekey*+{acmart.cls}{format}[\ACM@format\ACM@format@nr]{% manuscript, acmsmall, acmlarge, acmtog, sigconf, siggraph, sigplan, sigchi, sigchi-a}[manuscript]{}{% \ClassError{\@classname}{The option format must be manuscript, acmsmall, acmlarge, acmtog, sigconf, siggraph, sigplan, sigchi or sigchi-a}} \def\@DeclareACMFormat#1{\DeclareOptionX{#1}{\setkeys{acmart.cls}{format=#1}}} \@DeclareACMFormat{manuscript} \@DeclareACMFormat{acmsmall} \@DeclareACMFormat{acmlarge} \@DeclareACMFormat{acmtog} \@DeclareACMFormat{sigconf} \@DeclareACMFormat{siggraph} \@DeclareACMFormat{sigplan} \@DeclareACMFormat{sigchi} \@DeclareACMFormat{sigchi-a} \ExecuteOptionsX{format} \define@boolkey+{acmart.cls}[@ACM@]{screen}[true]{% \if@ACM@screen \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Using screen mode}% \else \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Not using screen mode}% \fi}{\PackageError{\@classname}{The option screen can be either true or false}} \ExecuteOptionsX{screen=false} \define@boolkey+{acmart.cls}[@ACM@]{urlbreakonhyphens}[true]{% \if@ACM@urlbreakonhyphens \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Using breaking urls on hyphens}% \else \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Not breaking urls on hyphens}% \fi}{\PackageError{\@classname}{The option urlbreakonhyphens can be either true or false}} \ExecuteOptionsX{urlbreakonhyphens=true} \define@boolkey+{acmart.cls}[@ACM@]{acmthm}[true]{% \if@ACM@acmthm \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Requiring acmthm}% \else \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Suppressing acmthm}% \fi}{\PackageError{\@classname}{The option acmthm can be either true or false}} \ExecuteOptionsX{acmthm=true} \define@boolkey+{acmart.cls}[@ACM@]{review}[true]{% \if@ACM@review \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Using review mode}% \AtBeginDocument{\@ACM@printfoliostrue}% \else \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Not using review mode}% \fi}{\PackageError{\@classname}{The option review can be either true or false}} \ExecuteOptionsX{review=false} \define@boolkey+{acmart.cls}[@ACM@]{authorversion}[true]{% \if@ACM@authorversion \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Using authorversion mode}% \else \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Not using authorversion mode}% \fi}{\PackageError{\@classname}{The option authorversion can be either true or false}} \ExecuteOptionsX{authorversion=false} \define@boolkey+{acmart.cls}[@ACM@]{nonacm}[true]{% \if@ACM@nonacm \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Using nonacm mode}% \AtBeginDocument{\@ACM@printacmreffalse}% % in 'nonacm' mode we disable the "ACM Reference Format" % printing by default, but this can be re-enabled by the % user using \settopmatter{printacmref=true} \else \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Not using nonacm mode}% \fi}{\PackageError{\@classname}{The option nonacm can be either true or false}} \ExecuteOptionsX{nonacm=false} \define@boolkey+{acmart.cls}[@ACM@]{balance}[true]{}{% \PackageError{\@classname}{The option balance can be either true or false}} \ExecuteOptionsX{balance} \define@boolkey+{acmart.cls}[@ACM@]{natbib}[true]{% \if@ACM@natbib \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Explicitly selecting natbib mode}% \else \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Explicitly deselecting natbib mode}% \fi}{\PackageError{\@classname}{The option natbib can be either true or false}} \ExecuteOptionsX{natbib=true} \define@boolkey+{acmart.cls}[@ACM@]{anonymous}[true]{% \if@ACM@anonymous \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Using anonymous mode}% \else \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Not using anonymous mode}% \fi}{\PackageError{\@classname}{The option anonymous can be either true or false}} \ExecuteOptionsX{anonymous=false} \define@boolkey+{acmart.cls}[@ACM@]{timestamp}[true]{% \if@ACM@timestamp \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Using timestamp mode}% \else \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Not using timestamp mode}% \fi}{\PackageError{\@classname}{The option timestamp can be either true or false}} \ExecuteOptionsX{timestamp=false} \define@boolkey+{acmart.cls}[@ACM@]{authordraft}[true]{% \if@ACM@authordraft \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Using authordraft mode}% \@ACM@timestamptrue \@ACM@reviewtrue \else \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Not using authordraft mode}% \fi}{\PackageError{\@classname}{The option authordraft can be either true or false}} \ExecuteOptionsX{authordraft=false} \def\ACM@fontsize{} \DeclareOptionX{9pt}{\edef\ACM@fontsize{\CurrentOption}} \DeclareOptionX{10pt}{\edef\ACM@fontsize{\CurrentOption}} \DeclareOptionX{11pt}{\edef\ACM@fontsize{\CurrentOption}} \DeclareOptionX{12pt}{\edef\ACM@fontsize{\CurrentOption}} \DeclareOptionX{draft}{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{amsart}} \DeclareOptionX{*}{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{amsart}} \ProcessOptionsX \ClassInfo{\@classname}{Using format \ACM@format, number \ACM@format@nr} \newif\if@ACM@manuscript \newif\if@ACM@journal \newif\if@ACM@journal@bibstrip \newif\if@ACM@sigchiamode \ifnum\ACM@format@nr=5\relax % siggraph \ClassWarning{\@classname}{The format siggraph is now obsolete. I am switching to sigconf.} \setkeys{acmart.cls}{format=sigconf} \fi \ifnum\ACM@format@nr=0\relax \@ACM@manuscripttrue \else \@ACM@manuscriptfalse \fi \@ACM@sigchiamodefalse \ifcase\ACM@format@nr \relax % manuscript \@ACM@journaltrue \or % acmsmall \@ACM@journaltrue \or % acmlarge \@ACM@journaltrue \or % acmtog \@ACM@journaltrue \or % sigconf \@ACM@journalfalse \or % siggraph \@ACM@journalfalse \or % sigplan \@ACM@journalfalse \or % sigchi \@ACM@journalfalse \or % sigchi-a \@ACM@journalfalse \@ACM@sigchiamodetrue \fi \if@ACM@journal \@ACM@journal@bibstriptrue \else \@ACM@journal@bibstripfalse \fi \ifx\ACM@fontsize\@empty \ifcase\ACM@format@nr \relax % manuscript \def\ACM@fontsize{9pt}% \or % acmsmall \def\ACM@fontsize{10pt}% \or % acmlarge \def\ACM@fontsize{10pt}% \or % acmtog \def\ACM@fontsize{9pt}% \or % sigconf \def\ACM@fontsize{9pt}% \or % siggraph \def\ACM@fontsize{9pt}% \or % sigplan \def\ACM@fontsize{10pt}% \or % sigchi \def\ACM@fontsize{10pt}% \or % sigchi-a \def\ACM@fontsize{10pt}% \fi \fi \ClassInfo{\@classname}{Using fontsize \ACM@fontsize} \LoadClass[\ACM@fontsize, reqno]{amsart} \RequirePackage{microtype} \RequirePackage{etoolbox} \RequirePackage{booktabs} \RequirePackage{refcount} \RequirePackage{totpages} \RequirePackage{environ} \if@ACM@manuscript \RequirePackage{setspace} \onehalfspacing \fi \RequirePackage{textcase} \if@ACM@natbib \RequirePackage{natbib} \renewcommand{\bibsection}{% \section*{\refname}% \phantomsection\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\refname}% } \renewcommand{\bibfont}{\bibliofont} \renewcommand\setcitestyle[1]{ \@for\@tempa:=#1\do {\def\@tempb{round}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb \renewcommand\NAT@open{(}\renewcommand\NAT@close{)}\fi \def\@tempb{square}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb \renewcommand\NAT@open{[}\renewcommand\NAT@close{]}\fi \def\@tempb{angle}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb \renewcommand\NAT@open{$<$}\renewcommand\NAT@close{$>$}\fi \def\@tempb{curly}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb \renewcommand\NAT@open{\{}\renewcommand\NAT@close{\}}\fi \def\@tempb{semicolon}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb \renewcommand\NAT@sep{;}\fi \def\@tempb{colon}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb \renewcommand\NAT@sep{;}\fi \def\@tempb{comma}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb \renewcommand\NAT@sep{,}\fi \def\@tempb{authoryear}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb \NAT@numbersfalse\fi \def\@tempb{numbers}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb \NAT@numberstrue\NAT@superfalse\fi \def\@tempb{super}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb \NAT@numberstrue\NAT@supertrue\fi \def\@tempb{nobibstyle}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb \let\bibstyle=\@gobble\fi \def\@tempb{bibstyle}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb \let\bibstyle=\@citestyle\fi \def\@tempb{sort}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb \def\NAT@sort{\@ne}\fi \def\@tempb{nosort}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb \def\NAT@sort{\z@}\fi \def\@tempb{compress}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb \def\NAT@cmprs{\@ne}\fi \def\@tempb{nocompress}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb \def\NAT@cmprs{\z@}\fi \def\@tempb{sort&compress}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb \def\NAT@sort{\@ne}\def\NAT@cmprs{\@ne}\fi \def\@tempb{mcite}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb \let\NAT@merge\@ne\fi \def\@tempb{merge}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb \@ifnum{\NAT@merge<\tw@}{\let\NAT@merge\tw@}{}\fi \def\@tempb{elide}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb \@ifnum{\NAT@merge<\thr@@}{\let\NAT@merge\thr@@}{}\fi \def\@tempb{longnamesfirst}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb \NAT@longnamestrue\fi \def\@tempb{nonamebreak}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb \def\NAT@nmfmt#1{\mbox{\NAT@up#1}}\fi \expandafter\NAT@find@eq\@tempa=\relax\@nil \if\@tempc\relax\else \expandafter\NAT@rem@eq\@tempc \def\@tempb{open}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb \xdef\NAT@open{\@tempc}\fi \def\@tempb{close}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb \xdef\NAT@close{\@tempc}\fi \def\@tempb{aysep}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb \xdef\NAT@aysep{\@tempc}\fi \def\@tempb{yysep}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb \xdef\NAT@yrsep{\@tempc}\fi \def\@tempb{notesep}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb \xdef\NAT@cmt{\@tempc}\fi \def\@tempb{citesep}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb \xdef\NAT@sep{\@tempc}\fi \fi }% \NAT@@setcites } \renewcommand\citestyle[1]{% \ifcsname bibstyle@#1\endcsname% \csname bibstyle@#1\endcsname\let\bibstyle\@gobble% \else% \@latex@error{Undefined `#1' citestyle}% \fi }% \fi \newcommand{\bibstyle@acmauthoryear}{% \setcitestyle{% authoryear,% open={[},close={]},citesep={;},% aysep={},yysep={,},% notesep={, }}} \newcommand{\bibstyle@acmnumeric}{% \setcitestyle{% numbers,sort&compress,% open={[},close={]},citesep={,},% notesep={, }}} \if@ACM@natbib \citestyle{acmnumeric} \fi \def\@startsection#1#2#3#4#5#6{% \if@noskipsec \leavevmode \fi \par \@tempskipa #4\relax \@afterindenttrue \ifdim \@tempskipa <\z@ \@tempskipa -\@tempskipa \@afterindentfalse \fi \if@nobreak \everypar{}% \else \addpenalty\@secpenalty\addvspace\@tempskipa \fi \@ifstar {\@ssect{#3}{#4}{#5}{#6}}% {\@dblarg{\@sect{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4}{#5}{#6}}}} \def\@sect#1#2#3#4#5#6[#7]#8{% \edef\@toclevel{\ifnum#2=\@m 0\else\number#2\fi}% \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \let\@svsec\@empty \else \refstepcounter{#1}% \protected@edef\@svsec{\@seccntformat{#1}\relax}% \fi \@tempskipa #5\relax \ifdim \@tempskipa>\z@ \begingroup #6{% \@hangfrom{\hskip #3\relax\@svsec}% \interlinepenalty \@M #8\@@par}% \endgroup \csname #1mark\endcsname{#7}% \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else \@tochangmeasure{\csname the#1\endcsname}% \fi \addcontentsline{toc}{#1}{% \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else \protect\numberline{\csname the#1\endcsname}% \fi #7}% \else \def\@svsechd{% #6{\hskip #3\relax \@svsec #8}% \csname #1mark\endcsname{#7}% \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else \@tochangmeasure{\csname the#1\endcsname\space}% \fi \addcontentsline{toc}{#1}{% \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else \protect\numberline{\csname the#1\endcsname}% \fi #7}}% \fi \@xsect{#5}} \def\@xsect#1{% \@tempskipa #1\relax \ifdim \@tempskipa>\z@ \par \nobreak \vskip \@tempskipa \@afterheading \else \@nobreakfalse \global\@noskipsectrue \everypar{% \if@noskipsec \global\@noskipsecfalse {\setbox\z@\lastbox}% \clubpenalty\@M \begingroup \@svsechd \endgroup \unskip \@tempskipa #1\relax \hskip -\@tempskipa \else \clubpenalty \@clubpenalty \everypar{}% \fi}% \fi \ignorespaces} \def\@seccntformat#1{\csname the#1\endcsname\quad} \def\@ssect#1#2#3#4#5{% \@tempskipa #3\relax \ifdim \@tempskipa>\z@ \begingroup #4{% \@hangfrom{\hskip #1}% \interlinepenalty \@M #5\@@par}% \endgroup \else \def\@svsechd{#4{\hskip #1\relax #5}}% \fi \@xsect{#3}} \def\@starttoc#1#2{\begingroup\makeatletter \setTrue{#1}% \par\removelastskip\vskip\z@skip \@startsection{section}\@M\z@{\linespacing\@plus\linespacing}% {.5\linespacing}{\centering\contentsnamefont}{#2}% \@input{\jobname.#1}% \if@filesw \@xp\newwrite\csname tf@#1\endcsname \immediate\@xp\openout\csname tf@#1\endcsname \jobname.#1\relax \fi \global\@nobreakfalse \endgroup \addvspace{32\p@\@plus14\p@}% } \def\l@section{\@tocline{1}{0pt}{1pc}{2pc}{}} \def\l@subsection{\@tocline{2}{0pt}{1pc}{3pc}{}} \def\l@subsubsection{\@tocline{2}{0pt}{1pc}{5pc}{}} \def\@makefntext{\noindent\@makefnmark} \if@ACM@sigchiamode \long\def\@footnotetext#1{\marginpar{% \reset@font\small \interlinepenalty\interfootnotelinepenalty \protected@edef\@currentlabel{% \csname p@footnote\endcsname\@thefnmark }% \color@begingroup \@makefntext{% \rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces#1\@finalstrut\strutbox}% \color@endgroup}}% \fi \long\def\@mpfootnotetext#1{% \global\setbox\@mpfootins\vbox{% \unvbox\@mpfootins \reset@font\footnotesize \hsize\columnwidth \@parboxrestore \protected@edef\@currentlabel {\csname p@mpfootnote\endcsname\@thefnmark}% \color@begingroup\centering \@makefntext{% \rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces#1\@finalstrut\strutbox}% \color@endgroup}} \def\@makefnmark{\hbox{\@textsuperscript{\normalfont\@thefnmark}}} \let\@footnotemark@nolink\@footnotemark \let\@footnotetext@nolink\@footnotetext \RequirePackage[bookmarksnumbered,unicode]{hyperref} \pdfstringdefDisableCommands{% \def\addtocounter#1#2{}% \def\unskip{}% \def\textbullet{- }% \def\textrightarrow{ -> }% \def\footnotemark{}% } \urlstyle{rm} \ifcase\ACM@format@nr \relax % manuscript \or % acmsmall \or % acmlarge \or % acmtog \or % sigconf \or % siggraph \or % sigplan \urlstyle{sf} \or % sigchi \or % sigchi-a \urlstyle{sf} \fi \AtEndPreamble{% \if@ACM@urlbreakonhyphens \def\do@url@hyp{\do\-}% \fi \if@ACM@screen \hypersetup{colorlinks, linkcolor=ACMPurple, citecolor=ACMPurple, urlcolor=ACMDarkBlue, filecolor=ACMDarkBlue} \else \hypersetup{hidelinks} \fi \hypersetup{pdflang={en}, pdfdisplaydoctitle}} \if@ACM@natbib \let\citeN\cite \let\cite\citep \let\citeANP\citeauthor \let\citeNN\citeyearpar \let\citeyearNP\citeyear \let\citeNP\citealt \DeclareRobustCommand\citeA {\begingroup\NAT@swafalse \let\NAT@ctype\@ne\NAT@partrue\NAT@fullfalse\NAT@open\NAT@citetp}% \providecommand\newblock{}% \else \AtBeginDocument{% \let\shortcite\cite% \providecommand\citename[1]{#1}} \fi \newcommand\shortcite[2][]{% \ifNAT@numbers\cite[#1]{#2}\else\citeyearpar[#1]{#2}\fi} \def\bibliographystyle#1{% \ifx\@begindocumenthook\@undefined\else \expandafter\AtBeginDocument \fi {\if@filesw \immediate\write\@auxout{\string\bibstyle{#1}}% \fi}} \RequirePackage{graphicx} \RequirePackage[prologue]{xcolor} \definecolor[named]{ACMBlue}{cmyk}{1,0.1,0,0.1} \definecolor[named]{ACMYellow}{cmyk}{0,0.16,1,0} \definecolor[named]{ACMOrange}{cmyk}{0,0.42,1,0.01} \definecolor[named]{ACMRed}{cmyk}{0,0.90,0.86,0} \definecolor[named]{ACMLightBlue}{cmyk}{0.49,0.01,0,0} \definecolor[named]{ACMGreen}{cmyk}{0.20,0,1,0.19} \definecolor[named]{ACMPurple}{cmyk}{0.55,1,0,0.15} \definecolor[named]{ACMDarkBlue}{cmyk}{1,0.58,0,0.21} \if@ACM@authordraft \RequirePackage{draftwatermark} \SetWatermarkFontSize{0.5in} \SetWatermarkColor[gray]{.9} \SetWatermarkText{\parbox{12em}{\centering Unpublished working draft.\\ Not for distribution.}} \fi \RequirePackage{geometry} \ifcase\ACM@format@nr \relax % manuscript \geometry{letterpaper,head=13pt, marginparwidth=6pc,heightrounded}% \or % acmsmall \geometry{twoside=true, includeheadfoot, head=13pt, foot=2pc, paperwidth=6.75in, paperheight=10in, top=58pt, bottom=44pt, inner=46pt, outer=46pt, marginparwidth=2pc,heightrounded }% \or % acmlarge \geometry{twoside=true, head=13pt, foot=2pc, paperwidth=8.5in, paperheight=11in, includeheadfoot, top=78pt, bottom=114pt, inner=81pt, outer=81pt, marginparwidth=4pc,heightrounded }% \or % acmtog \geometry{twoside=true, head=13pt, foot=2pc, paperwidth=8.5in, paperheight=11in, includeheadfoot, columnsep=24pt, top=52pt, bottom=75pt, inner=52pt, outer=52pt, marginparwidth=2pc,heightrounded }% \or % sigconf \geometry{twoside=true, head=13pt, paperwidth=8.5in, paperheight=11in, includeheadfoot, columnsep=2pc, top=57pt, bottom=73pt, inner=54pt, outer=54pt, marginparwidth=2pc,heightrounded }% \or % siggraph \geometry{twoside=true, head=13pt, paperwidth=8.5in, paperheight=11in, includeheadfoot, columnsep=2pc, top=57pt, bottom=73pt, inner=54pt, outer=54pt, marginparwidth=2pc,heightrounded }% \or % sigplan \geometry{twoside=true, head=13pt, paperwidth=8.5in, paperheight=11in, includeheadfoot=false, columnsep=2pc, top=1in, bottom=1in, inner=0.75in, outer=0.75in, marginparwidth=2pc,heightrounded }% \or % sigchi \geometry{twoside=true, head=13pt, paperwidth=8.5in, paperheight=11in, includeheadfoot, columnsep=2pc, top=66pt, bottom=73pt, inner=54pt, outer=54pt, marginparwidth=2pc,heightrounded }% \or % sigchi-a \geometry{twoside=false, head=13pt, paperwidth=11in, paperheight=8.5in, includeheadfoot, marginparsep=72pt, marginparwidth=170pt, columnsep=20pt, top=72pt, bottom=72pt, left=314pt, right=72pt }% \@mparswitchfalse \reversemarginpar \fi \setlength\parindent{10\p@} \setlength\parskip{\z@} \ifcase\ACM@format@nr \relax % manuscript \or % acmsmall \or % acmlarge \or % acmtog \setlength\parindent{9\p@}% \or % sigconf \or % siggraph \or % sigplan \or % sigchi \or % sigchi-a \fi \setlength\normalparindent{\parindent} \def\copyrightpermissionfootnoterule{\kern-3\p@ \hrule \@width \columnwidth \kern 2.6\p@} \RequirePackage{manyfoot} \SelectFootnoteRule[2]{copyrightpermission} \DeclareNewFootnote{authorsaddresses} \SelectFootnoteRule[2]{copyrightpermission} \DeclareNewFootnote{copyrightpermission} \def\footnoterule{\kern-3\p@ \hrule \@width 4pc \kern 2.6\p@} \def\endminipage{% \par \unskip \ifvoid\@mpfootins\else \vskip\skip\@mpfootins \normalcolor \unvbox\@mpfootins \fi \@minipagefalse \color@endgroup \egroup \expandafter\@iiiparbox\@mpargs{\unvbox\@tempboxa}} \def\@textbottom{\vskip \z@ \@plus 1pt} \let\@texttop\relax \ifcase\ACM@format@nr \relax % manuscript \or % acmsmall \or % acmlarge \or % acmtog \flushbottom \or % sigconf \flushbottom \or % siggraph \flushbottom \or % sigplan \flushbottom \or % sigchi \flushbottom \or % sigchi-a \fi \RequirePackage{iftex} \ifPDFTeX \input{glyphtounicode} \pdfglyphtounicode{f_f}{FB00} \pdfglyphtounicode{f_f_i}{FB03} \pdfglyphtounicode{f_f_l}{FB04} \pdfglyphtounicode{f_i}{FB01} \pdfglyphtounicode{t_t}{0074 0074} \pdfglyphtounicode{f_t}{0066 0074} \pdfglyphtounicode{T_h}{0054 0068} \pdfgentounicode=1 \fi \RequirePackage{cmap} \newif\if@ACM@newfonts \@ACM@newfontstrue \IfFileExists{libertine.sty}{}{\ClassWarning{\@classname}{You do not have the libertine package installed. Please upgrade your TeX}\@ACM@newfontsfalse} \IfFileExists{zi4.sty}{}{\ClassWarning{\@classname}{You do not have the zi4 package installed. Please upgrade your TeX}\@ACM@newfontsfalse} \IfFileExists{newtxmath.sty}{}{\ClassWarning{\@classname}{You do not have the newtxmath package installed. Please upgrade your TeX}\@ACM@newfontsfalse} \if@ACM@newfonts \RequirePackage[T1]{fontenc} \ifxetex \RequirePackage[tt=false]{libertine} \setmonofont{inconsolata} \else \RequirePackage[tt=false, type1=true]{libertine} \fi \RequirePackage[varqu]{zi4} \RequirePackage[libertine]{newtxmath} \fi \let\liningnums\@undefined \AtEndPreamble{% \DeclareTextFontCommand{\liningnums}{\libertineLF}} \if@ACM@sigchiamode \renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault} \fi \newif\if@Description@present \@Description@presenttrue \newif\if@undescribed@images \@undescribed@imagesfalse \newcommand\Description[2][]{\global\@Description@presenttrue\ignorespaces} \AtEndDocument{\if@undescribed@images \ClassWarningNoLine{\@classname}{Some images may lack descriptions}\fi} \AtBeginEnvironment{figure}{\@Description@presentfalse \let\@vspace\@vspace@orig \let\@vspacer\@vspacer@orig} \AtBeginEnvironment{figure*}{\@Description@presentfalse \let\@vspace\@vspace@orig \let\@vspacer\@vspacer@orig} \AtEndEnvironment{figure}{\if@Description@present\else \global\@undescribed@imagestrue \ClassWarning{\@classname}{A possible image without description}\fi} \AtEndEnvironment{figure*}{\if@Description@present\else \global\@undescribed@imagestrue \ClassWarning{\@classname}{A possible image without description}\fi} \AtBeginEnvironment{table}{\let\@vspace\@vspace@orig \let\@vspacer\@vspacer@orig} \AtBeginEnvironment{table*}{\let\@vspace\@vspace@orig \let\@vspacer\@vspacer@orig} \RequirePackage{caption, float} \captionsetup[table]{position=top} \if@ACM@journal \captionsetup{labelfont={sf, small}, textfont={sf, small}, margin=\z@} \captionsetup[figure]{name={Fig.}} \else \captionsetup{labelfont={bf}, textfont={bf}, labelsep=colon, margin=\z@} \ifcase\ACM@format@nr \relax % manuscript \or % acmsmall \or % acmlarge \or % acmtog \or % sigconf \or % siggraph \captionsetup{textfont={it}} \or % sigplan \captionsetup{labelfont={bf}, textfont={normalfont}, labelsep=period, margin=\z@} \or % sigchi \captionsetup[figure]{labelfont={bf, small}, textfont={bf, small}} \captionsetup[table]{labelfont={bf, small}, textfont={bf, small}} \or % sigchi-a \captionsetup[figure]{labelfont={bf, small}, textfont={bf, small}} \captionsetup[table]{labelfont={bf, small}, textfont={bf, small}} \fi \fi \newfloat{sidebar}{}{sbar} \floatname{sidebar}{Sidebar} \renewenvironment{sidebar}{\Collect@Body\@sidebar}{} \long\def\@sidebar#1{\bgroup\let\@vspace\@vspace@orig \let\@vspacer\@vspacer@orig\captionsetup{type=sidebar}% \marginpar{\small#1}\egroup} \newenvironment{marginfigure}{\Collect@Body\@marginfigure}{} \long\def\@marginfigure#1{\bgroup \let\@vspace\@vspace@orig \let\@vspacer\@vspacer@orig \captionsetup{type=figure}% \marginpar{\@Description@presentfalse\centering \small#1\if@Description@present\else \global\@undescribed@imagestrue \ClassWarning{\@classname}{A possible image without description} \fi}% \egroup} \newenvironment{margintable}{\Collect@Body\@margintable}{} \long\def\@margintable#1{\bgroup\let\@vspace\@vspace@orig \let\@vspacer\@vspacer@orig\captionsetup{type=table}% \marginpar{\centering\small#1}\egroup} \newdimen\fulltextwidth \fulltextwidth=\dimexpr(\textwidth+\marginparwidth+\marginparsep) \if@ACM@sigchiamode \def\@dblfloat{\bgroup\let\@vspace\@vspace@orig \let\@vspacer\@vspacer@orig\columnwidth=\fulltextwidth \let\@endfloatbox\@endwidefloatbox \def\@fpsadddefault{\def\@fps{tp}}% \@float} \fi \if@ACM@sigchiamode \def\end@dblfloat{% \end@float\egroup} \fi \def\@endwidefloatbox{% \par\vskip\z@skip \@minipagefalse \outer@nobreak \egroup \color@endbox \global\setbox\@currbox=\vbox{\moveleft \dimexpr(\fulltextwidth-\textwidth)\box\@currbox}% \wd\@currbox=\textwidth } \ifcase\ACM@format@nr \relax % manuscript \or % acmsmall \or % acmlarge \or % acmtog \or % sigconf \or % siggraph \or % sigplan \def\labelenumi{\theenumi.} \def\labelenumii{\theenumii.} \def\labelenumiii{\theenumiii.} \def\labelenumiv{\theenumiv.} \or % sigchi \or % sigchi-a \fi \newdimen\@ACM@labelwidth \AtBeginDocument{% \setlength\labelsep{4pt} \setlength{\@ACM@labelwidth}{6.5pt} %% First-level list: when beginning after the first line of an %% indented paragraph or ending before an indented paragraph, labels %% should not hang to the left of the preceding/following text. \setlength\leftmargini{\z@} \addtolength\leftmargini{\parindent} \addtolength\leftmargini{2\labelsep} \addtolength\leftmargini{\@ACM@labelwidth} %% Second-level and higher lists. \setlength\leftmarginii{\z@} \addtolength\leftmarginii{0.5\labelsep} \addtolength\leftmarginii{\@ACM@labelwidth} \setlength\leftmarginiii{\leftmarginii} \setlength\leftmarginiv{\leftmarginiii} \setlength\leftmarginv{\leftmarginiv} \setlength\leftmarginvi{\leftmarginv} \@listi} \newskip\listisep \listisep\smallskipamount \def\@listI{\leftmargin\leftmargini \labelwidth\leftmargini \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep \listparindent\z@ \topsep\listisep} \let\@listi\@listI \def\@listii{\leftmargin\leftmarginii \labelwidth\leftmarginii \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep \topsep\z@skip} \def\@listiii{\leftmargin\leftmarginiii \labelwidth\leftmarginiii \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep} \def\@listiv{\leftmargin\leftmarginiv \labelwidth\leftmarginiv \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep} \def\@listv{\leftmargin\leftmarginv \labelwidth\leftmarginv \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep} \def\@listvi{\leftmargin\leftmarginvi \labelwidth\leftmarginvi \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep} \renewcommand{\descriptionlabel}[1]{\upshape\bfseries #1} \renewenvironment{description}{\list{}{% \labelwidth\@ACM@labelwidth \let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}% }{ \endlist } \let\enddescription=\endlist % for efficiency \define@choicekey*+{ACM}{acmJournal}[\@journalCode\@journalCode@nr]{% CIE,% CSUR,% DTRAP,% HEALTH,% IMWUT,% JACM,% JDIQ,% JEA,% JERIC,% JETC,% JOCCH,% PACMCGIT,% PACMHCI,% PACMPL,% POMACS,% TAAS,% TACCESS,% TACO,% TALG,% TALLIP,% TAP,% TCPS,% TDS,% TEAC,% TECS,% THRI,% TIIS,% TIOT,% TISSEC,% TIST,% TKDD,% TMIS,% TOCE,% TOCHI,% TOCL,% TOCS,% TOCT,% TODAES,% TODS,% TOG,% TOIS,% TOIT,% TOMACS,% TOMM,% TOMPECS,% TOMS,% TOPC,% TOPS,% TOPLAS,% TOS,% TOSEM,% TOSN,% TRETS,% TSAS,% TSC,% TSLP,% TWEB% }{% \ifcase\@journalCode@nr \relax % CIE \def\@journalName{ACM Computers in Entertainment}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Comput. Entertain.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{1544-3574}% \or % CSUR \def\@journalName{ACM Computing Surveys}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Comput. Surv.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{0360-0300}% \or % DTRAP \def\@journalName{Digital Threats: Research and Practice}% \def\@journalNameShort{Digit. Threat. Res. Pract.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{2576-5337}% \or % HEALTH \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Comput. Healthcare}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{2637-8051}% \or % IMWUT \def\@journalName{Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies}% \def\@journalNameShort{Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{2474-9567}% \@ACM@screentrue \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Using screen mode due to \@journalCode}% \or % JACM \def\@journalName{Journal of the ACM}% \def\@journalNameShort{J. ACM}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{0004-5411}% \or % JDIQ \def\@journalName{ACM Journal of Data and Information Quality}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM J. Data Inform. Quality}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{1936-1955}% \or % JEA \def\@journalName{ACM Journal of Experimental Algorithmics}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM J. Exp. Algor.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{1084-6654}% \or % JERIC \def\@journalName{ACM Journal of Educational Resources in Computing}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM J. Edu. Resources in Comput.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{1073-0516}% \or % JETC \def\@journalName{ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM J. Emerg. Technol. Comput. Syst.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{1550-4832}% \or % JOCCH \def\@journalName{ACM Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM J. Comput. Cult. Herit.}% \or % PACMCGIT \def\@journalName{Proceedings of the ACM on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques}% \def\@journalNameShort{Proc. ACM Comput. Graph. Interact. Tech.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{2577-6193}% \@ACM@screentrue \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Using screen mode due to \@journalCode}% \or % PACMHCI \def\@journalName{Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction}% \def\@journalNameShort{Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{2573-0142}% \@ACM@screentrue \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Using screen mode due to \@journalCode}% \or % PACMPL \def\@journalName{Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages}% \def\@journalNameShort{Proc. ACM Program. Lang.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{2475-1421}% \@ACM@screentrue \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Using screen mode due to \@journalCode}% \or % POMACS \def\@journalName{Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems}% \def\@journalNameShort{Proc. ACM Meas. Anal. Comput. Syst.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{2476-1249}% \@ACM@screentrue \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Using screen mode due to \@journalCode}% \or % TAAS \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Autonom. Adapt. Syst.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{1556-4665}% \or % TACCESS \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Access. Comput.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{1936-7228}% \or % TACO \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Arch. Code Optim.}% \or % TALG \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Algorithms}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Algor.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{1549-6325}% \or % TALLIP \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Asian Low-Resour. Lang. Inf. Process.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{2375-4699}% \or % TAP \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Applied Perception}% \or % TCPS \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems}% \or % TDS \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Data Science}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Data Sci.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{2577-3224}% \or % TEAC \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Economics and Computation}% \or % TECS \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Embedd. Comput. Syst.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{1539-9087}% \or % THRI \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Hum.-Robot Interact.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{2573-9522}% \or % TIIS \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{2160-6455}% \or % TIOT \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Internet of Things}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Internet Things}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{2577-6207}% \or % TISSEC \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Information and System Security}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Info. Syst. Sec.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{1094-9224}% \or % TIST \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Intell. Syst. Technol.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{2157-6904}% \or % TKDD \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Knowl. Discov. Data.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{1556-4681}% \or % TMIS \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Management Information Systems}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Manag. Inform. Syst.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{2158-656X}% \or % TOCE \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Computing Education}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Comput. Educ.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{1946-6226}% \or % TOCHI \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{1073-0516}% \or % TOCL \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Computational Logic}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Comput. Logic}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{1529-3785}% \or % TOCS \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Computer Systems}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Comput. Syst.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{0734-2071}% \or % TOCT \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Computation Theory}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Comput. Theory}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{1942-3454}% \or % TODAES \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Des. Autom. Electron. Syst.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{1084-4309}% \or % TODS \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Database Systems}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Datab. Syst.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{0362-5915}% \or % TOG \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Graphics}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Graph.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{0730-0301} \or % TOIS \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Information Systems}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{1046-8188}% \or % TOIT \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Internet Technology}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Internet Technol.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{1533-5399}% \or % TOMACS \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Model. Comput. Simul.}% \or % TOMM \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications and Applications}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Multimedia Comput. Commun. Appl.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{1551-6857}% \def\@permissionCodeTwo{0100}% \or % TOMPECS \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Modeling and Performance Evaluation of Computing Systems}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Model. Perform. Eval. Comput. Syst.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{2376-3639}% \or % TOMS \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Math. Softw.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{0098-3500}% \or % TOPC \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Parallel Computing}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Parallel Comput.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{1539-9087}% \or % TOPS \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Priv. Sec.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{2471-2566}% \or % TOPLAS \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Program. Lang. Syst.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{0164-0925}% \or % TOS \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Storage}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Storage}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{1553-3077}% \or % TOSEM \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{1049-331X}% \or % TOSN \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Sensor Netw.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{1550-4859}% \or % TRETS \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Reconfig. Technol. Syst.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{1936-7406}% \or % TSAS \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Spatial Algorithms and Systems}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Spatial Algorithms Syst.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{2374-0353}% \or % TSC \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Social Computing}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Soc. Comput.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{2469-7818}% \or % TSLP \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Speech and Language Processing}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Speech Lang. Process.}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{1550-4875}% \or % TWEB \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on the Web}% \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Web}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{1559-1131}% \fi \ClassInfo{\@classname}{Using journal code \@journalCode}% }{% \ClassError{\@classname}{Incorrect journal #1}% }% \def\acmJournal#1{\setkeys{ACM}{acmJournal=#1}% \global\@ACM@journal@bibstriptrue} \def\@journalCode@nr{0} \def\@journalName{}% \def\@journalNameShort{\@journalName}% \def\@permissionCodeOne{XXXX-XXXX}% \def\@permissionCodeTwo{}% \newcommand\acmConference[4][]{% \gdef\acmConference@shortname{#1}% \gdef\acmConference@name{#2}% \gdef\acmConference@date{#3}% \gdef\acmConference@venue{#4}% \ifx\acmConference@shortname\@empty \gdef\acmConference@shortname{#2}% \fi \global\@ACM@journal@bibstripfalse } \if@ACM@journal\else \acmConference[Conference'17]{ACM Conference}{July 2017}{Washington, DC, USA}% \fi \def\acmBooktitle#1{\gdef\@acmBooktitle{#1}} \acmBooktitle{Proceedings of \acmConference@name \ifx\acmConference@name\acmConference@shortname\else \ (\acmConference@shortname)\fi} \def\@editorsAbbrev{(Ed.)} \def\@acmEditors{} \def\editor#1{\ifx\@acmEditors\@empty \gdef\@acmEditors{#1}% \else \gdef\@editorsAbbrev{(Eds.)}% \g@addto@macro\@acmEditors{\and#1}% \fi} \def\subtitle#1{\def\@subtitle{#1}} \subtitle{} \newcount\num@authorgroups \num@authorgroups=0\relax \newcount\num@authors \num@authors=0\relax \newif\if@insideauthorgroup \@insideauthorgroupfalse \renewcommand\author[2][]{% \IfSubStr{#2}{,}{\ClassWarning{\@classname}{Do not put several authors in the same \string\author\space macro!}}{}% \global\advance\num@authors by 1\relax \if@insideauthorgroup\else \global\advance\num@authorgroups by 1\relax \global\@insideauthorgrouptrue \fi \ifx\addresses\@empty \if@ACM@anonymous \gdef\addresses{\@author{Anonymous Author(s)% \ifx\@acmSubmissionID\@empty\else\\Submission Id: \@acmSubmissionID\fi}}% \gdef\authors{Anonymous Author(s)}% \else \gdef\addresses{\@author{#2}}% \gdef\authors{#2}% \fi \else \if@ACM@anonymous\else \g@addto@macro\addresses{\and\@author{#2}}% \g@addto@macro\authors{\and#2}% \fi \fi \if@ACM@anonymous \ifx\shortauthors\@empty \gdef\shortauthors{Anon. \ifx\@acmSubmissionID\@empty\else Submission Id: \@acmSubmissionID\fi}% \fi \else \def\@tempa{#1}% \ifx\@tempa\@empty \ifx\shortauthors\@empty \gdef\shortauthors{#2}% \else \g@addto@macro\shortauthors{\and#2}% \fi \else \ifx\shortauthors\@empty \gdef\shortauthors{#1}% \else \g@addto@macro\shortauthors{\and#1}% \fi \fi \fi} \newcommand{\affiliation}[2][]{% \global\@insideauthorgroupfalse \if@ACM@anonymous\else \g@addto@macro\addresses{\affiliation{#1}{#2}}% \fi} \define@boolkey+{@ACM@affiliation@}[@ACM@affiliation@]{obeypunctuation}% [true]{}{\ClassError{\@classname}{The option obeypunctuation can be either true or false}} \def\additionalaffiliation#1{\authornote{\@additionalaffiliation{#1}}} \def\@additionalaffiliation#1{\bgroup \def\position##1{\ignorespaces}% \def\institution##1{##1\ignorespaces}% \def\department{\@ifnextchar[{\@department}{\@department[]}}% \def\@department[##1]##2{\unskip, ##2\ignorespaces}% \let\streetaddress\position \let\city\position \let\state\position \let\postcode\position \let\country\position Also with #1\unskip.\egroup} \renewcommand{\email}[2][]{% \IfSubStr{#2}{,}{\ClassWarning{\@classname}{Do not put several addresses in the same \string\email\space macro!}}{}% \if@ACM@anonymous\else \g@addto@macro\addresses{\email{#1}{#2}}% \fi} \def\orcid#1{\unskip\ignorespaces} \def\authorsaddresses#1{\def\@authorsaddresses{#1}} \authorsaddresses{\@mkauthorsaddresses} \def\@titlenotes{} \def\titlenote#1{% \g@addto@macro\@title{\footnotemark}% \if@ACM@anonymous \g@addto@macro\@titlenotes{% \stepcounter{footnote}\footnotetext{Title note}}% \else \g@addto@macro\@titlenotes{\stepcounter{footnote}\footnotetext{#1}}% \fi} \def\@subtitlenotes{} \def\subtitlenote#1{% \g@addto@macro\@subtitle{\footnotemark}% \if@ACM@anonymous \g@addto@macro\@subtitlenotes{% \stepcounter{footnote}\footnotetext{Subtitle note}}% \else \g@addto@macro\@subtitlenotes{% \stepcounter{footnote}\footnotetext{#1}}% \fi} \def\@authornotes{} \def\authornote#1{% \if@ACM@anonymous\else \g@addto@macro\addresses{\@authornotemark}% \g@addto@macro\@authornotes{% \stepcounter{footnote}\footnotetext{#1}}% \fi} \newcommand\authornotemark[1][\relax]{% \ifx#1\relax\relax\relax \g@addto@macro\addresses{\@authornotemark}% \else \g@addto@macro\addresses{\@@authornotemark{#1}}% \fi} \def\acmVolume#1{\def\@acmVolume{#1}} \acmVolume{1} \def\acmNumber#1{\def\@acmNumber{#1}} \acmNumber{1} \def\acmArticle#1{\def\@acmArticle{#1}} \acmArticle{} \def\acmArticleSeq#1{\def\@acmArticleSeq{#1}} \acmArticleSeq{\@acmArticle} \def\acmYear#1{\def\@acmYear{#1}} \acmYear{\the\year} \def\acmMonth#1{\def\@acmMonth{#1}} \acmMonth{\the\month} \def\@acmPubDate{\ifcase\@acmMonth\or January\or February\or March\or April\or May\or June\or July\or August\or September\or October\or November\or December\fi~\@acmYear} \def\acmPrice#1{\def\@acmPrice{#1}} \acmPrice{15.00} \def\acmSubmissionID#1{\def\@acmSubmissionID{#1}} \acmSubmissionID{} \def\acmISBN#1{\def\@acmISBN{#1}} \acmISBN{978-x-xxxx-xxxx-x/YY/MM} \def\acmDOI#1{\def\@acmDOI{#1}} \acmDOI{10.1145/nnnnnnn.nnnnnnn} \newif\if@ACM@badge \@ACM@badgefalse \newlength\@ACM@badge@width \setlength\@ACM@badge@width{5pc} \newlength\@ACM@title@width \newlength\@ACM@badge@skip \setlength\@ACM@badge@skip{1pc} \newcommand\acmBadgeR[2][]{\@ACM@badgetrue \def\@acmBadgeR@url{#1}% \def\@acmBadgeR@image{#2}} \def\@acmBadgeR@url{} \def\@acmBadgeR@image{} \newcommand\acmBadgeL[2][]{\@ACM@badgetrue \def\@acmBadgeL@url{#1}% \def\@acmBadgeL@image{#2}} \def\@acmBadgeL@url{} \def\@acmBadgeL@image{} \def\startPage#1{\def\@startPage{#1}} \startPage{} \def\terms#1{\ClassWarning{\@classname}{The command \string\terms{} is obsolete. I am going to ignore it}} \def\keywords#1{\def\@keywords{#1}} \keywords{} \renewenvironment{abstract}{\Collect@Body\@saveabstract}{} \long\def\@saveabstract#1{\long\gdef\@abstract{#1}} \@saveabstract{} \long\def\@lempty{} \define@boolkey+{@ACM@topmatter@}[@ACM@]{printccs}[true]{% \if@ACM@printccs \ClassInfo{\@classname}{Printing CCS}% \else \ClassInfo{\@classname}{Suppressing CCS}% \fi}{\ClassError{\@classname}{The option printccs can be either true or false}} \define@boolkey+{@ACM@topmatter@}[@ACM@]{printacmref}[true]{% \if@ACM@printacmref \ClassInfo{\@classname}{Printing bibformat}% \else \ClassInfo{\@classname}{Suppressing bibformat}% \fi}{\ClassError{\@classname}{The option printacmref can be either true or false}} \define@boolkey+{@ACM@topmatter@}[@ACM@]{printfolios}[true]{% \if@ACM@printfolios \ClassInfo{\@classname}{Printing folios}% \else \ClassInfo{\@classname}{Suppressing folios}% \fi}{\ClassError{\@classname}{The option printfolios can be either true or false}} \define@cmdkey{@ACM@topmatter@}[@ACM@]{authorsperrow}[0]{% \IfInteger{#1}{\ClassInfo{\@classname}{Setting authorsperrow to #1}}{\ClassWarning{\@classname}{The parameter authorsperrow must be numerical. Ignoring the input #1}\gdef\@ACM@authorsperrow{0}}} \def\settopmatter#1{\setkeys{@ACM@topmatter@}{#1}} \settopmatter{printccs=true, printacmref=true} \if@ACM@manuscript \settopmatter{printfolios=true} \else \if@ACM@journal \settopmatter{printfolios=true} \else \settopmatter{printfolios=false} \fi \fi \settopmatter{authorsperrow=0} \def\@received{} \newcommand\received[2][]{\def\@tempa{#1}% \ifx\@tempa\@empty \ifx\@received\@empty \gdef\@received{Received #2}% \else \g@addto@macro{\@received}{; revised #2}% \fi \else \ifx\@received\@empty \gdef\@received{#1 #2}% \else \g@addto@macro{\@received}{; #1 #2}% \fi \fi} \AtEndDocument{% \ifx\@received\@empty\else \par\bigskip\noindent\small\normalfont\@received\par \fi} \RequirePackage{comment} \excludecomment{CCSXML} \let\@concepts\@empty \newcounter{@concepts} \newcommand\ccsdesc[2][100]{% \ccsdesc@parse#1~#2~~\ccsdesc@parse@end} \RequirePackage{textcomp} \def\ccsdesc@parse#1~#2~#3~{% \stepcounter{@concepts}% \expandafter\ifx\csname CCS@General@#2\endcsname\relax \expandafter\gdef\csname CCS@General@#2\endcsname{\textbullet\ \textbf{#2}}% \expandafter\gdef\csname CCS@Punctuation@#2\endcsname{; }% \expandafter\gdef\csname CCS@Specific@#2\endcsname{}% \g@addto@macro{\@concepts}{\csname CCS@General@#2\endcsname \csname CCS@Punctuation@#2\endcsname \csname CCS@Specific@#2\endcsname}% \fi \ifx#3\relax\relax\else \expandafter\gdef\csname CCS@Punctuation@#2\endcsname{ \textrightarrow\ }% \expandafter\g@addto@macro\expandafter{\csname CCS@Specific@#2\endcsname}{% \addtocounter{@concepts}{-1}% \ifnum#1>499\textbf{#3}\else \ifnum#1>299\textit{#3}\else #3\fi\fi\ifnum\value{@concepts}=0.\else; \fi}% \fi \ccsdesc@parse@finish} \def\ccsdesc@parse@finish#1\ccsdesc@parse@end{} \newif\if@printcopyright \@printcopyrighttrue \newif\if@printpermission \@printpermissiontrue \newif\if@acmowned \@acmownedtrue \define@choicekey*{ACM@}{acmcopyrightmode}[% \acm@copyrightinput\acm@copyrightmode]{none,% acmcopyright,acmlicensed,rightsretained,% usgov,usgovmixed,cagov,cagovmixed,licensedusgovmixed,% licensedcagov,licensedcagovmixed,othergov,licensedothergov,% iw3c2w3,iw3c2w3g}{% \@printpermissiontrue \@printcopyrighttrue \@acmownedtrue \ifnum\acm@copyrightmode=0\relax % none \@printpermissionfalse \@printcopyrightfalse \@acmownedfalse \fi \ifnum\acm@copyrightmode=2\relax % acmlicensed \@acmownedfalse \fi \ifnum\acm@copyrightmode=3\relax % rightsretained \@acmownedfalse \AtBeginDocument{\acmPrice{}}% \fi \ifnum\acm@copyrightmode=4\relax % usgov \@printpermissiontrue \@printcopyrightfalse \@acmownedfalse \AtBeginDocument{\acmPrice{}}% \fi \ifnum\acm@copyrightmode=6\relax % cagov \@acmownedfalse \fi \ifnum\acm@copyrightmode=8\relax % licensedusgovmixed \@acmownedfalse \fi \ifnum\acm@copyrightmode=9\relax % licensedcagov \@acmownedfalse \fi \ifnum\acm@copyrightmode=10\relax % licensedcagovmixed \@acmownedfalse \fi \ifnum\acm@copyrightmode=11\relax % othergov \@acmownedtrue \fi \ifnum\acm@copyrightmode=12\relax % licensedothergov \@acmownedfalse \fi \ifnum\acm@copyrightmode=13\relax % iw3c2w3 \@acmownedfalse \AtBeginDocument{\acmPrice{}}% \fi \ifnum\acm@copyrightmode=14\relax % iw3c2w3g \@acmownedfalse \AtBeginDocument{\acmPrice{}}% \fi} \def\setcopyright#1{\setkeys{ACM@}{acmcopyrightmode=#1}} \setcopyright{acmcopyright} \def\@copyrightowner{% \ifcase\acm@copyrightmode\relax % none \or % acmcopyright Association for Computing Machinery. \or % acmlicensed Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to ACM\@. \or % rightsretained Copyright held by the owner/author(s). \or % usgov \or % usgovmixed Association for Computing Machinery. \or % cagov Crown in Right of Canada. \or %cagovmixed Association for Computing Machinery. \or %licensedusgovmixed Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to ACM\@. \or % licensedcagov Crown in Right of Canada. Publication rights licensed to ACM\@. \or %licensedcagovmixed Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to ACM\@. \or % othergov Association for Computing Machinery. \or % licensedothergov Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to ACM\@. \or % ic2w3www IW3C2 (International World Wide Web Conference Committee), published under Creative Commons CC-BY~4.0 License. \or % ic2w3wwwgoogle IW3C2 (International World Wide Web Conference Committee), published under Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-ND~4.0 License. \fi} \def\@formatdoi#1{\url{https://doi.org/#1}} \def\@copyrightpermission{% \ifcase\acm@copyrightmode\relax % none \or % acmcopyright Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and\hspace*{.5pt}/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]. \or % acmlicensed Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and\hspace*{.5pt}/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]. \or % rightsretained Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner\hspace*{.5pt}/author(s). \or % usgov This paper is authored by an employee(s) of the United States Government and is in the public domain. Non-exclusive copying or redistribution is allowed, provided that the article citation is given and the authors and agency are clearly identified as its source. \or % usgovmixed ACM acknowledges that this contribution was authored or co-authored by an employee, contractor, or affiliate of the United States government. As such, the United States government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free right to publish or reproduce this article, or to allow others to do so, for government purposes only. \or % cagov This article was authored by employees of the Government of Canada. As such, the Canadian government retains all interest in the copyright to this work and grants to ACM a nonexclusive, royalty-free right to publish or reproduce this article, or to allow others to do so, provided that clear attribution is given both to the authors and the Canadian government agency employing them. Permission to make digital or hard copies for personal or classroom use is granted. Copies must bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the Canadian Government must be honored. To copy otherwise, distribute, republish, or post, requires prior specific permission and\hspace*{.5pt}/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]. \or % cagovmixed ACM acknowledges that this contribution was co-authored by an affiliate of the national government of Canada. As such, the Crown in Right of Canada retains an equal interest in the copyright. Reprints must include clear attribution to ACM and the author's government agency affiliation. Permission to make digital or hard copies for personal or classroom use is granted. Copies must bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. To copy otherwise, distribute, republish, or post, requires prior specific permission and\hspace*{.5pt}/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]. \or % licensedusgovmixed Publication rights licensed to ACM\@. ACM acknowledges that this contribution was authored or co-authored by an employee, contractor or affiliate of the United States government. As such, the Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free right to publish or reproduce this article, or to allow others to do so, for Government purposes only. \or % licensedcagov This article was authored by employees of the Government of Canada. As such, the Canadian government retains all interest in the copyright to this work and grants to ACM a nonexclusive, royalty-free right to publish or reproduce this article, or to allow others to do so, provided that clear attribution is given both to the authors and the Canadian government agency employing them. Permission to make digital or hard copies for personal or classroom use is granted. Copies must bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the Canadian Government must be honored. To copy otherwise, distribute, republish, or post, requires prior specific permission and\hspace*{.5pt}/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]. \or % licensedcagovmixed Publication rights licensed to ACM\@. ACM acknowledges that this contribution was authored or co-authored by an employee, contractor or affiliate of the national government of Canada. As such, the Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free right to publish or reproduce this article, or to allow others to do so, for Government purposes only. \or % othergov ACM acknowledges that this contribution was authored or co-authored by an employee, contractor or affiliate of a national government. As such, the Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free right to publish or reproduce this article, or to allow others to do so, for Government purposes only. \or % licensedothergov Publication rights licensed to ACM\@. ACM acknowledges that this contribution was authored or co-authored by an employee, contractor or affiliate of a national government. As such, the Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free right to publish or reproduce this article, or to allow others to do so, for Government purposes only. \or % iw3c2w3 This paper is published under the Creative Commons Attribution~4.0 International (CC-BY~4.0) license. Authors reserve their rights to disseminate the work on their personal and corporate Web sites with the appropriate attribution. \or % iw3c2w3g This paper is published under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs~4.0 International (CC-BY-NC-ND~4.0) license. Authors reserve their rights to disseminate the work on their personal and corporate Web sites with the appropriate attribution. \fi} \def\copyrightyear#1{\def\@copyrightyear{#1}} \copyrightyear{\@acmYear} \def\@teaserfigures{} \newenvironment{teaserfigure}{\Collect@Body\@saveteaser}{} \long\def\@saveteaser#1{\g@addto@macro\@teaserfigures{\@teaser{#1}}} \renewcommand{\thanks}[1]{% \@ifnotempty{#1}{% \if@ACM@anonymous \g@addto@macro\thankses{\thanks{A note}}% \else \g@addto@macro\thankses{\thanks{#1}}% \fi}} \newbox\mktitle@bx \def\maketitle{% \if@ACM@anonymous % Anonymize omission of \author-s \ifnum\num@authorgroups=0\author{}\fi \fi \begingroup \let\@vspace\@vspace@orig \let\@vspacer\@vspacer@orig \let\@footnotemark\@footnotemark@nolink \let\@footnotetext\@footnotetext@nolink \renewcommand\thefootnote{\@fnsymbol\c@footnote}% \hsize=\textwidth \def\@makefnmark{\hbox{\@textsuperscript{\@thefnmark}}}% \@mktitle\if@ACM@sigchiamode\else\@mkauthors\fi\@mkteasers \@printtopmatter \if@ACM@sigchiamode\@mkauthors\fi \setcounter{footnote}{0}% \def\@makefnmark{\hbox{\@textsuperscript{\normalfont\@thefnmark}}}% \@titlenotes \@subtitlenotes \@authornotes \let\@makefnmark\relax \let\@thefnmark\relax \let\@makefntext\noindent \ifx\@empty\thankses\else \footnotetextauthorsaddresses{% \def\par{\let\par\@par}\parindent\z@\@setthanks}% \fi \ifx\@empty\@authorsaddresses\else \if@ACM@anonymous\else \if@ACM@journal@bibstrip \footnotetextauthorsaddresses{% \def\par{\let\par\@par}\parindent\z@\@setauthorsaddresses}% \fi \fi \fi \if@ACM@nonacm\else\footnotetextcopyrightpermission{% \if@ACM@authordraft \raisebox{-2ex}[\z@][\z@]{\makebox[0pt][l]{\large\bfseries Unpublished working draft. Not for distribution.}}% \color[gray]{0.9}% \fi \parindent\z@\parskip0.1\baselineskip \if@ACM@authorversion\else \if@printpermission\@copyrightpermission\par\fi \fi \if@ACM@manuscript\else \if@ACM@journal@bibstrip\else % Print the conference information {\itshape \acmConference@shortname, \acmConference@date, \acmConference@venue}\par \fi \fi \if@printcopyright \copyright\ \@copyrightyear\ \@copyrightowner\\ \else \@copyrightyear.\ \fi \if@ACM@manuscript Manuscript submitted to ACM\\ \else \if@ACM@authorversion This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here for your personal use. Not for redistribution. The definitive Version of Record was published in \if@ACM@journal@bibstrip \emph{\@journalName}% \else \emph{\@acmBooktitle}% \fi \ifx\@acmDOI\@empty . \else , \@formatdoi{\@acmDOI}. \fi\\ \else \if@ACM@nonacm\else \if@ACM@journal@bibstrip \@permissionCodeOne/\@acmYear/\@acmMonth-ART\@acmArticle \ifx\@acmPrice\@empty\else\ \$\@acmPrice\fi\\ \@formatdoi{\@acmDOI}% \else % Conference \ifx\@acmISBN\@empty\else ACM~ISBN~\@acmISBN \ifx\@acmPrice\@empty.\else\dots\$\@acmPrice\fi\\\fi \ifx\@acmDOI\@empty\else\@formatdoi{\@acmDOI}\fi% \fi \fi \fi \fi} \fi \endgroup \setcounter{footnote}{0}% \@mkabstract \if@ACM@printccs \ifx\@concepts\@empty\else\bgroup {\@specialsection{CCS Concepts}% \@concepts\par}\egroup \fi \fi \ifx\@keywords\@empty\else\bgroup {\if@ACM@journal \@specialsection{Additional Key Words and Phrases}% \else \@specialsection{Keywords}% \fi \@keywords}\par\egroup \fi \andify\authors \andify\shortauthors \global\let\authors=\authors \global\let\shortauthors=\shortauthors \if@ACM@printacmref \@mkbibcitation \fi \hypersetup{% pdfauthor={\authors}, pdftitle={\@title}, pdfsubject={\@concepts}, pdfkeywords={\@keywords}, pdfcreator={LaTeX with acmart \csname [email protected]\endcsname\space and hyperref \csname [email protected]\endcsname}}% \global\@topnum\z@ % this prevents floats from falling % at the top of page 1 \global\@botnum\z@ % we do not want them to be on the bottom either \@printendtopmatter \@afterindentfalse \@afterheading } \def\@specialsection#1{% \ifcase\ACM@format@nr \relax % manuscript \par\medskip\small\noindent#1: % \or % acmsmall \par\medskip\small\noindent#1: % \or % acmlarge \par\medskip\small\noindent#1: % \or % acmtog \par\medskip\small\noindent#1: % \or % sigconf \section*{#1}% \or % siggraph \section*{#1}% \or % sigplan \paragraph*{#1}% \or % sigchi \section*{#1}% \or % sigchi-a \section*{#1}% \fi} \def\@printtopmatter{% \ifx\@startPage\@empty \gdef\@startPage{1}% \else \setcounter{page}{\@startPage}% \fi \thispagestyle{firstpagestyle}% \noindent \ifcase\ACM@format@nr \relax % manuscript \box\mktitle@bx\par \or % acmsmall \box\mktitle@bx\par \or % acmlarge \box\mktitle@bx\par \or % acmtog \twocolumn[\box\mktitle@bx]% \or % sigconf \twocolumn[\box\mktitle@bx]% \or % siggraph \twocolumn[\box\mktitle@bx]% \or % sigplan \twocolumn[\box\mktitle@bx]% \or % sigchi \twocolumn[\box\mktitle@bx]% \or % sigchi-a \par\box\mktitle@bx\par\bigskip \if@ACM@badge \marginpar{\noindent \ifx\@acmBadgeL@image\@empty\else \href{\@acmBadgeL@url}{% \includegraphics[width=\@ACM@badge@width]{\@acmBadgeL@image}}% \hskip\@ACM@badge@skip \fi \ifx\@acmBadgeR@image\@empty\else \href{\@acmBadgeR@url}{% \includegraphics[width=\@ACM@badge@width]{\@acmBadgeR@image}}% \fi}% \fi \fi } \def\@mktitle{% \ifcase\ACM@format@nr \relax % manuscript \@mktitle@i \or % acmsmall \@mktitle@i \or % acmlarge \@mktitle@i \or % acmtog \@mktitle@i \or % sigconf \@mktitle@iii \or % siggraph \@mktitle@iii \or % sigplan \@mktitle@iii \or % sigchi \@mktitle@iii \or % sigchi-a \@mktitle@iv \fi } \def\@titlefont{% \ifcase\ACM@format@nr \relax % manuscript \LARGE\sffamily\bfseries \or % acmsmall \LARGE\sffamily\bfseries \or % acmlarge \LARGE\sffamily\bfseries \or % acmtog \Huge\sffamily \or % sigconf \Huge\sffamily\bfseries \or % siggraph \Huge\sffamily\bfseries \or % sigplan \Huge\bfseries \or % sigchi \Huge\sffamily\bfseries \or % sigchi-a \Huge\bfseries \fi} \def\@subtitlefont{\normalsize \ifcase\ACM@format@nr \relax % manuscript \mdseries \or % acmsmall \mdseries \or % acmlarge \mdseries \or % acmtog \LARGE \or % sigconf \LARGE\mdseries \or % siggraph \LARGE\mdseries \or % sigplan \LARGE\mdseries \or % sigchi \LARGE\mdseries \or % sigchi-a \mdseries \fi} \def\@mktitle@i{\hsize=\textwidth \@ACM@title@width=\hsize \ifx\@acmBadgeL@image\@empty\else \advance\@ACM@title@width by -\@ACM@badge@width \advance\@ACM@title@width by -\@ACM@badge@skip \fi \ifx\@acmBadgeR@image\@empty\else \advance\@ACM@title@width by -\@ACM@badge@width \advance\@ACM@title@width by -\@ACM@badge@skip \fi \setbox\mktitle@bx=\vbox{\noindent\@titlefont \ifx\@acmBadgeL@image\@empty\else \raisebox{-.5\baselineskip}[\z@][\z@]{\href{\@acmBadgeL@url}{% \includegraphics[width=\@ACM@badge@width]{\@acmBadgeL@image}}}% \hskip\@ACM@badge@skip \fi \parbox[t]{\@ACM@title@width}{\raggedright \@titlefont\noindent \@title \ifx\@subtitle\@empty\else \par\noindent{\@subtitlefont\@subtitle} \fi}% \ifx\@acmBadgeR@image\@empty\else \hskip\@ACM@badge@skip \raisebox{-.5\baselineskip}[\z@][\z@]{\href{\@acmBadgeR@url}{% \includegraphics[width=\@ACM@badge@width]{\@acmBadgeR@image}}}% \fi \par\bigskip}}% \def\@mktitle@iii{\hsize=\textwidth \setbox\mktitle@bx=\vbox{\@titlefont\centering \@ACM@title@width=\hsize \if@ACM@badge \advance\@ACM@title@width by -2\@ACM@badge@width \advance\@ACM@title@width by -2\@ACM@badge@skip \parbox[b]{\@ACM@badge@width}{\strut \ifx\@acmBadgeL@image\@empty\else \raisebox{-.5\baselineskip}[\z@][\z@]{\href{\@acmBadgeL@url}{% \includegraphics[width=\@ACM@badge@width]{\@acmBadgeL@image}}}% \fi}% \hskip\@ACM@badge@skip \fi \parbox[t]{\@ACM@title@width}{\centering\@titlefont \@title \ifx\@subtitle\@empty\else \par\noindent{\@subtitlefont\@subtitle} \fi }% \if@ACM@badge \hskip\@ACM@badge@skip \parbox[b]{\@ACM@badge@width}{\strut \ifx\@acmBadgeR@image\@empty\else \raisebox{-.5\baselineskip}[\z@][\z@]{\href{\@acmBadgeR@url}{% \includegraphics[width=\@ACM@badge@width]{\@acmBadgeR@image}}}% \fi}% \fi \par\bigskip}}% \def\@mktitle@iv{\hsize=\textwidth \setbox\mktitle@bx=\vbox{\raggedright\leftskip5pc\@titlefont \noindent\leavevmode\leaders\hrule height 2pt\hfill\kern0pt\par \noindent\@title \ifx\@subtitle\@empty\else \par\noindent\@subtitlefont\@subtitle \fi \par\bigskip}}% \newbox\@ACM@commabox \def\@ACM@addtoaddress#1{% \ifvmode\else \if@ACM@affiliation@obeypunctuation\else \setbox\@ACM@commabox=\hbox{, }% \unskip\cleaders\copy\@ACM@commabox\hskip\wd\@ACM@commabox \fi\fi #1} \def\streetaddress#1{\unskip\ignorespaces} \def\postcode#1{\unskip\ignorespaces} \if@ACM@journal \def\position#1{\unskip\ignorespaces} \def\institution#1{\unskip~#1\ignorespaces} \def\city#1{\unskip\ignorespaces} \def\state#1{\unskip\ignorespaces} \newcommand\department[2][0]{\unskip\ignorespaces} \def\country#1{\if@ACM@affiliation@obeypunctuation\else, \fi#1\ignorespaces} \else \def\position#1{\if@ACM@affiliation@obeypunctuation#1\else#1\par\fi}% \def\institution#1{\if@ACM@affiliation@obeypunctuation#1\else#1\par\fi}% \newcommand\department[2][0]{\if@ACM@affiliation@obeypunctuation #2\else#2\par\fi}% \let\city\@ACM@addtoaddress \let\state\@ACM@addtoaddress \let\country\@ACM@addtoaddress \fi \def\@mkauthors{\begingroup \hsize=\textwidth \ifcase\ACM@format@nr \relax % manuscript \@mkauthors@i \or % acmsmall \@mkauthors@i \or % acmlarge \@mkauthors@i \or % acmtog \@mkauthors@i \or % sigconf \@mkauthors@iii \or % siggraph \@mkauthors@iii \or % sigplan \@mkauthors@iii \or % sigchi \@mkauthors@iii \or % sigchi-a \@mkauthors@iv \fi \endgroup } \def\@authorfont{\Large\sffamily} \def\@affiliationfont{\normalsize\normalfont} \ifcase\ACM@format@nr \relax % manuscript \or % acmsmall \def\@authorfont{\large\sffamily} \def\@affiliationfont{\small\normalfont} \or % acmlarge \or % acmtog \def\@authorfont{\LARGE\sffamily} \def\@affiliationfont{\large} \or % sigconf \def\@authorfont{\LARGE} \def\@affiliationfont{\large} \or % siggraph \def\@authorfont{\normalsize\normalfont} \def\@affiliationfont{\normalsize\normalfont} \or % sigplan \def\@authorfont{\Large\normalfont} \def\@affiliationfont{\normalsize\normalfont} \or % sigchi \def\@authorfont{\bfseries} \def\@affiliationfont{\mdseries} \or % sigchi-a \def\@authorfont{\bfseries} \def\@affiliationfont{\mdseries} \fi \def\@typeset@author@line{% \andify\@currentauthors\par\noindent \@currentauthors\def\@currentauthors{}% \ifx\@currentaffiliations\@empty\else \andify\@currentaffiliations \unskip, {\@currentaffiliations}\par \fi \def\@currentaffiliations{}} \def\@mkauthors@i{% \def\@currentauthors{}% \def\@currentaffiliations{}% \global\let\and\@typeset@author@line \def\@author##1{% \ifx\@currentauthors\@empty \gdef\@currentauthors{\@authorfont\MakeTextUppercase{##1}}% \else \g@addto@macro{\@currentauthors}{\and\MakeTextUppercase{##1}}% \fi \gdef\and{}}% \def\email##1##2{}% \def\affiliation##1##2{% \def\@tempa{##2}\ifx\@tempa\@empty\else \ifx\@currentaffiliations\@empty \gdef\@currentaffiliations{% \setkeys{@ACM@affiliation@}{obeypunctuation=false}% \setkeys{@ACM@affiliation@}{##1}% \@affiliationfont##2}% \else \g@addto@macro{\@currentaffiliations}{\and \setkeys{@ACM@affiliation@}{obeypunctuation=false}% \setkeys{@ACM@affiliation@}{##1}##2}% \fi \fi \global\let\and\@typeset@author@line}% \global\setbox\mktitle@bx=\vbox{\noindent\box\mktitle@bx\par\medskip \noindent\addresses\@typeset@author@line \par\medskip}% } \newbox\author@bx \newdimen\author@bx@wd \newskip\author@bx@sep \author@bx@sep=1pc\relax \def\@typeset@author@bx{\bgroup\hsize=\author@bx@wd\def\and{\par}% \global\setbox\author@bx=\vtop{\if@ACM@sigchiamode\else\centering\fi \@authorfont\@currentauthors\par\@affiliationfont \@currentaffiliation}\egroup \box\author@bx\hspace{\author@bx@sep}% \gdef\@currentauthors{}% \gdef\@currentaffiliation{}} \def\@mkauthors@iii{% \author@bx@wd=\textwidth\relax \advance\author@bx@wd by -\author@bx@sep\relax \ifnum\@ACM@authorsperrow>0\relax \divide\author@bx@wd by \@ACM@authorsperrow\relax \else \ifcase\num@authorgroups \relax % 0? \or % 1=one author per row \or % 2=two authors per row \divide\author@bx@wd by \num@authorgroups\relax \or % 3=three authors per row \divide\author@bx@wd by \num@authorgroups\relax \or % 4=two authors per row (!) \divide\author@bx@wd by 2\relax \else % three authors per row \divide\author@bx@wd by 3\relax \fi \fi \advance\author@bx@wd by -\author@bx@sep\relax \gdef\@currentauthors{}% \gdef\@currentaffiliation{}% \def\@author##1{\ifx\@currentauthors\@empty \gdef\@currentauthors{\par##1}% \else \g@addto@macro\@currentauthors{\par##1}% \fi \gdef\and{}}% \def\email##1##2{\ifx\@currentaffiliation\@empty \gdef\@currentaffiliation{\bgroup \mathchardef\UrlBreakPenalty=10000\nolinkurl{##2}\egroup}% \else \g@addto@macro\@currentaffiliation{\par\bgroup \mathchardef\UrlBreakPenalty=10000\nolinkurl{##2}\egroup}% \fi}% \def\affiliation##1##2{\ifx\@currentaffiliation\@empty \gdef\@currentaffiliation{% \setkeys{@ACM@affiliation@}{obeypunctuation=false}% \setkeys{@ACM@affiliation@}{##1}##2}% \else \g@addto@macro\@currentaffiliation{\par \setkeys{@ACM@affiliation@}{obeypunctuation=false}% \setkeys{@ACM@affiliation@}{##1}##2}% \fi \global\let\and\@typeset@author@bx }% \hsize=\textwidth \global\setbox\mktitle@bx=\vbox{\noindent \box\mktitle@bx\par\medskip\leavevmode \lineskip=1pc\relax\centering\hspace*{-1em}% \addresses\let\and\@typeset@author@bx\and\par\bigskip}} \def\@mkauthors@iv{% \author@bx@wd=\columnwidth\relax \advance\author@bx@wd by -\author@bx@sep\relax \ifnum\@ACM@authorsperrow>0\relax \divide\author@bx@wd by \@ACM@authorsperrow\relax \else \ifcase\num@authorgroups \relax % 0? \or % 1=one author per row \else % 2=two authors per row \divide\author@bx@wd by 2\relax \fi \fi \advance\author@bx@wd by -\author@bx@sep\relax \gdef\@currentauthors{}% \gdef\@currentaffiliation{}% \def\@author##1{\ifx\@currentauthors\@empty \gdef\@currentauthors{\par##1}% \else \g@addto@macro\@currentauthors{\par##1}% \fi \gdef\and{}}% \def\email##1##2{\ifx\@currentaffiliation\@empty \gdef\@currentaffiliation{\nolinkurl{##2}}% \else \g@addto@macro\@currentaffiliation{\par\nolinkurl{##2}}% \fi}% \def\affiliation##1##2{\ifx\@currentaffiliation\@empty \gdef\@currentaffiliation{% \setkeys{@ACM@affiliation@}{obeypunctuation=false}% \setkeys{@ACM@affiliation@}{##1}##2}% \else \g@addto@macro\@currentaffiliation{\par \setkeys{@ACM@affiliation@}{obeypunctuation=false}% \setkeys{@ACM@affiliation@}{##1}##2}% \fi \global\let\and\@typeset@author@bx}% \bgroup\hsize=\columnwidth \par\raggedright\leftskip=\z@ \lineskip=1pc\noindent \addresses\let\and\@typeset@author@bx\and\par\bigskip\egroup} \def\@mkauthorsaddresses{% \ifnum\num@authors>1\relax Authors' \else Author's \fi \ifnum\num@authorgroups>1\relax addresses: \else address: \fi \bgroup \def\streetaddress##1{\unskip\@addpunct, ##1}% \def\postcode##1{\unskip\@addpunct, ##1}% \def\position##1{\unskip\ignorespaces}% \def\institution##1{\unskip\@addpunct, ##1}% \def\city##1{\unskip\@addpunct, ##1}% \def\state##1{\unskip\@addpunct, ##1}% \renewcommand\department[2][0]{\unskip\@addpunct, ##2}% \def\country##1{\unskip\@addpunct, ##1}% \def\and{\unskip\@addpunct; }% \def\@author##1{##1}% \def\email##1##2{\unskip\@addpunct, \nolinkurl{##2}}% \addresses \egroup} \def\@setaddresses{} \def\@authornotemark{\g@addto@macro\@currentauthors{\footnotemark\relax}} \def\@@authornotemark#1{\g@addto@macro\@currentauthors{\footnotemark[#1]}} \def\@mkteasers{% \ifx\@teaserfigures\@empty\else \def\@teaser##1{\par\bigskip\bgroup \captionsetup{type=figure}##1\egroup\par} \global\setbox\mktitle@bx=\vbox{\noindent\box\mktitle@bx\par \noindent\@Description@presentfalse \@teaserfigures\par\if@Description@present\else \global\@undescribed@imagestrue \ClassWarning{\@classname}{A possible image without description}\fi \medskip}% \fi} \def\@mkabstract{\bgroup \ifx\@abstract\@lempty\else {\phantomsection\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Abstract}% \if@ACM@journal \everypar{\setbox\z@\lastbox\everypar{}}\small \else \section*{\abstractname}% \fi \ignorespaces\@abstract\par}% \fi\egroup} \def\@mkbibcitation{\bgroup \let\@vspace\@vspace@orig \let\@vspacer\@vspacer@orig \def\@pages@word{\ifnum\getrefnumber{TotPages}=1\relax page\else pages\fi}% \def\footnotemark{}% \def\\{\unskip{} \ignorespaces}% \def\footnote{\ClassError{\@classname}{Please do not use footnotes inside a \string\title{} or \string\author{} command! Use \string\titlenote{} or \string\authornote{} instead!}}% \def\@article@string{\ifx\@acmArticle\@empty{\ }\else, Article~\@acmArticle\ \fi}% \par\medskip\small\noindent{\bfseries ACM Reference Format:}\par\nobreak \noindent\bgroup \def\\{\unskip{}, \ignorespaces}\authors\egroup. \@acmYear. \@title \ifx\@subtitle\@empty. \else: \@subtitle. \fi \if@ACM@nonacm\else % The 'nonacm' option disables 'printacmref' by default, % and the present \@mkbibcitation definition is never used % in this case. The conditional remains useful if the user % explicitly sets \settopmatter{printacmref=true}. \if@ACM@journal@bibstrip \textit{\@journalNameShort} \@acmVolume, \@acmNumber \@article@string (\@acmPubDate), \ref{TotPages}~\@pages@word. \else In \textit{\@acmBooktitle}% \ifx\@acmEditors\@empty\textit{.}\else \andify\@acmEditors\textit{, }\@acmEditors~\@editorsAbbrev.% \fi\ ACM, New York, NY, USA% \@article@string\unskip, \ref{TotPages}~\@pages@word. \fi \fi \ifx\@acmDOI\@empty\else\@formatdoi{\@acmDOI}\fi \par\egroup} \def\@printendtopmatter{\bgroup \let\@vspace\@vspace@orig \let\@vspacer\@vspacer@orig \par\bigskip \egroup} \def\@setthanks{\long\def\thanks##1{\par##1\@addpunct.}\thankses} \def\@setauthorsaddresses{\@authorsaddresses\unskip\@addpunct.} \RequirePackage{fancyhdr} \let\ACM@ps@plain\ps@plain \let\ACM@ps@myheadings\ps@myheadings \let\ACM@ps@headings\ps@headings \def\ACM@restore@pagestyle{% \let\ps@plain\ACM@ps@plain \let\ps@myheadings\ACM@ps@myheadings \let\ps@headings\ACM@ps@headings} \AtBeginDocument{\ACM@restore@pagestyle} \if@ACM@review \newsavebox{\ACM@linecount@bx} \newlength\ACM@linecount@bxht \newcount\ACM@linecount \ACM@linecount\@ne\relax \def\ACM@mk@linecount{% \savebox{\ACM@linecount@bx}[4em][t]{\parbox[t]{4em}{% \setlength{\ACM@linecount@bxht}{0pt}% \loop{\color{red}\scriptsize\the\ACM@linecount}\\ \global\advance\ACM@linecount by \@ne \addtolength{\ACM@linecount@bxht}{\baselineskip}% \ifdim\ACM@linecount@bxht<\textheight\repeat {\color{red}\scriptsize\the\ACM@linecount}\hfill \global\advance\ACM@linecount by \@ne}}} \fi \def\ACM@linecountL{% \if@ACM@review \ACM@mk@linecount \begin{picture}(0,0)% \put(-26,-22){\usebox{\ACM@linecount@bx}}% \end{picture}% \fi} \def\ACM@linecountR{% \if@ACM@review \ACM@mk@linecount \begin{picture}(0,0)% \put(20,-22){\usebox{\ACM@linecount@bx}}% \end{picture}% \fi} \if@ACM@timestamp % Subtracting 30 from \time gives us the effect of rounding down despite % \numexpr rounding to nearest \newcounter{ACM@time@hours} \setcounter{ACM@time@hours}{\numexpr (\time - 30) / 60 \relax} \newcounter{ACM@time@minutes} \setcounter{ACM@time@minutes}{\numexpr \time - \theACM@time@hours * 60 \relax} \newcommand\ACM@timestamp{% \footnotesize% \ifx\@acmSubmissionID\@empty\relax\else Submission ID: \@acmSubmissionID.{ }% \fi \the\year-\two@digits{\the\month}-\two@digits{\the\day}{ }% \two@digits{\theACM@time@hours}:\two@digits{\theACM@time@minutes}{. }% Page \thepage\ of \@startPage--\pageref*{TotPages}.% } \fi \def\@shortauthors{% \if@ACM@anonymous Anon. \ifx\@acmSubmissionID\@empty\else Submission Id: \@acmSubmissionID\fi \else\shortauthors\fi} \def\@headfootfont{\sffamily\footnotesize} \AtBeginDocument{% \fancypagestyle{standardpagestyle}{% \fancyhf{}% \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{\z@}% \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{\z@}% \def\@acmArticlePage{% \ifx\@acmArticle\empty% \if@ACM@printfolios\thepage\fi% \else% \@acmArticle\if@ACM@printfolios:\thepage\fi% \fi% }% \if@ACM@journal@bibstrip \ifcase\ACM@format@nr \relax % manuscript \fancyhead[LE]{\ACM@linecountL\if@ACM@printfolios\thepage\fi}% \fancyhead[RO]{\if@ACM@printfolios\thepage\fi}% \fancyhead[RE]{\@shortauthors}% \fancyhead[LO]{\ACM@linecountL\shorttitle}% \if@ACM@nonacm\else% \fancyfoot[RO,LE]{\footnotesize Manuscript submitted to ACM} \fi% \or % acmsmall \fancyhead[LE]{\ACM@linecountL\@headfootfont\@acmArticlePage}% \fancyhead[RO]{\@headfootfont\@acmArticlePage}% \fancyhead[RE]{\@headfootfont\@shortauthors}% \fancyhead[LO]{\ACM@linecountL\@headfootfont\shorttitle}% \if@ACM@nonacm\else% \fancyfoot[RO,LE]{\footnotesize \@journalNameShort, Vol. \@acmVolume, No. \@acmNumber, Article \@acmArticle. Publication date: \@acmPubDate.}% \fi \or % acmlarge \fancyhead[LE]{\ACM@linecountL\@headfootfont \@acmArticlePage\quad\textbullet\quad\@shortauthors}% \fancyhead[LO]{\ACM@linecountL}% \fancyhead[RO]{\@headfootfont \shorttitle\quad\textbullet\quad\@acmArticlePage}% \if@ACM@nonacm\else% \fancyfoot[RO,LE]{\footnotesize \@journalNameShort, Vol. \@acmVolume, No. \@acmNumber, Article \@acmArticle. Publication date: \@acmPubDate.}% \fi \or % acmtog \fancyhead[LE]{\ACM@linecountL\@headfootfont \@acmArticlePage\quad\textbullet\quad\@shortauthors}% \fancyhead[LO]{\ACM@linecountL}% \fancyhead[RE]{\ACM@linecountR}% \fancyhead[RO]{\@headfootfont \shorttitle\quad\textbullet\quad\@acmArticlePage\ACM@linecountR}% \if@ACM@nonacm\else% \fancyfoot[RO,LE]{\footnotesize \@journalNameShort, Vol. \@acmVolume, No. \@acmNumber, Article \@acmArticle. Publication date: \@acmPubDate.}% \fi \else % Proceedings \fancyfoot[C]{\if@ACM@printfolios\footnotesize\thepage\fi}% \fancyhead[LO]{\ACM@linecountL\@headfootfont\shorttitle}% \fancyhead[RE]{\@headfootfont\@shortauthors\ACM@linecountR}% \if@ACM@nonacm\else% \fancyhead[LE]{\ACM@linecountL\@headfootfont\footnotesize \acmConference@shortname, \acmConference@date, \acmConference@venue}% \fancyhead[RO]{\@headfootfont \acmConference@shortname, \acmConference@date, \acmConference@venue\ACM@linecountR}% \fi \fi \else % Proceedings \fancyfoot[C]{\if@ACM@printfolios\footnotesize\thepage\fi}% \fancyhead[LO]{\ACM@linecountL\@headfootfont\shorttitle}% \fancyhead[RE]{\@headfootfont\@shortauthors\ACM@linecountR}% \if@ACM@nonacm\else% \fancyhead[LE]{\ACM@linecountL\@headfootfont \acmConference@shortname, \acmConference@date, \acmConference@venue}% \fancyhead[RO]{\@headfootfont \acmConference@shortname, \acmConference@date, \acmConference@venue\ACM@linecountR}% \fi \fi \if@ACM@sigchiamode \fancyheadoffset[L]{\dimexpr(\marginparsep+\marginparwidth)}% \fi \if@ACM@timestamp \fancyfoot[LO,RE]{\ACM@timestamp} \fi }% \pagestyle{standardpagestyle} } \newdimen\@folio@wd \@folio@wd=\z@ \newdimen\@folio@ht \@folio@ht=\z@ \newdimen\@folio@voffset \@folio@voffset=\z@ \def\@folio@max{1} \ifcase\ACM@format@nr \relax % manuscript \or % acmsmall \@folio@wd=45.75pt\relax \@folio@ht=1.25in\relax \@folio@voffset=.2in\relax \def\@folio@max{8} \or % acmlarge \@folio@wd=43.25pt\relax \@folio@ht=79pt\relax \@folio@voffset=.55in\relax \def\@folio@max{10} \fi \def\@folioblob{\@tempcnta=0\@acmArticleSeq\relax \ifnum\@tempcnta=0\relax\else \loop \ifnum\@tempcnta>\@folio@max\relax \advance\@tempcnta by - \@folio@max \repeat \advance\@tempcnta by -1\relax \@tempdima=\@folio@ht\relax \multiply\@tempdima by \the\@tempcnta\relax \advance\@tempdima by -\@folio@voffset\relax \begin{picture}(0,0) \makebox[\z@]{\raisebox{-\@tempdima}{% \rlap{% \raisebox{-0.45\@folio@ht}[\z@][\z@]{% \rule{\@folio@wd}{\@folio@ht}}}% \parbox{\@folio@wd}{% \centering \textcolor{white}{\LARGE\sffamily\bfseries\@acmArticle}}}} \end{picture}\fi} \AtBeginDocument{% \fancypagestyle{firstpagestyle}{% \fancyhf{}% \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{\z@}% \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{\z@}% \if@ACM@journal@bibstrip \ifcase\ACM@format@nr \relax % manuscript \fancyhead[L]{\ACM@linecountL}% \fancyfoot[RO,LE]{\if@ACM@printfolios\small\thepage\fi}% \if@ACM@nonacm\else% \fancyfoot[RE,LO]{\footnotesize Manuscript submitted to ACM}% \fi% \or % acmsmall \if@ACM@nonacm\else% \fancyfoot[RO,LE]{\footnotesize \@journalNameShort, Vol. \@acmVolume, No. \@acmNumber, Article \@acmArticle. Publication date: \@acmPubDate.}% \fi% \fancyhead[LE]{\ACM@linecountL\@folioblob}% \fancyhead[LO]{\ACM@linecountL}% \fancyhead[RO]{\@folioblob}% \fancyheadoffset[RO,LE]{0.6\@folio@wd}% \or % acmlarge \if@ACM@nonacm\else% \fancyfoot[RO,LE]{\footnotesize \@journalNameShort, Vol. \@acmVolume, No. \@acmNumber, Article \@acmArticle. Publication date: \@acmPubDate.}% \fi% \fancyhead[RO]{\@folioblob}% \fancyhead[LE]{\ACM@linecountL\@folioblob}% \fancyhead[LO]{\ACM@linecountL}% \fancyheadoffset[RO,LE]{1.4\@folio@wd}% \or % acmtog \if@ACM@nonacm\else% \fancyfoot[RO,LE]{\footnotesize \@journalNameShort, Vol. \@acmVolume, No. \@acmNumber, Article \@acmArticle. Publication date: \@acmPubDate.}% \fi% \fancyhead[L]{\ACM@linecountL}% \fancyhead[R]{\ACM@linecountR}% \else % Conference proceedings \fancyhead[L]{\ACM@linecountL}% \fancyhead[R]{\ACM@linecountR}% \fancyfoot[C]{\if@ACM@printfolios\footnotesize\thepage\fi}% \fi \else \fancyhead[L]{\ACM@linecountL}% \fancyhead[R]{\ACM@linecountR}% \fancyfoot[C]{\if@ACM@printfolios\footnotesize\thepage\fi}% \fi \if@ACM@timestamp \ifnum\ACM@format@nr=0\relax % Manuscript \fancyfoot[LO,RE]{\ACM@timestamp\quad \if@ACM@nonacm\else \footnotesize Manuscript submitted to ACM \fi} \else \fancyfoot[LO,RE]{\ACM@timestamp} \fi \fi }} \def\ACM@NRadjust#1{% \begingroup \expandafter\ifx\csname Sectionformat\endcsname\relax % do nothing when \Sectionformat is unknown \def\next{\endgroup #1}% \else \def\next{\endgroup \let\realSectionformat\Sectionformat \def\ACM@sect@format@{#1}% \let\Sectionformat\ACM@NR@adjustedSectionformat %% next lines added 2018-06-17 to ensure section number is styled \let\real@adddotafter\@adddotafter \let\@adddotafter\ACM@adddotafter #1{}% imposes the styles, but nullifies \MakeUppercase \let\@adddotafter\real@adddotafter }% \fi \next } \def\ACM@NR@adjustedSectionformat#1#2{% \realSectionformat{\ACM@sect@format{#1}}{#2}% \let\Sectionformat\realSectionformat} \DeclareRobustCommand{\ACM@sect@format}{\ACM@sect@format@} \def\ACM@sect@format@null#1{#1} \let\ACM@sect@format@\ACM@sect@format@null \AtBeginDocument{% \expandafter\ifx\csname LTX@adddotafter\endcsname\relax \let\LTX@adddotafter\@adddotafter \fi } \def\ACM@adddotafter#1{\ifx\relax#1\relax\else\LTX@adddotafter{#1}\fi} \renewcommand\section{\@startsection{section}{1}{\z@}% {-.75\baselineskip \@plus -2\p@ \@minus -.2\p@}% {.25\baselineskip}% {\ACM@NRadjust\@secfont}} \renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}% {-.75\baselineskip \@plus -2\p@ \@minus -.2\p@}% {.25\baselineskip}% {\ACM@NRadjust\@subsecfont}} \renewcommand\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}% {-.5\baselineskip \@plus -2\p@ \@minus -.2\p@}% {-3.5\p@}% {\ACM@NRadjust{\@subsubsecfont\@adddotafter}}} \renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\parindent}% {-.5\baselineskip \@plus -2\p@ \@minus -.2\p@}% {-3.5\p@}% {\ACM@NRadjust{\@parfont\@adddotafter}}} \renewcommand\part{\@startsection{part}{9}{\z@}% {-10\p@ \@plus -4\p@ \@minus -2\p@}% {4\p@}% {\ACM@NRadjust\@parfont}} \def\section@raggedright{\@rightskip\@flushglue \rightskip\@rightskip \leftskip\z@skip \parindent\z@} \def\@secfont{\sffamily\bfseries\section@raggedright\MakeTextUppercase} \def\@subsecfont{\sffamily\bfseries\section@raggedright} \def\@subsubsecfont{\sffamily\itshape} \def\@parfont{\itshape} \setcounter{secnumdepth}{3} \ifcase\ACM@format@nr \relax % manuscript \or % acmsmall \or % acmlarge \def\@secfont{\sffamily\large\section@raggedright\MakeTextUppercase} \def\@subsecfont{\sffamily\large\section@raggedright} \or % acmtog \def\@secfont{\sffamily\large\section@raggedright\MakeTextUppercase} \def\@subsecfont{\sffamily\large\section@raggedright} \or % sigconf \def\@secfont{\bfseries\Large\section@raggedright\MakeTextUppercase} \def\@subsecfont{\bfseries\Large\section@raggedright} \or % siggraph \def\@secfont{\sffamily\bfseries\Large\section@raggedright\MakeTextUppercase} \def\@subsecfont{\sffamily\bfseries\Large\section@raggedright} \or % sigplan \def\@secfont{\bfseries\Large\section@raggedright} \def\@subsecfont{\bfseries\section@raggedright} \renewcommand\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}% {-.75\baselineskip \@plus -2\p@ \@minus -.2\p@}% {.25\baselineskip}% {\@subsubsecfont}} \def\@subsubsecfont{\bfseries\section@raggedright} \renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% {-.5\baselineskip \@plus -2\p@ \@minus -.2\p@}% {-3.5\p@}% {\@parfont\@addspaceafter}} \def\@parfont{\bfseries\itshape} \renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\z@}% {-.5\baselineskip \@plus -2\p@ \@minus -.2\p@}% {-3.5\p@}% {\@subparfont\@addspaceafter}} \def\@subparfont{\itshape} \or % sigchi \setcounter{secnumdepth}{1} \def\@secfont{\sffamily\bfseries\section@raggedright\MakeTextUppercase} \def\@subsecfont{\sffamily\bfseries\section@raggedright} \or % sigchi-a \setcounter{secnumdepth}{0} \def\@secfont{\sffamily\bfseries\section@raggedright\MakeTextUppercase} \def\@subsecfont{\sffamily\bfseries\section@raggedright} \fi \def\@adddotafter#1{#1\@addpunct{.}} \def\@addspaceafter#1{#1\@addpunct{\enspace}} \providecommand*\@dotsep{4.5} \def\@acmplainbodyfont{\itshape} \def\@acmplainindent{\parindent} \def\@acmplainheadfont{\scshape} \def\@acmplainnotefont{\@empty} \ifcase\ACM@format@nr \relax % manuscript \or % acmsmall \or % acmlarge \or % acmtog \or % sigconf \or % siggraph \or % sigplan \def\@acmplainbodyfont{\itshape} \def\@acmplainindent{\z@} \def\@acmplainheadfont{\bfseries} \def\@acmplainnotefont{\normalfont} \or % sigchi \or % sigchi-a \fi \newtheoremstyle{acmplain}% {.5\baselineskip\@plus.2\baselineskip \@minus.2\baselineskip}% space above {.5\baselineskip\@plus.2\baselineskip \@minus.2\baselineskip}% space below {\@acmplainbodyfont}% body font {\@acmplainindent}% indent amount {\@acmplainheadfont}% head font {.}% punctuation after head {.5em}% spacing after head {\thmname{#1}\thmnumber{ #2}\thmnote{ {\@acmplainnotefont(#3)}}}% head spec \def\@acmdefinitionbodyfont{\normalfont} \def\@acmdefinitionindent{\parindent} \def\@acmdefinitionheadfont{\itshape} \def\@acmdefinitionnotefont{\@empty} \ifcase\ACM@format@nr \relax % manuscript \or % acmsmall \or % acmlarge \or % acmtog \or % sigconf \or % siggraph \or % sigplan \def\@acmdefinitionbodyfont{\normalfont} \def\@acmdefinitionindent{\z@} \def\@acmdefinitionheadfont{\bfseries} \def\@acmdefinitionnotefont{\normalfont} \or % sigchi \or % sigchi-a \fi \newtheoremstyle{acmdefinition}% {.5\baselineskip\@plus.2\baselineskip \@minus.2\baselineskip}% space above {.5\baselineskip\@plus.2\baselineskip \@minus.2\baselineskip}% space below {\@acmdefinitionbodyfont}% body font {\@acmdefinitionindent}% indent amount {\@acmdefinitionheadfont}% head font {.}% punctuation after head {.5em}% spacing after head {\thmname{#1}\thmnumber{ #2}\thmnote{ {\@acmdefinitionnotefont(#3)}}}% head spec \theoremstyle{acmplain} \AtEndPreamble{% \if@ACM@acmthm \theoremstyle{acmplain} \@ifundefined{theorem}{% \newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section] }{} \@ifundefined{conjecture}{% \newtheorem{conjecture}[theorem]{Conjecture} }{} \@ifundefined{proposition}{% \newtheorem{proposition}[theorem]{Proposition} }{} \@ifundefined{lemma}{% \newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{Lemma} }{} \@ifundefined{corollary}{% \newtheorem{corollary}[theorem]{Corollary} }{} \theoremstyle{acmdefinition} \@ifundefined{example}{% \newtheorem{example}[theorem]{Example} }{} \@ifundefined{definition}{% \newtheorem{definition}[theorem]{Definition} }{} \fi \theoremstyle{acmplain} } \def\@proofnamefont{\scshape} \def\@proofindent{\indent} \ifcase\ACM@format@nr \relax % manuscript \or % acmsmall \or % acmlarge \or % acmtog \or % sigconf \or % siggraph \or % sigplan \def\@proofnamefont{\itshape} \def\@proofindent{\noindent} \or % sigchi \or % sigchi-a \fi \renewenvironment{proof}[1][\proofname]{\par \pushQED{\qed}% \normalfont \topsep6\p@\@plus6\p@\relax \trivlist \item[\@proofindent\hskip\labelsep {\@proofnamefont #1\@addpunct{.}}]\ignorespaces }{% \popQED\endtrivlist\@endpefalse } \AtEndPreamble{% \if@ACM@balance \ifcase\ACM@format@nr \relax % manuscript \global\@ACM@balancefalse \or % acmsmall \global\@ACM@balancefalse \or % acmlarge \global\@ACM@balancefalse \or % acmtog \RequirePackage{balance}% \or % sigconf \RequirePackage{balance}% \or % siggraph \RequirePackage{balance}% \or % sigplan \RequirePackage{balance}% \or % sigchi \RequirePackage{balance}% \or % sigchi-a \global\@ACM@balancefalse \fi \fi } \AtEndDocument{% \if@ACM@balance \if@twocolumn \balance \fi\fi} \newcommand\acksname{Acknowledgments} \specialcomment{acks}{% \begingroup \section*{\acksname} \phantomsection\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\acksname} }{% \endgroup } \def\grantsponsor#1#2#3{#2} \newcommand\grantnum[3][]{#3% \def\@tempa{#1}\ifx\@tempa\@empty\else\space(\url{#1})\fi} \AtEndPreamble{% \if@ACM@screen \includecomment{screenonly} \excludecomment{printonly} \else \excludecomment{screenonly} \includecomment{printonly} \fi \if@ACM@anonymous \excludecomment{anonsuppress} \excludecomment{acks} \else \includecomment{anonsuppress} \fi} \newcommand\showeprint[2][arxiv]{% \def\@tempa{#1}% \ifx\@tempa\@empty\def\@tempa{arxiv}\fi \def\@tempb{arxiv}% \ifx\@tempa\@tempb arXiv:\href{http://arxiv.org/abs/#2}{#2}\else arXiv:#2% \fi} \let\@vspace@orig=\@vspace \let\@vspacer@orig=\@vspacer \apptocmd{\@vspace}{\ClassWarning{\@classname}{\string\vspace\space should only be used to provide space above/below surrounding objects}}{}{} \apptocmd{\@vspacer}{\ClassWarning{\@classname}{\string\vspace\space should only be used to provide space above/below surrounding objects}}{}{} \let\ACM@origbaselinestretch\baselinestretch \AtEndDocument{\ifx\baselinestretch\ACM@origbaselinestretch\else \ClassError{\@classname}{An attempt to redefine \string\baselinestretch\space detected. Please do not do this for ACM submissions!}\fi} \normalsize\normalfont\frenchspacing \endinput %% %% End of file `acmart.cls'.

master-project-paper/ACM-Reference-Format.bst

%%% -*-BibTeX-*- %%% ==================================================================== %%% @BibTeX-style-file{ %%% author = "Nelson H. F. Beebe, Boris Veytsman and Gerald Murray", %%% version = "2.1", %%% date = "14 June 2017", %%% filename = "ACM-Reference-Format.bst", %%% email = "[email protected], [email protected]", %%% codetable = "ISO/ASCII", %%% keywords = "ACM Transactions bibliography style; BibTeX", %%% license = "public domain", %%% supported = "yes", %%% abstract = "", %%% } %%% ==================================================================== %%% Revision history: see source in git ENTRY { address advisor archiveprefix author booktitle chapter city date edition editor eprint eprinttype eprintclass howpublished institution journal key month note number organization pages primaryclass publisher school series title type volume year % New keys recognized issue % UTAH: used in, e.g., ACM SIGSAM Bulletin and ACM Communications in Computer Algebra articleno eid day % UTAH: needed for newspapers, weeklies, bi-weeklies doi % UTAH url % UTAH bookpages % UTAH numpages lastaccessed % UTAH: used only for @Misc{...} coden % UTAH isbn % UTAH isbn-13 % UTAH issn % UTAH lccn % UTAH } {} { label.year extra.label sort.year sort.label basic.label.year} INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block } INTEGERS { show-isbn-10-and-13 } % initialized below in begin.bib INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames } INTEGERS { multiresult } INTEGERS { len } INTEGERS { last.extra.num } STRINGS { s t t.org u } STRINGS { last.label next.extra } STRINGS { p1 p2 p3 page.count } FUNCTION { not } { { #0 } { #1 } if$ } FUNCTION { and } { 'skip$ { pop$ #0 } if$ } FUNCTION { or } { { pop$ #1 } 'skip$ if$ } FUNCTION { dump.stack.1 } { duplicate$ "STACK[top] = [" swap$ * "]" * warning$ } FUNCTION { dump.stack.2 } { duplicate$ "STACK[top ] = [" swap$ * "]" * warning$ swap$ duplicate$ "STACK[top-1] = [" swap$ * "]" * warning$ swap$ } FUNCTION { empty.or.unknown } { %% Examine the top stack entry, and push 1 if it is empty, or %% consists only of whitespace, or is a string beginning with two %% queries (??), and otherwise, push 0. %% %% This function provides a replacement for empty$, with the %% convenient feature that unknown values marked by two leading %% queries are treated the same as missing values, and thus, do not %% appear in the output .bbl file, and yet, their presence in .bib %% file(s) serves to mark values which are temporarily missing, but %% are expected to be filled in eventually once more data is %% obtained. The TeX User Group and BibNet bibliography archives %% make extensive use of this practice. %% %% An empty string cannot serve the same purpose, because just as in %% statistics data processing, an unknown value is not the same as an %% empty value. %% %% At entry: stack = ... top:[string] %% At exit: stack = ... top:[0 or 1] duplicate$ empty$ { pop$ #1 } { #1 #2 substring$ "??" = } if$ } FUNCTION { writeln } { %% In BibTeX style files, the sequences %% %% ... "one" "two" output %% ... "one" "two" output.xxx %% %% ship "one" to the output file, possibly following by punctuation, %% leaving the stack with %% %% ... "two" %% %% There is thus a one-string lag in output processing that must be %% carefully handled to avoid duplicating a string in the output %% file. Unless otherwise noted, all output.xxx functions leave %% just one new string on the stack, and that model should be born %% in mind when reading or writing function code. %% %% BibTeX's asynchronous buffering of output from strings from the %% stack is confusing because newline$ bypasses the buffer. It %% would have been so much easier for newline to be a character %% rather than a state of the output-in-progress. %% %% The documentation in btxhak.dvi is WRONG: it says %% %% newline$ Writes onto the bbl file what's accumulated in the %% output buffer. It writes a blank line if and only %% if the output buffer is empty. Since write$ does %% reasonable line breaking, you should use this %% function only when you want a blank line or an %% explicit line break. %% %% write$ Pops the top (string) literal and writes it on the %% output buffer (which will result in stuff being %% written onto the bbl file when the buffer fills %% up). %% %% Examination of the BibTeX source code shows that write$ does %% indeed behave as claimed, but newline$ sends a newline character %% directly to the output file, leaving the stack unchanged. The %% first line "Writes onto ... buffer." is therefore wrong. %% %% The original BibTeX style files almost always use "write$ newline$" %% in that order, so it makes sense to hide that pair in a private %% function like this one, named after a statement in Pascal, %% the programming language embedded in the BibTeX Web program. write$ % output top-of-stack string newline$ % immediate write of newline (not via stack) } FUNCTION { init.state.consts } { #0 'before.all := #1 'mid.sentence := #2 'after.sentence := #3 'after.block := } FUNCTION { output.nonnull } { % Stack in: ... R S T Stack out: ... R T File out: S<comma><space> 's := output.state mid.sentence = { ", " * write$ } { output.state after.block = { add.period$ writeln "\newblock " write$ } { output.state before.all = { write$ } { add.period$ " " * write$ } if$ } if$ mid.sentence 'output.state := } if$ s } FUNCTION { output.nonnull.dot.space } { % Stack in: ... R S T Stack out: ... R T File out: S<dot><space> 's := output.state mid.sentence = % { "<DEBUG output.nonnull.dot.space>. " * write$ } { ". " * write$ } { output.state after.block = { add.period$ writeln "\newblock " write$ } { output.state before.all = { write$ } { add.period$ " " * write$ } if$ } if$ mid.sentence 'output.state := } if$ s } FUNCTION { output.nonnull.remove } { % Stack in: ... R S T Stack out: ... R T File out: S<space> 's := output.state mid.sentence = { " " * write$ } { output.state after.block = { add.period$ writeln "\newblock " write$ } { output.state before.all = { write$ } { add.period$ " " * write$ } if$ } if$ mid.sentence 'output.state := } if$ s } FUNCTION { output.nonnull.removenospace } { % Stack in: ... R S T Stack out: ... R T File out: S 's := output.state mid.sentence = { "" * write$ } { output.state after.block = { add.period$ writeln "\newblock " write$ } { output.state before.all = { write$ } { add.period$ " " * write$ } if$ } if$ mid.sentence 'output.state := } if$ s } FUNCTION { output } { % discard top token if empty, else like output.nonnull duplicate$ empty.or.unknown 'pop$ 'output.nonnull if$ } FUNCTION { output.dot.space } { % discard top token if empty, else like output.nonnull.dot.space duplicate$ empty.or.unknown 'pop$ 'output.nonnull.dot.space if$ } FUNCTION { output.removenospace } { % discard top token if empty, else like output.nonnull.removenospace duplicate$ empty.or.unknown 'pop$ 'output.nonnull.removenospace if$ } FUNCTION { output.check } { % like output, but warn if key name on top-of-stack is not set 't := duplicate$ empty.or.unknown { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ } 'output.nonnull if$ } FUNCTION { bibinfo.output.check } { % like output.check, adding bibinfo field 't := duplicate$ empty.or.unknown { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ } { "\bibinfo{" t "}{" * * swap$ * "}" * output.nonnull } if$ } FUNCTION { output.check.dot.space } { % like output.dot.space, but warn if key name on top-of-stack is not set 't := duplicate$ empty.or.unknown { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ } 'output.nonnull.dot.space if$ } FUNCTION { fin.block } { % functionally, but not logically, identical to fin.entry add.period$ writeln } FUNCTION { fin.entry } { add.period$ writeln } FUNCTION { new.sentence } { % update sentence state, with neither output nor stack change output.state after.block = 'skip$ { output.state before.all = 'skip$ { after.sentence 'output.state := } if$ } if$ } FUNCTION { fin.sentence } { add.period$ write$ new.sentence "" } FUNCTION { new.block } { output.state before.all = 'skip$ { after.block 'output.state := } if$ } FUNCTION { output.coden } % UTAH { % output non-empty CODEN as one-line sentence (stack untouched) coden empty.or.unknown { } { "\showCODEN{" coden * "}" * writeln } if$ } FUNCTION { format.articleno } { articleno empty.or.unknown not eid empty.or.unknown not and { "Both articleno and eid are defined for " cite$ * warning$ } 'skip$ if$ articleno empty.or.unknown eid empty.or.unknown and { "" } { numpages empty.or.unknown { "articleno or eid field, but no numpages field, in " cite$ * warning$ } { } if$ eid empty.or.unknown { "Article \bibinfo{articleno}{" articleno * "}" * } { "Article \bibinfo{articleno}{" eid * "}" * } if$ } if$ } FUNCTION { format.year } { % push year string or "[n.\,d.]" onto output stack %% Because year is a mandatory field, we always force SOMETHING %% to be output "\bibinfo{year}{" year empty.or.unknown { "[n.\,d.]" } { year } if$ * "}" * } FUNCTION { format.day.month } { % push "day month " or "month " or "" onto output stack day empty.or.unknown { month empty.or.unknown { "" } { "\bibinfo{date}{" month * "} " *} if$ } { month empty.or.unknown { "" } { "\bibinfo{date}{" day * " " * month * "} " *} if$ } if$ } FUNCTION { format.day.month.year } % UTAH { % if month is empty, push "" else push "(MON.)" or "(DD MON.)" % Needed for frequent periodicals: 2008. ... New York Times C-1, C-2, C-17 (23 Oct.) % acm-*.bst addition: prefix parenthesized date string with % ", Article nnn " articleno empty.or.unknown eid empty.or.unknown and { "" } { output.state after.block = {", " format.articleno * } { format.articleno } if$ } if$ " (" * format.day.month * format.year * ")" * } FUNCTION { output.day.month.year } % UTAH { % if month is empty value, do nothing; else output stack top and % leave with new top string "(MON.)" or "(DD MON.)" % Needed for frequent periodicals: 2008. ... New York Times C-1, C-2, C-17 (23 Oct.) format.day.month.year output.nonnull.remove } FUNCTION { strip.doi } % UTAH { % Strip any Web address prefix to recover the bare DOI, leaving the % result on the output stack, as recommended by CrossRef DOI % documentation. % For example, reduce "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1534530.1534545" to % "10.1145/1534530.1534545". A suitable URL is later typeset and % displayed as the LAST item in the reference list entry. Publisher Web % sites wrap this with a suitable link to a real URL to resolve the DOI, % and the master https://doi.org/ address is preferred, since publisher- % specific URLs can disappear in response to economic events. All % journals are encouraged by the DOI authorities to use that typeset % format and link procedures for uniformity across all publications that % include DOIs in reference lists. % The numeric prefix is guaranteed to start with "10.", so we use % that as a test. % 2017-02-04 Added stripping of https:// (Boris) doi #1 #3 substring$ "10." = { doi } { doi 't := % get modifiable copy of DOI % Change https:// to http:// to strip both prefixes (BV) t #1 #8 substring$ "https://" = { "http://" t #9 t text.length$ #8 - substring$ * 't := } { } if$ t #1 #7 substring$ "http://" = { t #8 t text.length$ #7 - substring$ 't := "INTERNAL STYLE-FILE ERROR" 's := % search for next "/" and assign its suffix to s { t text.length$ } { t #1 #1 substring$ "/" = { % save rest of string as true DOI (should be 10.xxxx/yyyy) t #2 t text.length$ #1 - substring$ 's := "" 't := % empty string t terminates the loop } { % discard first character and continue loop: t <= substring(t,2,last) t #2 t text.length$ #1 - substring$ 't := } if$ } while$ % check for valid DOI (should be 10.xxxx/yyyy) s #1 #3 substring$ "10." = { } { "unrecognized DOI substring " s * " in DOI value [" * doi * "]" * warning$ } if$ s % push the stripped DOI on the output stack } { "unrecognized DOI value [" doi * "]" * warning$ doi % push the unrecognized original DOI on the output stack } if$ } if$ } % % Change by BV: added standard prefix to URL % FUNCTION { output.doi } % UTAH { % output non-empty DOI as one-line sentence (stack untouched) doi empty.or.unknown { } { %% Use \urldef here for the same reason it is used in output.url, %% see output.url for further discussion. "\urldef\tempurl%" writeln "\url{https://doi.org/" strip.doi * "}" * writeln "\showDOI{\tempurl}" writeln } if$ } FUNCTION { output.isbn } % UTAH { % output non-empty ISBN-10 and/or ISBN-13 as one-line sentences (stack untouched) show-isbn-10-and-13 { %% show both 10- and 13-digit ISBNs isbn empty.or.unknown { } { "\showISBNx{" isbn * "}" * writeln } if$ isbn-13 empty.or.unknown { } { "\showISBNxiii{" isbn-13 * "}" * writeln } if$ } { %% show 10-digit ISBNs only if 13-digit ISBNs not available isbn-13 empty.or.unknown { isbn empty.or.unknown { } { "\showISBNx{" isbn * "}" * writeln } if$ } { "\showISBNxiii{" isbn-13 * "}" * writeln } if$ } if$ } FUNCTION { output.issn } % UTAH { % output non-empty ISSN as one-line sentence (stack untouched) issn empty.or.unknown { } { "\showISSN{" issn * "}" * writeln } if$ } FUNCTION { output.issue } { % output non-empty issue number as a one-line sentence (stack untouched) issue empty.or.unknown { } { "Issue " issue * "." * writeln } if$ } FUNCTION { output.lccn } % UTAH { % return with stack untouched lccn empty.or.unknown { } { "\showLCCN{" lccn * "}" * writeln } if$ } FUNCTION { output.note } % UTAH { % return with stack empty note empty.or.unknown { } { "\shownote{" note add.period$ * "}" * writeln } if$ } FUNCTION { output.note.check } % UTAH { % return with stack empty note empty.or.unknown { "empty note in " cite$ * warning$ } { "\shownote{" note add.period$ * "}" * writeln } if$ } FUNCTION { output.eprint } % { % return with stack empty eprint empty.or.unknown { } { "\showeprint" archiveprefix empty.or.unknown { eprinttype empty.or.unknown { } { "[" eprinttype "]" * * * } if$ } { "[" archiveprefix "l" change.case$ "]" * * * } if$ "{" * primaryclass empty.or.unknown { eprintclass empty.or.unknown { } { eprintclass "/" * * } if$ } { primaryclass "/" * * } if$ eprint "}" * * writeln } if$ } % % Changes by BV 2011/04/15. Do not output % url if doi is defined % FUNCTION { output.url } % UTAH { % return with stack untouched % output URL and associated lastaccessed fields doi empty.or.unknown { url empty.or.unknown { } { %% Use \urldef, outside \showURL, so that %nn, #, etc in URLs work %% correctly. Put the actual URL on its own line to reduce the %% likelihood of BibTeX's nasty line wrapping after column 79. %% \url{} can undo this, but if that doesn't work for some reason %% the .bbl file would have to be repaired manually. "\urldef\tempurl%" writeln "\url{" url * "}" * writeln "\showURL{%" writeln lastaccessed empty.or.unknown { "" } { "Retrieved " lastaccessed * " from " * } if$ "\tempurl}" * writeln } if$ } { } if$ } FUNCTION { output.year.check } { % warn if year empty, output top string and leave " YEAR<label>" on stack in mid-sentence year empty.or.unknown { "empty year in " cite$ * warning$ write$ " \bibinfo{year}{[n.d.]}" "\natexlab{" extra.label * "}" * * mid.sentence 'output.state := } { write$ " \bibinfo{year}{" year * "}" * "\natexlab{" extra.label * "}" * * mid.sentence 'output.state := } if$ } FUNCTION { le } { %% test whether first number is less than or equal to second number %% stack in: n1 n2 %% stack out: if n1 <= n2 then 1 else 0 %% "DEBUG: le " cite$ * warning$ > { #0 } { #1 } if$ } FUNCTION { ge } { %% test whether first number is greater than or equal to second number %% stack in: n1 n2 %% stack out: if n1 >= n2 then 1 else 0 %% "DEBUG: ge " cite$ * warning$ < { #0 } { #1 } if$ } FUNCTION { is.leading.digit } { %% test whether first character of string is a digit %% stack in: string %% stack out: if first-char-is-digit then 1 else 0 #1 #1 substring$ % replace string by string[1:1] duplicate$ % string[1:1] string[1:1] chr.to.int$ "0" chr.to.int$ swap$ le % "0" <= string[1:1] --> 0-or-1 swap$ % 0-or-1 string[1:1] chr.to.int$ "9" chr.to.int$ le % string[1:1} <= "9" --> 0-or-1 and } FUNCTION { skip.digits } { %% skip over leading digits in string %% stack in: string %% stack out: rest-of-string leading-digits %% "DEBUG: enter skip.digits " cite$ * warning$ %% dump.stack.1 duplicate$ 't := 't.org := "" 'u := { t text.length$ } { %% "=================DEBUG: skip.digits t = [" t * "]" * warning$ t is.leading.digit { t #2 t text.length$ #1 - substring$ } { t 'u := "" } if$ 't := } while$ u % rest of string t.org #1 t.org text.length$ u text.length$ - substring$ % leading digits %% "DEBUG: t.org = [" t.org * "]" * warning$ %% "DEBUG: u = [" u * "]" * warning$ %% dump.stack.2 %% "DEBUG: leave skip.digits " cite$ * warning$ } FUNCTION { skip.nondigits } { %% skip over leading nondigits in string %% stack in: string %% stack out: rest-of-string %% "DEBUG: enter skip.nondigits " cite$ * warning$ 't := "" 'u := { t text.length$ } { %% "=================DEBUG: skip.nondigits t = [" t * "]" * warning$ t is.leading.digit { t 'u := "" } { t #2 t text.length$ #1 - substring$ } if$ 't := } while$ u % rest of string %% dump.stack.1 %% "DEBUG: leave skip.nondigits " cite$ * warning$ } FUNCTION { parse.next.number } { %% stack in: string %% stack out: rest-of-string next-numeric-part-of-string %% Example: %% stack in: "123:1--123:59" %% stack out: ":1--123:59" "123" 's := s skip.nondigits 's := s skip.digits } FUNCTION { reduce.pages.to.page.count } { %% Stack in: arbitrary-and-unused %% Stack out: unchanged %% %% For the new-style pagination with article number and numpages or %% pages, we expect to have BibTeX entries containing something like %% articleno = "17", %% pages = "1--23", %% with output "Article 17, 23 pages", %% or %% articleno = "17", %% numpages = "23", %% with output "Article 17, 23 pages", %% or %% articleno = "17", %% pages = "17:1--17:23", %% with output "Article 17, 23 pages", %% %% If articleno is missing or empty, then we should output "1--23", %% "23" (with a warning of a missing articleno), or "17:1--17:23", %% respectively. %% "DEBUG: enter reduce.pages.to.page.count " cite$ * warning$ %% "DEBUG: pages = [" pages * "]" * warning$ pages parse.next.number 'p1 := parse.next.number 'p2 := parse.next.number 'p3 := parse.next.number 'page.count := duplicate$ empty.or.unknown { } { duplicate$ "unexpected trailing garbage [" swap$ * "] after n:p1--n:p2 in pages = [" * pages * "] in " * cite$ * warning$ } if$ pop$ %% "DEBUG: reduce.pages.to.page.count: " %% " p1 = " p1 * * %% " p2 = " p2 * * %% " p3 = " p3 * * %% " p4 = " page.count * * %% " in " cite$ * * warning$ p1 p3 = p2 "1" = and numpages empty.or.unknown and { "INFO: reduced pages = [" pages * "] to numpages = [" * page.count * "]" * warning$ } { numpages empty.or.unknown { pages } { numpages } if$ 'page.count := } if$ p1 "1" = p3 empty.or.unknown and numpages empty.or.unknown and { p2 'page.count := "INFO: reduced pages = [" pages * "] to numpages = [" * page.count * "]" * warning$ } { numpages empty.or.unknown { pages } { numpages } if$ 'page.count := } if$ %% "DEBUG: leave reduce.pages.to.page.count " cite$ * warning$ } FUNCTION { new.block.checkb } { % issue a new.block only if at least one of top two stack strings is not empty empty.or.unknown swap$ empty.or.unknown and 'skip$ 'new.block if$ } FUNCTION { field.or.null } { % convert empty value to null string, else return value duplicate$ empty.or.unknown { pop$ "" } 'skip$ if$ } FUNCTION { emphasize } { % emphasize a non-empty top string on the stack duplicate$ empty.or.unknown { pop$ "" } { "\emph{" swap$ * "}" * } if$ } FUNCTION { comma } { % convert empty string to null string, or brace string and add trailing comma duplicate$ empty.or.unknown { pop$ "" } { "{" swap$ * "}," * } if$ } FUNCTION { format.names } { % Format bibliographical entries with the first author last name first, % and subsequent authors with initials followed by last name. % All names are formatted in this routine. 's := #1 'nameptr := % nameptr = 1; s num.names$ 'numnames := % numnames = num.name$(s); numnames 'namesleft := { namesleft #0 > } { nameptr #1 = %NO: BAD ORDER: {"{" s nameptr "{ff~}{ll}{, jj}{, vv}" format.name$ * "}" * 't := } %NO: BAD ORDER: {"{" s nameptr "{ff~}{ll}{, jj}{, vv}" format.name$ * "}" * 't := } {"\bibinfo{person}{" s nameptr "{ff }{vv }{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ * "}" * 't := } {"\bibinfo{person}{" s nameptr "{ff }{vv }{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ * "}" * 't := } if$ nameptr #1 > { namesleft #1 > { ", " * t * } { numnames #2 > { "," * } 'skip$ if$ t "\bibinfo{person}{others}" = { " {et~al\mbox{.}}" * } % jrh: avoid spacing problems { " {and} " * t * } % from Chicago Manual of Style if$ } if$ } 't if$ nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := % nameptr += 1; namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := % namesleft =- 1; } while$ } FUNCTION { my.full.label } { 's := #1 'nameptr := % nameptr = 1; s num.names$ 'numnames := % numnames = num.name$(s); numnames 'namesleft := { namesleft #0 > } { s nameptr "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ 't := % get the next name nameptr #1 > { namesleft #1 > { ", " * t * } { numnames #2 > { "," * } 'skip$ if$ t "others" = { " et~al\mbox{.}" * } % jrh: avoid spacing problems { " and " * t * } % from Chicago Manual of Style if$ } if$ } 't if$ nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := % nameptr += 1; namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := % namesleft =- 1; } while$ } FUNCTION { format.names.fml } { % Format names in "familiar" format, with first initial followed by % last name. Like format.names, ALL names are formatted. % jtb: The names are NOT put in small caps 's := #1 'nameptr := % nameptr = 1; s num.names$ 'numnames := % numnames = num.name$(s); numnames 'namesleft := { namesleft #0 > } { "\bibinfo{person}{" s nameptr "{ff~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ * "}" * 't := nameptr #1 > { namesleft #1 > { ", " * t * } { numnames #2 > { "," * } 'skip$ if$ t "\bibinfo{person}{others}" = { " {et~al\mbox{.}}" * } { " {and} " * t * } if$ } if$ } 't if$ nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := % nameptr += 1; namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := % namesleft =- 1; } while$ } FUNCTION { format.authors } { author empty.or.unknown { "" } { "\bibfield{author}{" author format.names add.period$ * "}" *} % jtb: add period if none before if$ } FUNCTION { format.key } { empty.or.unknown { key field.or.null } { "" } if$ } FUNCTION { format.no.key } { empty.or.unknown { "" } { "" } if$ } FUNCTION { format.editors.fml } { % Format editor names for use in the "in" types: inbook, incollection, % inproceedings: first initial, then last names. When editors are the % LABEL for an entry, then format.editor is used which lists editors % by last name first. editor empty.or.unknown { "" } { "\bibfield{editor}{" editor format.names.fml * "}" * editor num.names$ #1 > { " (Eds.)" * } { " (Ed.)" * } if$ } if$ } FUNCTION { format.editors } { % format editor names for use in labels, last names first. editor empty.or.unknown { "" } { "\bibfield{editor}{" editor format.names * "}" * editor num.names$ #1 > { " (Eds.)." * } { " (Ed.)." * } if$ } if$ } FUNCTION { format.articletitle } { title empty.or.unknown { "" } % Use this to preserve lettercase in titles: { "\showarticletitle{" title * "}" * } % Use this for downcase title style: % { \showarticletitle{" title "t" change.case$ * "}" * } if$ } FUNCTION { format.title } { title empty.or.unknown { "" } % Use this to preserve lettercase in titles: { "\bibinfo{title}{" title * "}" * } % Use this for downcase title style: % { title "t" change.case$ } if$ } FUNCTION { n.dashify } { 't := "" { t empty.or.unknown not } { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not { "--" * t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := } { { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = } { "-" * t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := } while$ } if$ } { t #1 #1 substring$ * t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := } if$ } while$ } FUNCTION { format.a.title.with.edition } { "\bibinfo{booktitle}{" swap$ emphasize * edition empty.or.unknown 'skip$ { " (\bibinfo{edition}{" * edition "l" change.case$ * "} ed.)" * } % jtb: no parens for ed. if$ "}" * } FUNCTION { format.btitle } { title format.a.title.with.edition } FUNCTION { format.emphasize.booktitle } { booktitle format.a.title.with.edition } FUNCTION { format.city } { % jtb: if the preceding string (the title of the conference) is non-empty, % jtb: append the location, otherwise leave empty (so as to trigger the % jtb: error message in output.check duplicate$ empty.or.unknown { } { city empty.or.unknown { date empty.or.unknown { } { " (" * date * ")" * } if$ } { date empty.or.unknown { " (" * city * ")" * } { " (" * city * ", " * date * ")" * } if$ } if$ } if$ } FUNCTION { tie.or.space.connect } { duplicate$ text.length$ #3 < { "~" } { " " } if$ swap$ * * } FUNCTION { either.or.check } { empty.or.unknown 'pop$ { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ } if$ } FUNCTION { format.bvolume } { % jtb: If there is a series, this is added and the volume trails after it. % jtb: Otherwise, "Vol" is Capitalized. volume empty.or.unknown { "" } { series empty.or.unknown { "Vol.~\bibinfo{volume}{" volume "}" * *} { "\bibinfo{series}{" series "}, " * * "Vol.~\bibinfo{volume}{" volume "}" * * *} if$ "volume and number" number either.or.check } if$ } FUNCTION { format.bvolume.noseries } { volume empty.or.unknown { "" } { "Vol.~\bibinfo{volume}{" volume "}" * * "volume and number" number either.or.check } if$ } FUNCTION { format.series } { series empty.or.unknown {""} {" \emph{(\bibinfo{series}{" * series "})}" *} if$ } FUNCTION { format.number.series } { volume empty.or.unknown { number empty.or.unknown { volume empty.or.unknown { "" } { series empty.or.unknown { "" } { " (\bibinfo{series}{" series * "})" * } if$ } if$ } % { series field.or.null } { output.state mid.sentence = { "Number" } % gnp - changed to mixed case always { "Number" } if$ number tie.or.space.connect series empty.or.unknown { "there's a number but no series in " cite$ * warning$ } { " in \bibinfo{series}{" * series * "}" * } if$ } if$ } { "" } if$ } FUNCTION { multi.page.check } { 't := #0 'multiresult := { multiresult not t empty.or.unknown not and } { t #1 #1 substring$ duplicate$ "-" = swap$ duplicate$ "," = swap$ "+" = or or { #1 'multiresult := } { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := } if$ } while$ multiresult } FUNCTION { format.pages } { pages empty.or.unknown { "" } { "\bibinfo{pages}{" pages multi.page.check { pages n.dashify } % gnp - removed () % jtb: removed pp. { pages } if$ * "}" * } if$ } FUNCTION { format.pages.check.without.articleno } { %% format pages field only if articleno is absent %% Stack out: pages-specification numpages missing$ pages missing$ and { "page numbers missing in both pages and numpages fields in " cite$ * warning$ } { } if$ articleno empty.or.unknown eid empty.or.unknown and { pages missing$ { numpages } { format.pages } if$ } { "" } if$ } FUNCTION { format.pages.check } { pages empty.or.unknown { "page numbers missing in " cite$ * warning$ "" } { pages n.dashify } if$ } FUNCTION { format.bookpages } { bookpages empty.or.unknown { "" } { bookpages "book pages" tie.or.space.connect } if$ } FUNCTION { format.named.pages } { pages empty.or.unknown { "" } { format.pages "pages" tie.or.space.connect } if$ } % % Changed by Boris Veytsman, 2011-03-13 % Now the word "pages" is printed even if % there field pages is not empty. % FUNCTION { format.page.count } { page.count empty.or.unknown { "" } { "\bibinfo{numpages}{" page.count * "}~pages" * } if$ } FUNCTION { format.articleno.numpages } { %% There are seven possible outputs, depending on which fields are set. %% %% These four are handled here: %% %% articleno, numpages, pages -> "Article articleno-value, numpages-value pages" %% articleno, numpages -> "Article articleno-value, numpages-value pages" %% articleno, pages -> "Article articleno-value, reduced-pages-value pages" %% articleno -> "Article articleno-value" and warn about missing numpages %% %% The remaining three have already been handled by %% format.pages.check.without.articleno: %% %% numpages, pages -> "pages-value" %% numpages -> "numpages-value" %% pages -> "pages-value" %% %% We no longer issue warninig when missing articleno, but having numpages articleno empty.or.unknown eid empty.or.unknown and { %% numpages empty.or.unknown %% { } %% { "numpages field, but no articleno or eid field, in " %% cite$ * warning$ } %% if$ "" } { numpages empty.or.unknown { pages empty.or.unknown { "articleno or eid, but no pages or numpages field in " cite$ * warning$ "" 'page.count := } { reduce.pages.to.page.count } if$ } { numpages 'page.count := } if$ %% The Article number is now handled in format.day.month.year because %% ACM prefers the style "Digital Libraries 12, 3, Article 5 (July 2008)" %% over "Digital Libraries 12, 3 (July 2008), Article 5" %% format.articleno output format.page.count } if$ } FUNCTION {calc.format.page.count} { numpages empty.or.unknown { pages empty.or.unknown { "" 'page.count := } { reduce.pages.to.page.count } if$ } { numpages 'page.count := } if$ format.page.count } FUNCTION { journal.canon.abbrev } { % Returns a canonical abbreviation for 'journal', or else 'journal' % unchanged. journal "ACM Computing Surveys" = { "Comput. Surveys" } { journal "{ACM} Computing Surveys" = { "Comput. Surveys" } { journal "ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software" = { "ACM Trans. Math. Software" } { journal "{ACM} Transactions on Mathematical Software" = { "ACM Trans. Math. Software" } { journal "ACM SIGNUM Newsletter" = { "ACM SIGNUM Newslett." } { journal "ACM {SIGNUM} Newsletter" = { "ACM SIGNUM Newslett." } { journal "{ACM} SIGNUM Newsletter" = { "ACM SIGNUM Newslett." } { journal "{ACM} {SIGNUM} Newsletter" = { "ACM SIGNUM Newslett." } { journal "American Journal of Sociology" = { "Amer. J. Sociology" } { journal "American Mathematical Monthly" = { "Amer. Math. Monthly" } { journal "American Mathematical Society Translations" = { "Amer. Math. Soc. Transl." } { journal "Applied Mathematics and Computation" = { "Appl. Math. Comput." } { journal "British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology" = { "Brit. J. Math. Statist. Psych." } { journal "Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society" = { "Bull. Amer. Math. Soc." } { journal "Canadian Mathematical Bulletin" = { "Canad. Math. Bull." } { journal "Communications of the ACM" = { "Commun. ACM" } { journal "Communications of the {ACM}" = { "Commun. ACM" } { journal "Computers and Structures" = { "Comput. \& Structures" } { journal "Contemporary Mathematics" = { "Contemp. Math." } { journal "Crelle's Journal" = { "Crelle's J." } { journal "Giornale di Mathematiche" = { "Giorn. Mat." } { journal "IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems" = { "IEEE Trans. Aerospace Electron. Systems" } { journal "{IEEE} Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems" = { "IEEE Trans. Aerospace Electron. Systems" } { journal "IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control" = { "IEEE Trans. Automat. Control" } { journal "{IEEE} Transactions on Automatic Control" = { "IEEE Trans. Automat. Control" } { journal "IEEE Transactions on Computers" = { "IEEE Trans. Comput." } { journal "{IEEE} Transactions on Computers" = { "IEEE Trans. Comput." } { journal "IMA Journal of Numerical Analysis" = { "IMA J. Numer. Anal." } { journal "{IMA} Journal of Numerical Analysis" = { "IMA J. Numer. Anal." } { journal "Information Processing Letters" = { "Inform. Process. Lett." } { journal "International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering" = { "Internat. J. Numer. Methods Engrg." } { journal "International Journal of Control" = { "Internat. J. Control" } { journal "International Journal of Supercomputing Applications" = { "Internat. J. Supercomputing Applic." } { journal "Journal of Computational Physics" = { "J. Comput. Phys." } { journal "Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics" = { "J. Comput. Appl. Math." } { journal "Journal of Computer and System Sciences" = { "J. Comput. System Sci." } { journal "Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications" = { "J. Math. Anal. Appl." } { journal "Journal of Mathematical Physics" = { "J. Math. Phys." } { journal "Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing" = { "J. Parallel and Distrib. Comput." } { journal "Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards" = { "J. Res. Nat. Bur. Standards" } { journal "Journal of VLSI and Computer Systems" = { "J. VLSI Comput. Syst." } { journal "Journal of {VLSI} and Computer Systems" = { "J. VLSI Comput. Syst." } { journal "Journal of the ACM" = { "J. ACM" } { journal "Journal of the American Statistical Association" = { "J. Amer. Statist. Assoc." } { journal "Journal of the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications" = { "J. Inst. Math. Appl." } { journal "Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics" = { "J. Soc. Indust. Appl. Math." } { journal "Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Series B, Numerical Analysis" = { "J. Soc. Indust. Appl. Math. Ser. B Numer. Anal." } { journal "Linear Algebra and its Applications" = { "Linear Algebra Appl." } { journal "Mathematica Scandinavica" = { "Math. Scand." } { journal "Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation" = { "Math. Tables Aids Comput." } { journal "Mathematics of Computation" = { "Math. Comp." } { journal "Mathematische Annalen" = { "Math. Ann." } { journal "Numerische Mathematik" = { "Numer. Math." } { journal "Pacific Journal of Mathematics" = { "Pacific J. Math." } { journal "Parallel Computing" = { "Parallel Comput." } { journal "Philosophical Magazine" = { "Philos. Mag." } { journal "Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society" = { "Proc. Amer. Math. Soc." } { journal "Proceedings of the IEEE" = { "Proc. IEEE" } { journal "Proceedings of the {IEEE}" = { "Proc. IEEE" } { journal "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA" = { "Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U. S. A." } { journal "Quarterly Journal of Mathematics, Oxford, Series (2)" = { "Quart. J. Math. Oxford Ser. (2)" } { journal "Quarterly of Applied Mathematics" = { "Quart. Appl. Math." } { journal "Review of the International Statisical Institute" = { "Rev. Inst. Internat. Statist." } { journal "SIAM Journal on Algebraic and Discrete Methods" = { "SIAM J. Algebraic Discrete Methods" } { journal "{SIAM} Journal on Algebraic and Discrete Methods" = { "SIAM J. Algebraic Discrete Methods" } { journal "SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics" = { "SIAM J. Appl. Math." } { journal "{SIAM} Journal on Applied Mathematics" = { "SIAM J. Appl. Math." } { journal "SIAM Journal on Computing" = { "SIAM J. Comput." } { journal "{SIAM} Journal on Computing" = { "SIAM J. Comput." } { journal "SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications" = { "SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl." } { journal "{SIAM} Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications" = { "SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl." } { journal "SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis" = { "SIAM J. Numer. Anal." } { journal "{SIAM} Journal on Numerical Analysis" = { "SIAM J. Numer. Anal." } { journal "SIAM Journal on Scientific and Statistical Computing" = { "SIAM J. Sci. Statist. Comput." } { journal "{SIAM} Journal on Scientific and Statistical Computing" = { "SIAM J. Sci. Statist. Comput." } { journal "SIAM Review" = { "SIAM Rev." } { journal "{SIAM} Review" = { "SIAM Rev." } { journal "Software Practice and Experience" = { "Software Prac. Experience" } { journal "Statistical Science" = { "Statist. Sci." } { journal "The Computer Journal" = { "Comput. J." } { journal "Transactions of the American Mathematical Society" = { "Trans. Amer. Math. Soc." } { journal "USSR Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Physics" = { "U. S. S. R. Comput. Math. and Math. Phys." } { journal "{USSR} Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Physics" = { "U. S. S. R. Comput. Math. and Math. Phys." } { journal "Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik" = { "Z. Angew. Math. Mech." } { journal "Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Mathematik und Physik" = { "Z. Angew. Math. Phys." } { journal } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } FUNCTION { format.journal.volume.number.day.month.year } { % By Young (and Spencer) % GNP - fixed bugs with missing volume, number, and/or pages % % Format journal, volume, number, pages for article types. % journal empty.or.unknown { "no journal in " cite$ * warning$ "" } { "\bibinfo{journal}{" journal.canon.abbrev emphasize * "}" * } if$ number empty.or.unknown { volume empty.or.unknown { "no number and no volume in " cite$ * warning$ "" * } { " " * " \bibinfo{volume}{" * volume * "}" * } if$ } { volume empty.or.unknown { "unusual to have number, but no volume, for " cite$ * warning$ " \bibinfo{number}{" * number * "}" * } { " \bibinfo{volume}{" * volume * "}, \bibinfo{number}{" * number * "}" *} if$ } if$ after.block 'output.state := % Sometimes proceedings are published in journals % In this case we do not want to put year, day and month here type$ "inproceedings" = { } {format.day.month.year * } if$ } FUNCTION { format.chapter.pages } { chapter empty.or.unknown 'format.pages { type empty.or.unknown { "Chapter" } % gnp - changed to mixed case { type "t" change.case$ } if$ chapter tie.or.space.connect pages empty.or.unknown {"page numbers missing in " cite$ * warning$} % gnp - added check { ", " * format.pages * } if$ } if$ } FUNCTION { format.in.emphasize.booktitle } { % jtb: format for collections or proceedings not appearing in a journal booktitle empty.or.unknown { "" } { "In " format.emphasize.booktitle * } if$ } FUNCTION { format.in.booktitle } { % jtb: format for proceedings appearing in a journal booktitle empty.or.unknown { "" } { "In \bibinfo{booktitle}{" booktitle * "}" * } if$ } FUNCTION { format.in.ed.booktitle } { booktitle empty.or.unknown { "" } { editor empty.or.unknown { "In " format.emphasize.booktitle * } % jtb: swapped editor location { "In " format.emphasize.booktitle * ", " * format.editors.fml * } if$ } if$ } FUNCTION { format.thesis.type } { % call with default type on stack top type empty.or.unknown 'skip$ % use default type { pop$ % discard default type % NO: it is silly to have to brace protect every degree type!: type "t" change.case$ type } if$ } FUNCTION { format.tr.number } { "\bibinfo{type}{" type empty.or.unknown { "{T}echnical {R}eport" } 'type if$ "}" * * number empty.or.unknown { "t" change.case$ } %% LOOKS BAD: { "." * number tie.or.space.connect } %% Prefer "Research report RJ687." to "Research report. RJ687." { number tie.or.space.connect } if$ } FUNCTION { format.advisor } { advisor empty.or.unknown { "" } { "Advisor(s) " advisor * } if$ } FUNCTION { format.article.crossref } { "See" "\citeN{" * crossref * "}" * } FUNCTION { format.crossref.editor } { editor #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ editor num.names$ duplicate$ #2 > { pop$ " et~al\mbox{.}" * } % jrh: avoid spacing problems { #2 < 'skip$ { editor #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" = { " et~al\mbox{.}" * } % jrh: avoid spacing problems { " and " * editor #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ * } if$ } if$ } if$ } FUNCTION { format.book.crossref } { volume empty.or.unknown { "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$ "In " } { "Volume" volume tie.or.space.connect % gnp - changed to mixed case " of " * } if$ editor empty.or.unknown editor field.or.null author field.or.null = or { key empty.or.unknown { series empty.or.unknown { "need editor, key, or series for " cite$ * " to crossref " * crossref * warning$ "" * } { series emphasize * } if$ } { key * } if$ } { format.crossref.editor * } if$ " \citeN{" * crossref * "}" * } FUNCTION { format.incoll.inproc.crossref } { "See" " \citeN{" * crossref * "}" * } FUNCTION { format.lab.names } { % format.lab.names: % % determines "short" names for the abbreviated author information. % "Long" labels are created in calc.label, using the routine my.full.label % to format author and editor fields. % % There are 4 cases for labels. (n=3 in the example) % a) one author Foo % b) one to n Foo, Bar and Baz % c) use of "and others" Foo, Bar et al. % d) more than n Foo et al. 's := s num.names$ 'numnames := numnames #2 > % change number to number of others allowed before % forcing "et al". { s #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ " et~al\mbox{.}" * } % jrh: \mbox{} added { numnames #1 - 'namesleft := #2 'nameptr := s #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ { namesleft #0 > } { nameptr numnames = { s nameptr "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" = { " et~al\mbox{.}" * } % jrh: avoid spacing problems { " and " * s nameptr "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ * } if$ } { ", " * s nameptr "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ * } if$ nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := } while$ } if$ } FUNCTION { author.key.label } { author empty.or.unknown { key empty.or.unknown { "no key, author in " cite$ * warning$ cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } 'key if$ } { author format.lab.names } if$ } FUNCTION { editor.key.organization.label } { % added - gnp. Provide label formatting by organization if editor is null. editor empty.or.unknown { organization empty.or.unknown { key empty.or.unknown { "no key, editor or organization in " cite$ * warning$ cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } 'key if$ } { organization } if$ } { editor format.lab.names } if$ } FUNCTION { author.editor.key.label } { author empty.or.unknown { editor empty.or.unknown { key empty.or.unknown { "no key, author, or editor in " cite$ * warning$ cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } 'key if$ } { editor format.lab.names } if$ } { author format.lab.names } if$ } FUNCTION { author.editor.key.organization.label } { % added - gnp. Provide label formatting by organization if author is null. author empty.or.unknown { editor empty.or.unknown { organization empty.or.unknown { key empty.or.unknown { "no key, author, editor or organization in " cite$ * warning$ cite$ #1 #3 substring$ } 'key if$ } { organization } if$ } { editor format.lab.names } if$ } { author format.lab.names } if$ } % Calculate label and leave it on stack FUNCTION { calc.basic.label } { type$ "book" = type$ "inbook" = or type$ "article" = or 'author.editor.key.label { type$ "proceedings" = type$ "periodical" = or 'editor.key.organization.label { type$ "manual" = 'author.editor.key.organization.label 'author.key.label if$ } if$ } if$ duplicate$ year empty.or.unknown { "[n.d.]" } { year field.or.null purify$ #-1 #4 substring$} if$ * 'basic.label.year := } FUNCTION { calc.label } { % Changed - GNP. See also author.editor.organization.sort, editor.organization.sort % Form label for BibTeX entry. The classification of which fields are used % for which type of entry (book, inbook, etc.) are taken from alpha.bst. % The change here from newapa is to also include organization as a % citation label if author or editor is missing. calc.basic.label author empty.or.unknown % generate the full label citation information. { editor empty.or.unknown { organization empty.or.unknown { key empty.or.unknown { "no author, editor, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$ "??" } { key } if$ } { organization } if$ } { editor my.full.label } if$ } { author my.full.label } if$ % leave label on the stack, to be popped when required. "}{" * swap$ * "}{" * % year field.or.null purify$ #-1 #4 substring$ * % % save the year for sort processing afterwards (adding a, b, c, etc.) % year empty.or.unknown { "[n.d.]" } { year field.or.null purify$ #-1 #4 substring$} if$ 'label.year := } FUNCTION { output.bibitem } { newline$ "\bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{" write$ calc.label write$ sort.year write$ "}]%" writeln " {" write$ cite$ write$ "}" writeln "" before.all 'output.state := } FUNCTION { output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint } { % enter and return with stack empty %% We switch now from buffered output to output of complete lines, so %% that the Issue .. URL data have their own lines, and are less likely %% to be line-wrapped by BibTeX's short-sighted algorithm, which wraps %% lines longer than 79 characters, backtracking to what it thinks is %% a break point in the string. Any such wrapping MUST be undone to %% prevent percent-newline from appearing in DOIs and URLs. The %% output data are intentionally wrapped in \showxxx{} macros at %% beginning of line, and that supply their own punctuation (if they %% are not defined to suppress output entirely), to make it easier for %% other software to recover them from .bbl files. %% %% It also makes it possible to later change the macro definitions %% to suppress particular output values, or alter their appearance. %% %% Note that it is possible for theses, technical reports, and %% manuals to have ISBNs, and anything that has an ISBN may also %% have an ISSN. When there are no values for these keys, there %% is no output generated for them here. "\newblock" writeln after.block 'output.state := output.issue output.isbn output.coden % CODEN is functionally like ISSN, so output them sequentially output.issn output.lccn output.doi % DOI is ALWAYS last according to CrossRef DOI documentation output.eprint output.url % but ACM wants URL last } FUNCTION { output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint.note } { % enter with stack empty, return with empty string on stack output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint note empty.or.unknown { } { "\newblock" writeln output.note } if$ "" } FUNCTION { output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint.note.check } { % enter with stack empty, return with empty string on stack output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint note empty.or.unknown { } { "\newblock" writeln output.note.check } if$ "" } FUNCTION { article } { output.bibitem author empty.or.unknown { editor empty.or.unknown { "neither author and editor supplied for " cite$ * warning$ } { format.editors "editor" output.check } if$ } { format.authors "author" output.check } if$ author format.no.key output % added output.year.check % added new.block format.articletitle "title" output.check new.block howpublished empty.or.unknown { } { "\bibinfo{howpublished}{" howpublished "}" * * output } if$ crossref missing$ { format.journal.volume.number.day.month.year output} { "cross reference in @Article{...} is unusual" warning$ format.article.crossref output.nonnull } if$ format.pages.check.without.articleno output format.articleno.numpages output fin.block output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint.note fin.entry } FUNCTION { book } { output.bibitem author empty.or.unknown { format.editors "author and editor" output.check } { format.authors output.nonnull crossref missing$ { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } 'skip$ if$ } if$ output.year.check % added new.block format.btitle "title" output.check crossref missing$ { new.sentence % jtb: start a new sentence for series/volume format.bvolume output new.block format.number.series output new.sentence publisher "publisher" bibinfo.output.check address "address" bibinfo.output.check % jtb: require address fin.sentence pages empty.or.unknown { format.bookpages } % use bookpages when pages empty { format.pages.check "pages" tie.or.space.connect } if$ output } { new.block format.book.crossref output.nonnull } if$ fin.block output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint.note fin.entry } FUNCTION { booklet } { output.bibitem format.authors output author format.key output % added output.year.check % added new.block format.title "title" output.check new.block howpublished empty.or.unknown { } { "\bibinfo{howpublished}{" howpublished "}" * * output } if$ address output fin.block output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint.note fin.entry } FUNCTION { inbook } { output.bibitem author empty.or.unknown { format.editors "author and editor" output.check } { format.authors output.nonnull crossref missing$ { "author and editor" editor either.or.check } 'skip$ if$ } if$ output.year.check % added new.block format.btitle "title" output.check crossref missing$ { new.sentence % jtb: start a new sentence for series/volume format.bvolume output new.block format.number.series output new.sentence publisher "publisher" bibinfo.output.check address "address" bibinfo.output.check % jtb: require address format.bookpages output format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check % jtb: moved from before publisher } { format.bookpages output format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check new.block format.book.crossref output.nonnull } if$ fin.block output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint.note fin.entry } FUNCTION { incollection } { output.bibitem format.authors "author" output.check author format.key output % added output.year.check % added new.block format.articletitle "title" output.check new.block crossref missing$ { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check new.sentence % jtb: start a new sentence for series/volume format.bvolume output format.number.series output new.sentence publisher "publisher" bibinfo.output.check address "address" bibinfo.output.check % jtb: require address format.bookpages output format.chapter.pages output % gnp - was special.output.nonnull % left out comma before page numbers % jtb: moved from before publisher } { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull format.chapter.pages output } if$ fin.block output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint.note fin.entry } FUNCTION { inproceedings } { output.bibitem format.authors "author" output.check author format.key output % added output.year.check % added new.block format.articletitle "title" output.check howpublished empty.or.unknown { } { "\bibinfo{howpublished}{" howpublished "}" * * output.dot.space } if$ crossref missing$ { journal missing$ % jtb: proceedings appearing in journals { format.in.emphasize.booktitle format.city "booktitle" output.check.dot.space format.series output.removenospace format.editors.fml output % BV 2011/09/27 Moved dot to comma format.bvolume.noseries output new.sentence organization output publisher "publisher" bibinfo.output.check % jtb: require publisher (?) address "address" bibinfo.output.check % jtb: require address format.bookpages output } { format.in.booktitle format.city "booktitle" output.check format.editors.fml output new.sentence format.journal.volume.number.day.month.year output } if$ format.articleno output format.pages.check.without.articleno output } { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull format.articleno output format.pages.check.without.articleno output } if$ format.articleno.numpages output fin.block output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint.note fin.entry } FUNCTION { conference } { inproceedings } FUNCTION { manual } { output.bibitem author empty.or.unknown { editor empty.or.unknown { organization "organization" output.check organization format.key output } % if all else fails, use key { format.editors "author and editor" output.check } if$ } { format.authors output.nonnull } if$ output.year.check % added new.block format.btitle "title" output.check organization address new.block.checkb % jtb: back to normal style: organization, address organization "organization" output.check address output fin.block output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint.note fin.entry } FUNCTION { mastersthesis } { output.bibitem format.authors "author" output.check author format.key output % added output.year.check % added new.block format.title emphasize "title" output.check % NB: ACM style requires emphasized thesis title new.block "\bibinfo{thesistype}{Master's\ thesis}" format.thesis.type output new.sentence school "school" bibinfo.output.check address empty.or.unknown { } { "\bibinfo{address}{" address * "}" * output } if$ new.block format.advisor output fin.block output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint.note fin.entry } FUNCTION { misc } { output.bibitem format.authors "author" output.check author format.key output % added output.year.check % added title howpublished new.block.checkb format.title output new.block howpublished empty.or.unknown { } { "\bibinfo{howpublished}{" howpublished "}" * * output } if$ "" output.nonnull.dot.space calc.format.page.count output fin.block output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint.note fin.entry } FUNCTION { online } { misc } FUNCTION { game } { misc } FUNCTION { phdthesis } { output.bibitem format.authors "author" output.check author format.key output % added output.year.check % added new.block format.title emphasize "title" output.check % NB: ACM style requires emphasized thesis title new.block "\bibinfo{thesistype}{Ph.D. Dissertation}" format.thesis.type output new.sentence school "school" bibinfo.output.check address empty.or.unknown { } { "\bibinfo{address}{" address * "}" * output } if$ new.block format.advisor output fin.block output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint.note fin.entry } FUNCTION {format.date} { year empty.or.unknown { month empty.or.unknown { "" % output empty date if year/month both empty day empty.or.unknown { } { "there's a day but no month or year in " cite$ * warning$ } if$ } { "there's a month but no year in " cite$ * warning$ month day empty.or.unknown { } { " " * day * } if$ } if$ } { month empty.or.unknown { year % output only year if month empty day empty.or.unknown { } { "there's a day and year but no month in " cite$ * warning$ } if$ } { month " " * day empty.or.unknown { } { day * ", " * } if$ year * } if$ } if$ } FUNCTION {new.block.checka} { empty.or.unknown 'skip$ 'new.block if$ } FUNCTION { periodical } { output.bibitem editor empty.or.unknown { organization output } { format.editors output.nonnull } if$ new.block output.year.check new.sentence format.articletitle "title" output.check format.journal.volume.number.day.month.year output calc.format.page.count output fin.entry } FUNCTION { proceedings } { output.bibitem editor empty.or.unknown { organization output organization format.key output } % gnp - changed from author format.key { format.editors output.nonnull } if$ % author format.key output % gnp - removed (should be either % editor or organization output.year.check % added (newapa) new.block format.btitle format.city "title" output.check % jtb: added city new.sentence format.bvolume output format.number.series output new.sentence organization output % jtb: normal order: publisher, address publisher empty.or.unknown { } { "\bibinfo{publisher}{" publisher * "}" * output } if$ address empty.or.unknown { } { "\bibinfo{address}{" address * "}" * output } if$ fin.block output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint.note fin.entry } FUNCTION { collection } { proceedings } FUNCTION { techreport } { output.bibitem format.authors "author" output.check author format.key output % added output.year.check % added new.block format.btitle "title" output.check new.block % format.tr.number output % jtb: moved month ... format.tr.number output new.sentence % Gerry - need dot 2011/09/28 institution "institution" bibinfo.output.check address empty.or.unknown { } { "\bibinfo{address}{" address "}" * * output } if$ new.sentence format.named.pages output % ACM omits year at end in transactions style % format.day.month.year output.nonnull.dot.space % jtb: ... to here (no parens) fin.block output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint.note fin.entry } FUNCTION { unpublished } { output.bibitem format.authors "author" output.check author format.key output % added output.year.check % added new.block format.title "title" output.check fin.sentence output.day.month.year % UTAH calc.format.page.count output fin.block output.issue.doi.coden.isxn.lccn.url.eprint.note.check fin.entry } FUNCTION { default.type } { misc } %%% ACM journal-style month definitions: full name if 1--5 letters, else %%% abbreviation of 3 or 4 characters and a dot MACRO {jan} {"Jan."} MACRO {feb} {"Feb."} MACRO {mar} {"March"} MACRO {apr} {"April"} MACRO {may} {"May"} MACRO {jun} {"June"} MACRO {jul} {"July"} MACRO {aug} {"Aug."} MACRO {sep} {"Sept."} MACRO {oct} {"Oct."} MACRO {nov} {"Nov."} MACRO {dec} {"Dec."} READ FUNCTION { sortify } { purify$ "l" change.case$ } FUNCTION { chop.word } { 's := 'len := s #1 len substring$ = { s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ } 's if$ } FUNCTION { sort.format.names } { 's := #1 'nameptr := "" s num.names$ 'numnames := numnames 'namesleft := { namesleft #0 > } { nameptr #1 > { " " * } 'skip$ if$ s nameptr "{vv{ } }{ll{ }}{ f{ }}{ jj{ }}" format.name$ 't := nameptr numnames = t "others" = and { " et~al" * } { t sortify * } if$ nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := } while$ } FUNCTION { sort.format.title } { 't := "A " #2 "An " #3 "The " #4 t chop.word chop.word chop.word sortify #1 global.max$ substring$ } FUNCTION { author.sort } { author empty.or.unknown { key empty.or.unknown { "to sort, need author or key in " cite$ * warning$ "" } { key sortify } if$ } { author sort.format.names } if$ } FUNCTION { author.editor.sort } { author empty.or.unknown { editor empty.or.unknown { key empty.or.unknown { "to sort, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$ "" } { key sortify } if$ } { editor sort.format.names } if$ } { author sort.format.names } if$ } FUNCTION { editor.organization.sort } { % added - GNP. Stack editor or organization for sorting (from alpha.bst). % Unlike alpha.bst, we need entire names, not abbreviations editor empty.or.unknown { organization empty.or.unknown { key empty.or.unknown { "to sort, need editor, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$ "" } { key sortify } if$ } { organization sortify } if$ } { editor sort.format.names } if$ } FUNCTION { author.editor.organization.sort } { % added - GNP. Stack author or organization for sorting (from alpha.bst). % Unlike alpha.bst, we need entire names, not abbreviations author empty.or.unknown { editor empty.or.unknown { organization empty.or.unknown { key empty.or.unknown { "to sort, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$ "" } { key sortify } if$ } { organization sortify } if$ } { editor sort.format.names } if$ } { author sort.format.names } if$ } FUNCTION { presort } { % Presort creates the bibentry's label via a call to calc.label, and then % sorts the entries based on entry type. Chicago.bst adds support for % including organizations as the sort key; the following is stolen from % alpha.bst. calc.label basic.label.year swap$ " " swap$ * * " " * sortify year field.or.null purify$ #-1 #4 substring$ * % add year " " * type$ "book" = type$ "inbook" = or type$ "article" = or 'author.editor.sort { type$ "proceedings" = type$ "periodical" = or 'editor.organization.sort { type$ "manual" = 'author.editor.organization.sort 'author.sort if$ } if$ } if$ #1 entry.max$ substring$ % added for newapa 'sort.label := % added for newapa sort.label % added for newapa * " " * title field.or.null sort.format.title * #1 entry.max$ substring$ 'sort.key$ := } ITERATE { presort } SORT % by label, year, author/editor, title % From plainnat.bst STRINGS { longest.label } INTEGERS { longest.label.width number.label } FUNCTION {initialize.longest.label} { "" 'longest.label := #0 int.to.chr$ 'last.label := "" 'next.extra := #0 'longest.label.width := #0 'last.extra.num := #0 'number.label := } FUNCTION { initialize.extra.label.stuff } { #0 int.to.chr$ 'last.label := "" 'next.extra := #0 'last.extra.num := } FUNCTION { forward.pass } { % Pass through all entries, comparing current entry to last one. % Need to concatenate year to the stack (done by calc.label) to determine % if two entries are the same (see presort) last.label calc.basic.label year field.or.null purify$ #-1 #4 substring$ * % add year #1 entry.max$ substring$ = % are they equal? { last.extra.num #1 + 'last.extra.num := last.extra.num int.to.chr$ 'extra.label := } { "a" chr.to.int$ 'last.extra.num := "" 'extra.label := calc.basic.label year field.or.null purify$ #-1 #4 substring$ * % add year #1 entry.max$ substring$ 'last.label := % assign to last.label } if$ number.label #1 + 'number.label := } FUNCTION { reverse.pass } { next.extra "b" = { "a" 'extra.label := } 'skip$ if$ label.year extra.label * 'sort.year := extra.label 'next.extra := } EXECUTE {initialize.extra.label.stuff} EXECUTE {initialize.longest.label} ITERATE {forward.pass} REVERSE {reverse.pass} FUNCTION { bib.sort.order } { sort.label " " * year field.or.null sortify * " " * title field.or.null sort.format.title * #1 entry.max$ substring$ 'sort.key$ := } ITERATE { bib.sort.order } SORT % by sort.label, year, title --- giving final bib. order. FUNCTION { begin.bib } { %% Set to #0 show 13-digit ISBN in preference to 10-digit ISBN. %% Set to #1 to show both 10-digit and 13-digit ISBNs. #1 'show-isbn-10-and-13 := "%%% -*-BibTeX-*-" writeln "%%% Do NOT edit. File created by BibTeX with style" writeln "%%% ACM-Reference-Format-Journals [18-Jan-2012]." writeln "" writeln preamble$ empty.or.unknown 'skip$ { preamble$ writeln } if$ "\begin{thebibliography}{" number.label int.to.str$ * "}" * writeln "" writeln "%%% ====================================================================" writeln "%%% NOTE TO THE USER: you can override these defaults by providing" writeln "%%% customized versions of any of these macros before the \bibliography" writeln "%%% command. Each of them MUST provide its own final punctuation," writeln "%%% except for \shownote{}, \showDOI{}, and \showURL{}. The latter two" writeln "%%% do not use final punctuation, in order to avoid confusing it with" writeln "%%% the Web address." writeln "%%%" writeln "%%% To suppress output of a particular field, define its macro to expand" writeln "%%% to an empty string, or better, \unskip, like this:" writeln "%%%" writeln "%%% \newcommand{\showDOI}[1]{\unskip} % LaTeX syntax" writeln "%%%" writeln "%%% \def \showDOI #1{\unskip} % plain TeX syntax" writeln "%%%" writeln "%%% ====================================================================" writeln "" writeln %% ACM publications do not use CODEN, ISSN, and LCCN data, so their default %% macro wrappers expand to \unskip, discarding their values and unwanted %% space. %% %% For other publications, prior definitions like these may be useful: %% %% Plain TeX: %% \def \showCODEN #1{CODEN #1.} %% \def \showISSN #1{ISSN #1.} %% \def \showLCCN #1{LCCN #1.} %% %% LaTeX: %% \newcommand{\showCODEN}[1]{CODEN #1.} %% \newcommand{\showISSN}[1]#1{ISSN #1.} %% \newcommand{\showLCCN}[1]{LCCN #1.} "\ifx \showCODEN \undefined \def \showCODEN #1{\unskip} \fi" writeln "\ifx \showDOI \undefined \def \showDOI #1{#1}\fi" writeln % ACM styles omit ISBNs, but they can be included by suitable definitions of % \showISBNx and \showISBNxiii before the .bbl file is read "\ifx \showISBNx \undefined \def \showISBNx #1{\unskip} \fi" writeln "\ifx \showISBNxiii \undefined \def \showISBNxiii #1{\unskip} \fi" writeln "\ifx \showISSN \undefined \def \showISSN #1{\unskip} \fi" writeln "\ifx \showLCCN \undefined \def \showLCCN #1{\unskip} \fi" writeln "\ifx \shownote \undefined \def \shownote #1{#1} \fi" writeln % NB: final period supplied by add.period$ above "\ifx \showarticletitle \undefined \def \showarticletitle #1{#1} \fi" writeln "\ifx \showURL \undefined \def \showURL {\relax} \fi" writeln "% The following commands are used for tagged output and should be " writeln "% invisible to TeX" writeln "\providecommand\bibfield[2]{#2}" writeln "\providecommand\bibinfo[2]{#2}" writeln "\providecommand\natexlab[1]{#1}" writeln "\providecommand\showeprint[2][]{arXiv:#2}" writeln } EXECUTE {begin.bib} EXECUTE {init.state.consts} ITERATE {call.type$} FUNCTION { end.bib } { newline$ "\end{thebibliography}" writeln } EXECUTE {end.bib}

master-project-paper/ACM-Reference-Format.bbx

\ProvidesFile{ACM-Reference-Format.bbx}[2017-09-27 v0.1 biblatex bibliography style] % Inherit a default style \RequireBibliographyStyle{trad-plain} %%% Localisation strings for ACM \DefineBibliographyStrings{american}{% mathesis = {Master's thesis}, phdthesis = {Ph\adddot{}D\adddotspace Dissertation}, editor = {(Ed\adddot)}, editors = {(Eds\adddot)}, edition = {ed\adddot}, } %%% Formatting for fields %\DeclareFieldFormat % [article,inbook,incollection,inproceedings,patent,thesis,unpublished] % {title}{#1} \DeclareFieldFormat{pages}{#1} \DeclareFieldFormat{numpages}{#1 pages} \DeclareFieldFormat{number}{#1} \DeclareFieldFormat{articleno}{Article #1} \DeclareFieldFormat{key}{#1} \DeclareFieldFormat{urldate}{Retrieved\space{}#1\space{}from} \DeclareFieldAlias{lastaccessed}{urldate} \DeclareFieldFormat{url}{\url{#1}} \DeclareFieldFormat{edition}{% \printtext[parens]{\ifinteger{#1} {\mkbibordedition{#1}~\bibstring{edition}} {#1\isdot~\bibstring{edition}}}} % Handle urls field containing 'and' separated list of URLs % https://github.com/plk/biblatex/issues/229 \DeclareListFormat{urls}{% \url{#1}% \ifthenelse{\value{listcount}<\value{liststop}} {\addcomma\space} {}} \renewbibmacro*{url}{\iffieldundef{url}{\printlist{urls}}{\printfield{url}}} %%% Bibmacro definitions \renewbibmacro*{translator+others}{% \ifboolexpr{ test \ifusetranslator and not test {\ifnameundef{translator}} } {\printnames{translator}% \setunit{\addcomma\space}% \usebibmacro{translator+othersstrg}% \clearname{translator}} {\printfield{key}}} \newbibmacro*{year}{% \iffieldundef{year}% {\printtext{[n.\ d.]}}% {\printfield{year}}% } \renewbibmacro*{date}{\printtext[parens]{\printdate}} \renewbibmacro*{url+urldate}{\iffieldundef{urlyear} {} {\usebibmacro{urldate}% \setunit*{\addspace}}% \usebibmacro{url}% } \renewbibmacro*{journal+issuetitle}{% \usebibmacro{journal}% \setunit*{\addcomma\space}% \iffieldundef{series} {} {\newunit% \printfield{series}% \setunit{\addspace}}% \usebibmacro{volume+number+date+pages+eid}% \newcommaunit% % \setunit{\addspace}% \usebibmacro{issue-issue}% \setunit*{\addcolon\space}% \usebibmacro{issue}% \newunit} \newbibmacro*{volume+number+date+pages+eid}{% \printfield{volume}% \setunit*{\addcomma\space}% \printfield{number}% \setunit*{\addcomma\space}% \printfield{articleno} \setunit{\addcomma\space} \usebibmacro{date-ifmonth} \setunit{\addcomma\space}% \iffieldundef{pages}% {\printfield{numpages}}% {\printfield{pages}}% \newcommaunit% \printfield{eid}}% \renewbibmacro*{chapter+pages}{% \printfield{chapter}% \setunit{\bibpagespunct}% \iffieldundef{pages}% {\printfield{numpages}}% {\printfield{pages}}% \newunit} \renewbibmacro*{editor+others}{% \ifboolexpr{ test \ifuseeditor and not test {\ifnameundef{editor}} } {\printnames{editor}% \setunit{\addcomma\space}% \usebibmacro{editor+othersstrg}% \clearname{editor}} {\iflistundef{organization}{}{\printlist{organization}}}} \newbibmacro*{issue-issue}{% \iffieldundef{issue}% {}% {\printfield{issue}% \setunit*{\addcomma\space}% \usebibmacro{date-ifmonth}% }% \newunit} \newbibmacro*{maintitle+booktitle+series+number}{% \iffieldundef{maintitle} {} {\usebibmacro{maintitle}% \newunit\newblock \iffieldundef{volume} {} {\printfield{volume}% \printfield{part}% \setunit{\addcolon\space}}}% \usebibmacro{booktitle}% \setunit*{\addspace} \printfield[parens]{series}% \setunit*{\addspace}% \printfield{number}% \setunit*{\addcomma\space}% \printfield{articleno} \newunit } \renewbibmacro*{booktitle}{% \ifboolexpr{ test {\iffieldundef{booktitle}} and test {\iffieldundef{booksubtitle}} } {} {\printtext[booktitle]{% \printfield[titlecase]{booktitle}% \iffieldundef{booksubtitle}{}{ \setunit{\subtitlepunct}% \printfield[titlecase]{booksubtitle}}% }% }% \printfield{booktitleaddon}} \renewbibmacro*{volume+number+eid}{% \printfield{volume}% \setunit*{\addcomma\space}% \printfield{number}% \setunit*{\addcomma\space}% \printfield{articleno} \setunit{\addcomma\space}% \printfield{eid}} \renewbibmacro*{publisher+location+date}{% \printlist{publisher}% \setunit*{\addcomma\space}% \printlist{location}% \setunit*{\addcomma\space}% \usebibmacro{date-ifmonth}% \newunit} \newbibmacro{date-ifmonth}{% \iffieldundef{month}{}{% \usebibmacro{date} }% } \renewbibmacro*{institution+location+date}{% \printlist{school}% \setunit*{\addcomma\space}% \printlist{institution}% \setunit*{\addcomma\space}% \printlist{location}% \setunit*{\addcomma\space}% \usebibmacro{date-ifmonth}% \newunit} \renewbibmacro*{periodical}{% \iffieldundef{title} {} {\printtext[title]{% \printfield[titlecase]{title}% \setunit{\subtitlepunct}% \printfield[titlecase]{subtitle}}}% \newunit% \usebibmacro{journal}} \renewbibmacro*{issue+date}{% \iffieldundef{issue} {\usebibmacro{date}} {\printfield{issue}% \setunit*{\addspace}% \usebibmacro{date}}% \newunit} \renewbibmacro*{title+issuetitle}{% \usebibmacro{periodical}% \setunit*{\addspace}% \iffieldundef{series} {} {\newunit \printfield{series}% \setunit{\addspace}}% \printfield{volume}% \setunit*{\addcomma\space}% \printfield{number}% \setunit*{\addcomma\space}% \printfield{articleno} \setunit{\addcomma\space}% \printfield{eid}% \setunit{\addspace}% \usebibmacro{issue+date}% \setunit{\addcolon\space}% \usebibmacro{issue}% \newunit} %%% Definitions for drivers (alphabetical) \DeclareBibliographyDriver{article}{% \usebibmacro{bibindex}% \usebibmacro{begentry}% \usebibmacro{author/translator+others}% \setunit{\labelnamepunct}\newblock% \usebibmacro{year}% \newunit% \usebibmacro{title}% \newunit% \printlist{language}% \newunit\newblock% \usebibmacro{byauthor}% \newunit\newblock% \usebibmacro{bytranslator+others}% \newunit\newblock% \printfield{version}% \newunit\newblock% \usebibmacro{journal+issuetitle}% \newunit% \usebibmacro{byeditor+others}% \newunit% \printfield{note}% \newunit\newblock% \iftoggle{bbx:isbn} {\printfield{issn}} {}% \newunit\newblock% \usebibmacro{doi+eprint+url}% \newunit\newblock% \usebibmacro{addendum+pubstate}% \setunit{\bibpagerefpunct}\newblock \usebibmacro{pageref}% \newunit\newblock% \usebibmacro{related}% \usebibmacro{finentry}} \DeclareBibliographyDriver{book}{% \usebibmacro{bibindex}% \usebibmacro{begentry}% \usebibmacro{author/editor+others/translator+others}% \setunit{\labelnamepunct}\newblock \usebibmacro{year}% \newunit% \usebibmacro{maintitle+title}% \newunit% \printlist{language}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{byauthor}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{byeditor+others}% \newunit\newblock \printfield{edition}% \newunit \usebibmacro{series+number}% \iffieldundef{maintitle} {\printfield{volume}% \printfield{part}} {}% \newunit \newunit\newblock \printfield{volumes}% \newunit\newblock \printfield{note}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{publisher+location+date}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{chapter+pages}% \newunit \printfield{pagetotal}% \newunit\newblock \iftoggle{bbx:isbn} {\printfield{isbn}} {}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{doi+eprint+url}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{addendum+pubstate}% \setunit{\bibpagerefpunct}\newblock \usebibmacro{pageref}% \newunit\newblock \iftoggle{bbx:related} {\usebibmacro{related:init}% \usebibmacro{related}} {}% \usebibmacro{finentry}} \DeclareBibliographyDriver{inbook}{% \usebibmacro{bibindex}% \usebibmacro{begentry}% \iffieldundef{author}% {\usebibmacro{byeditor+others}}% {\usebibmacro{author/translator+others}}% \setunit{\labelnamepunct}\newblock \usebibmacro{year} \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{title}% \newunit \printlist{language}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{byauthor}% \newunit\newblock % \usebibmacro{in:}% \usebibmacro{bybookauthor}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{maintitle+booktitle}% \newunit\newblock \iffieldundef{author}{}%if undef then we already printed editor {\usebibmacro{byeditor+others}}% \newunit\newblock \printfield{edition}% \newunit \iffieldundef{maintitle} {\printfield{volume}% \printfield{part}} {}% \newunit \printfield{volumes}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{series+number}% \newunit\newblock \printfield{note}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{publisher+location+date}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{chapter+pages}% \newunit\newblock \iftoggle{bbx:isbn} {\printfield{isbn}} {}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{doi+eprint+url}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{addendum+pubstate}% \setunit{\bibpagerefpunct}\newblock \usebibmacro{pageref}% \newunit\newblock \iftoggle{bbx:related} {\usebibmacro{related:init}% \usebibmacro{related}} {}% \usebibmacro{finentry}} \DeclareBibliographyDriver{incollection}{% \usebibmacro{bibindex}% \usebibmacro{begentry}% \usebibmacro{author/translator+others}% \setunit{\labelnamepunct}\newblock \usebibmacro{year} \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{title}% \newunit \printlist{language}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{byauthor}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{in:}% \usebibmacro{maintitle+booktitle}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{series+number}% \newunit\newblock \printfield{edition}% \newunit \iffieldundef{maintitle} {\printfield{volume}% \printfield{part}} {}% \newunit \printfield{volumes}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{byeditor+others}% \newunit\newblock \printfield{note}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{publisher+location+date}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{chapter+pages}% \newunit\newblock \iftoggle{bbx:isbn} {\printfield{isbn}} {}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{doi+eprint+url}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{addendum+pubstate}% \setunit{\bibpagerefpunct}\newblock \usebibmacro{pageref}% \newunit\newblock \iftoggle{bbx:related} {\usebibmacro{related:init}% \usebibmacro{related}} {}% \usebibmacro{finentry}} \DeclareBibliographyDriver{inproceedings}{% \usebibmacro{bibindex}% \usebibmacro{begentry}% \usebibmacro{author/translator+others}% \setunit{\labelnamepunct}\newblock \usebibmacro{year} \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{title}% \newunit \printlist{language}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{byauthor}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{in:}% \usebibmacro{maintitle+booktitle+series+number}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{event+venue+date}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{byeditor+others}% \newunit\newblock \iffieldundef{maintitle} {\printfield{volume}% \printfield{part}} {}% \newunit \printfield{volumes}% \newunit\newblock \printfield{note}% \newunit\newblock \printlist{organization}% \newunit \usebibmacro{publisher+location+date}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{chapter+pages}% \newunit\newblock \iftoggle{bbx:isbn} {\printfield{isbn}} {}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{doi+eprint+url}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{addendum+pubstate}% \setunit{\bibpagerefpunct}\newblock \usebibmacro{pageref}% \newunit\newblock \iftoggle{bbx:related} {\usebibmacro{related:init}% \usebibmacro{related}} {}% \usebibmacro{finentry}} \DeclareBibliographyDriver{manual}{% \usebibmacro{bibindex}% \usebibmacro{begentry}% \usebibmacro{author/editor+others}% \setunit{\labelnamepunct}\newblock \usebibmacro{year} \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{title}% \newunit \printlist{language}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{byauthor}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{byeditor}% \newunit\newblock \printfield{edition}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{series+number}% \newunit\newblock \printfield{type}% \newunit \printfield{version}% \newunit \printfield{note}% \newunit\newblock \printlist{organization}% \newunit \usebibmacro{publisher+location+date}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{chapter+pages}% \newunit \printfield{pagetotal}% \newunit\newblock \iftoggle{bbx:isbn} {\printfield{isbn}} {}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{doi+eprint+url}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{addendum+pubstate}% \setunit{\bibpagerefpunct}\newblock \usebibmacro{pageref}% \newunit\newblock \iftoggle{bbx:related} {\usebibmacro{related:init}% \usebibmacro{related}} {}% \usebibmacro{finentry}} \DeclareBibliographyDriver{misc}{% \usebibmacro{bibindex}% \usebibmacro{begentry}% \usebibmacro{author/editor+others/translator+others}% \setunit{\labelnamepunct}\newblock \usebibmacro{year} \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{title}% \newunit \printlist{language}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{byauthor}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{byeditor+others}% \newunit\newblock \printfield{howpublished}% \newunit\newblock \printfield{type}% \newunit \printfield{version}% \newunit \printfield{note}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{organization+location+date}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{doi+eprint+url}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{addendum+pubstate}% \setunit{\bibpagerefpunct}\newblock \usebibmacro{pageref}% \newunit\newblock \iftoggle{bbx:related} {\usebibmacro{related:init}% \usebibmacro{related}} {}% \usebibmacro{finentry}} \DeclareBibliographyDriver{online}{% \usebibmacro{bibindex}% \usebibmacro{begentry}% \usebibmacro{author/editor+others/translator+others}% \setunit{\labelnamepunct}\newblock \usebibmacro{year}% \setunit{\labelnamepunct}\newblock \usebibmacro{title}% \newunit \printlist{language}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{byauthor}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{byeditor+others}% \newunit\newblock \printfield{version}% \newunit \printfield{note}% \newunit\newblock \printlist{organization}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{date-ifmonth}% \newunit\newblock \iftoggle{bbx:eprint} {\usebibmacro{eprint}} {}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{url+urldate}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{addendum+pubstate}% \setunit{\bibpagerefpunct}\newblock \usebibmacro{pageref}% \newunit\newblock \iftoggle{bbx:related} {\usebibmacro{related:init}% \usebibmacro{related}} {}% \usebibmacro{finentry}} \DeclareFieldFormat[patent]{number}{Patent No.~#1} \DeclareBibliographyDriver{patent}{% \usebibmacro{bibindex}% \usebibmacro{begentry}% \usebibmacro{author}% \setunit{\labelnamepunct}\newblock \usebibmacro{year}% \newunit \usebibmacro{title}% \newunit \printlist{language}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{byauthor}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{date}% \newunit\newblock \printfield{type}% \setunit*{\addspace}% \printfield{number}% \iflistundef{location} {} {\setunit*{\addspace}% \printtext[parens]{% \printlist[][-\value{listtotal}]{location}}}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{byholder}% \newunit\newblock \printfield{note}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{doi+eprint+url}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{addendum+pubstate}% \setunit{\bibpagerefpunct}\newblock \usebibmacro{pageref}% \newunit\newblock \iftoggle{bbx:related} {\usebibmacro{related:init}% \usebibmacro{related}} {}% \usebibmacro{finentry}} \DeclareBibliographyDriver{periodical}{% \usebibmacro{bibindex}% \usebibmacro{begentry}% \usebibmacro{editor}% \setunit{\labelnamepunct}\newblock \usebibmacro{year} \newunit \usebibmacro{title+issuetitle}% \newunit \printlist{language}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{byeditor}% \newunit\newblock \printfield{note}% \newunit\newblock \iftoggle{bbx:isbn} {\printfield{issn}} {}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{doi+eprint+url}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{addendum+pubstate}% \setunit{\bibpagerefpunct}\newblock \usebibmacro{pageref}% \newunit\newblock \iftoggle{bbx:related} {\usebibmacro{related:init}% \usebibmacro{related}} {}% \usebibmacro{finentry}} \DeclareBibliographyDriver{report}{% \usebibmacro{bibindex}% \usebibmacro{begentry}% \usebibmacro{author}% \setunit{\labelnamepunct}\newblock \usebibmacro{year} \newunit \usebibmacro{title}% \newunit \printlist{language}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{byauthor}% \newunit\newblock \printfield{type}% \setunit*{\addspace}% \printfield{number}% \newunit\newblock \printfield{version}% \newunit \printfield{note}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{institution+location+date}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{chapter+pages}% \newunit \printfield{pagetotal}% \newunit\newblock \iftoggle{bbx:isbn} {\printfield{isrn}} {}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{doi+eprint+url}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{addendum+pubstate}% \setunit{\bibpagerefpunct}\newblock \usebibmacro{pageref}% \newunit\newblock \iftoggle{bbx:related} {\usebibmacro{related:init}% \usebibmacro{related}} {}% \usebibmacro{finentry}} \DeclareBibliographyDriver{thesis}{% \usebibmacro{bibindex}% \usebibmacro{begentry}% \usebibmacro{author}% \setunit{\labelnamepunct}\newblock \usebibmacro{year} \newunit \usebibmacro{title}% \newunit \printlist{language}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{byauthor}% \newunit\newblock \printfield{type}% \newunit \usebibmacro{institution+location+date}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{chapter+pages}% \newunit \printfield{pagetotal}% \newunit\newblock \iftoggle{bbx:isbn} {\printfield{isbn}} {}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{doi+eprint+url}% \newunit\newblock \usebibmacro{addendum+pubstate}% \setunit{\bibpagerefpunct}\newblock \usebibmacro{pageref}% \newunit\newblock \printfield{note}% \newunit\newblock \iftoggle{bbx:related} {\usebibmacro{related:init}% \usebibmacro{related}} {}% \usebibmacro{finentry}}

master-project-paper/ACM-Reference-Format.cbx

\ProvidesFile{ACM-Reference-Format.cbx}[2017-09-27 v0.1] \RequireCitationStyle{numeric} \endinput

master-project-paper/1-introduction.tex

\section{Introduction} Since its inception two decades ago, the SIGITE community has successfully helped establish the Information Technology (IT) discipline, articulate curriculum recommendations for undergraduate IT programs worldwide~\cite{lunt2008, it2017report}, and maintain relevant ABET CAC/CSAB IT program accreditation criteria~\cite{helps2005, murray2017, raj2017}. In support of its mission, SIGITE members have constantly focused on understanding which academic computing programs are IT~\cite{hansen2012, lunt2014, lunt2019}, who teaches in these programs~\cite{lunt2013}, and how to assess the alignment of IT curicula with the ACM/IEEE recommendations~\cite{rowe2011}. Studies that evaluated the curricula of undergraduate IT programs in the U.S.~\cite{hansen2012, lunt2019} focused on both (1) identifying the colleges and universities with IT programs, and (2) evaluating program requirements according to the ACM/IEEE curricular recommendations to determine if a program was "truly an IT program." This paper complements these studies by examining who participates in undergraduate IT education, particularly how many students enroll in these programs, which groups they represent based on gender, race, and ethnicity, and what the retention and graduation rates are as measures of programs' academic performance. Identifying undergraduate IT programs has been a persistent challenge due to the widespread variation in how IT programs are named. The disparities in nomenclature used by different computing education communities to name computing degree programs are a global phenomenon. A 2015 international survey of around 600 computing faculty members was conducted to study representative names of their undergraduate computing degree programs~\cite{sabin2018}. The survey identified 833 programs having 234 distinct names, and found that only six names were used ten or more times and did not contain a shorter name that was used ten or more times. These six names accounted for more than half of the 833 program names and, with the exception of informatics, the remaining five were exact matches of the then ACM-defined computing disciplines: computer science (CS), information technology (IT), information systems (IS), computer engineering (CE), and software engineering (SE), with CS and IT dominating the entire name space (69\%). Although it is encouraging that the \textit{Information Technology} name has significant worldwide recognition, the long tail of name variations remains challenging for establishing a distinct IT discipline. Lunt and his co-authors~\cite{lunt2019} proposed a methodology to identify IT programs by using the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) data and the NCES College Navigator tool\footnote{https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator} to lookup institutions based on the tool's search criteria. The selected search criteria, (1) Information Technology, (2) Computer and Information Sciences, and (3) Computer Information Systems: Security/Information Assurance, identified 862 institutions with potential IT programs, which included 37 ABET-accredited IT programs. All 862 programs were assessed using evaluation criteria developed by the team to reflect the ACM/IEEE curriculum guidelines for undergraduate IT programs stipulated in the IT2017 report~\cite{it2017report}. Each program was assigned a compliance factor score that measured program alignment with IT2017. Of the 389 institutions determined to have an IT program, only one third (129) were named Information Technology. The most frequent word in the program names was "Information" (71.5\%), followed by "Technology" (57.6\%). An alternative approach to identifying IT programs is the Classification of Instructional Programs taxonomic coding scheme (CIP codes)~\cite{NCESBlog}. NCES, a unit of the U.S. Department of Education, developed these codes in 1980 and periodically revises and updates them to map all academic programs to a shared understanding of the curricular content of these programs. Institutions also use CIP codes to report degrees and certificates awarded via an annual Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) Completions Survey\footnote{https://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/}. A CIP-based approach was used recently to report CS enrollment, graduation, and retention data from 2016-17~\cite{zweben-cs2019}. The most recent ACM NDC Study~\cite{zweben-ndc2020} also began using this approach to report enrollment and graduation data from non-doctoral-granting departments in computing in the six computing disciplines for which ACM currently has curricular guidelines and ABET has accreditation criteria. The data source for these two studies is the non-profit National Student Clearinghouse Research Center (NSC), which gets data from almost all U.S. colleges and universities. This data is reported at the student level, allowing tracking of a student from one year to the next. CIP codes allow NSC to collect student data by program of study, providing a rich and comprehensive database for study and analysis, including student pathways across institutions. Consequently, institutions are highly co-interested in participating in the NSC reporting process, and NSC has 99\% of college students enrolled by their participants. A secondary objective of this paper is to raise awareness among IT educators about the role and impact of CIP codes. These codes have institutional importance regarding student data reporting and NCES services that help institutions with their outreach, recruiting, and retention decision making processes and efforts. CIP codes are also instrumental to computing education research by IT educators. Studies on IT programs' curricular quality are representative examples of such research contributions~\cite{hansen2012, rowe2011, lunt2013, lunt2019}. Despite their impact, IT faculty and department chairs are typically not involved directly in choosing or changing the CIP codes used to report data about their programs, which raises questions about the accuracy and effectiveness of CIP-based methodologies to studying academic programs nationwide. This paper summarizes enrollment, graduation, and retention data obtained from the NSC for the 2017-18 academic year at bachelor’s level IT programs in the U.S. This summary aggregates programs from both doctoral-granting and non-doctoral-granting departments. Of particular interest are the gender, race, and ethnicity demographics in this data. We also compare the set of institutions obtained from the curricular-based approach~\cite{lunt2019} and the CIP-based approach and discuss how this might guide future efforts to collect data about IT programs.

master-project-paper/2-cip-code-11-taxonomy.tex

\section{CIP Code 11 Taxonomy} \label{sec:cip-taxonomy} The CIP Code 11 taxonomy, Computer and Information Sciences and Support Services (CISSS)\footnote{https://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cipcode/cipdetail.aspx?y=55\&cipid=88073}, consists of 30 six-digit codes (11.xxxx) across 11 groups that have four-digit codes (11.xx). These groups are: Computer and Information Sciences General (11.01); nine groups (11.02 to 11.10) with more specialized content, such as Programming (11.02), Data Processing (11.03), Computer Systems Networking/Telecommunications (11.09), or Information Technology Administration/Management (11.10); and a CISSS Other group (11.99). Some of the groups have only one code, such as 11.04 Information Science/Studies, which has only the 11.0401 code, whose name is identical with the group's name. The group with the most codes is 11.10, which has seven codes, primarily about system administration, management, and support. This group also includes an increasingly popular CIP code, 11.1003 Computer and Information Systems Security. IT educators might naturally ask where IT fits into this extensive coding scheme. A brief overview of the CIP 11 evolution since its official launch in 1990 sheds light on how the development of CIP codes has responded to the evolution of the computing disciplines and the development of the ACM curriculum recommendations reports. CIP codes are revised every 10 years. In 1990, CIP 11 had only 7 groups and a total of 7 codes, one code per group. In between the computing general (11.01) and computing other (11.99) groups, the other five groups were programming (11.02), data processing (11.03), computer science (11.07), and two groups that represent information systems (11.04 and 11.05). From 1990 to 2000, CIP 11 recorded its most significant expansion, by adding 4 more groups and 14 codes. Although IT was not recognized by its own group (like CS and IS), it received the code 11.0103 in the computing general group, and artificial intelligence received code 11.0102 in that group. Indicative of the IT disciplinary breadth, three of the new groups, 11.08, 11.09, and 11.10, captured the tremendous advances in IT that have been described in the IT2008 report and inspired the "pillars" metaphor of the 2008 IT model curriculum~\cite{lunt2008}. The new IT-related groups spanned databases, incipient web technologies at that time, and networking. Codes in these groups mapped to IT2008 knowledge areas of information assurance and security, system administration, and system integration and architecture. Notably, in the next two decades, of the 9 newly added codes, 4 are IT-related: IT project management (11.1005) added in 2010, and human centered technology design (11.0105), computer programming specific platforms (11.0205), and cloud computing (11.0902), all three added in 2020. A more in-depth analysis of the CIP 11 taxonomy and development is beyond the scope of this paper, but we would like to point out two interesting findings. First, we note that the IT2008 model curriculum has Human Computer Interaction as one of its five pillars and the IT2017 report has the User Experience Design as one of the nine essential competency domains. Both reports emphasized the importance of integrative programming, platform technologies, and integrated systems technologies. However, codes relevant to these areas, 11.0205 and 11.1005, were added in 2020. Second, we observe that out of the 25 codes that CIP 11 taxonomy had in 2010, more than half of the codes (13) were reflective of the IT disciplinary content and competencies. The pattern repeats in 2020, when the majority of CIP 11 codes (17 out of 30) are IT-related.

master-project-paper/3-cip-methodology.tex

\section{CIP-based Methodology} \label{sec:cip-methodology} The ACM Education Board funded acquisition of student data from NSC and charged a group of members of the ACM Education Advisory Committee (EAC) to analyze the data and study enrollment, graduation outcomes, and retention of undergraduate computing students in all six computing disciplines. To have the data reported by computing discipline, the group determined which CIP codes best reflect each discipline. After consultations with members of ACM and CSAB\footnote{https://csab.org/} who have been involved in computing curriculum and accreditation activities, the group assigned 18 CIP 11 codes to four of the six disciplines, from the 25 codes that comprise the CIP 11 series of the CIP-2010 edition (in effect at the time of the study). The group also assigned two additional codes from CIP 52 (Business) to Information Systems, one additional code from CIP 43 (Security and Protective Services) to Cybersecurity, two codes from CIP 14 (Engineering) to Computer Engineering, and one from CIP 14 to Software Engineering. The mapping of the CIP 11 codes to the computing disciplines is shown in Table~\ref{tab:cip-codes-assignments}. \begin{table}[ht] \caption{CIP 11 codes assigned to ACM computing disciplines} \label{tab:cip-codes-assignments} \resizebox{\linewidth}{!}{% \begin{tabular}{@{}lllll@{}} \toprule CIP 11 codes & IT & CS & IS* & Cyber** \\ \midrule Discipline-named & 11.0103 & 11.0701 & & \\ \midrule Discipline-related & \makecell[l]{11.0201, 11.0202, 11,0301, 11.0801\\11.0802, 11.0804, 11.0899, 11.0901\\11.1001, 11.1002, 11.1004, 11.1005} & 11.0101 & \makecell[c]{11.0401\\11.0501} & 11.1003 \\ \bottomrule \multicolumn{5}{l}{*IS has two additional codes in CIP 52.} \\ \multicolumn{5}{l}{**Cybersecurity has one additional code in CIP 43} \\ \end{tabular}% } \end{table} Thirteen CIP codes were assigned to IT, which has the largest number of CIP codes among all computing disciplines. This is no surprise to IT educators given the breadth and integrative nature of the IT discipline. We call this set of CIP 11 codes the \textit{IT CIP codes}. We also note that only IT and CS have a code whose name matches exactly the name of the discipline: \textit{11.0103 Information Technology} and \textit{11.0701 Computer Science}. The difference between the two is that 11.0701 is the only code in the 4-digit CIP 11 series 11.07, whose title is also Computer Science. The information technology CIP code 11.0103 is one of the five codes in the 4-digit CIP 11 series 11.01, Computer and Information Sciences General. Another code from this series, 11.0101, whose name is identical to the name of the series, was assigned to CS. As we show later, the association of this code with any of the computing disciplines remains problematic. For historical reasons, more CS programs than other programs use this code for their IPEDS completion survey reporting. The mapping in Table~\ref{tab:cip-codes-assignments} resulted in an IT data set from NSC comprising 308 institutions. An institution’s data was included in the NSC IT data set if it had reported enrollment and graduation data for 2017-18, and also reported enrollment data for 2018-19, using at least one of the IT CIP codes. These constraints permitted the study of program retention between 2017-18 and 2018-19. Results of our analysis of student participation in IT programs at the 308 NSC institutions are presented and discussed in Section~\ref{sec:student-participation}. In Section~\ref{sec:cip-approach-evaluation} we evaluate the application of a CIP-based approach to identify IT programs. Our evaluation considered the publicly available list of 389 institutions whose IT programs were scored in 2018-2019 according to a compliance factor that measured curriculum alignment with the IT curricular framework in the IT2017 report~\cite{lunt2019, it2017report}. We label this list \textit{ScoredIT} since it is an important component of our methodology.

master-project-paper/4-results-and-discussion.tex

\section{Student Participation: Results and Discussion} \label{sec:student-participation} Our analysis of the NSC enrollment, graduation, and retention student data from the 308 institutions that comprise the NSC IT data set includes gender, race, ethnicity, and class rank considerations. Statistical analyses were performed using two-tailed z-tests to compare the proportion of students having the characteristics of interest. Significant differences are reported at the .01 or .05 level, as appropriate. Tests not meeting at least the .05 level are reported as not significant. \subsection{Enrollments} The 308 institutions enrolled a total of 104,016 students in their IT programs. Table~\ref{tab:enrollment-total} has the enrollments breakdown by race/ethnicity and by gender. \begin{table}[ht] \caption{Student enrollment by race/ethnicity and gender} \label{tab:enrollment-total} \resizebox{\linewidth}{!}{% \begin{tabular}{@{}rrrrrrr@{}} \toprule \multicolumn{1}{r}{Race/Ethnicity} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Men} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Women} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Unknown} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Total} & \makecell[c]{\% Race/\\Ethnicity*} & \makecell[c]{\%\\Women*} \\ \midrule \makecell[r]{Black} & 7,143 & 3,070 & 581 & 10,794 & 16.7 & 30.1 \\ \multicolumn{1}{r}{Hispanic} & 6,172 & 1,768 & 193 & 8,133 & 12.6 & 22.3 \\ \makecell[r]{Native American} & 332 & 96 & 10 & 438 & 0.7 & 22.4 \\ \makecell[r]{Native Hawaiian} & 166 & 64 & 8 & 238 & 0.4 & 27.8 \\ \multicolumn{1}{r}{Non-resident} & 753 & 256 & 87 & 1,096 & 1.7 & 25.4 \\ \multicolumn{1}{r}{Two/more races} & 1,948 & 713 & 70 & 2,731 & 4.2 & 26.8 \\ \makecell[r]{Unknown} & 30,056 & 7,476 & 1,747 & 39,279 & & 19.9 \\ \multicolumn{1}{r}{Asian} & 4,640 & 2,019 & 553 & 7,212 & 11.1 & 30.3 \\ \multicolumn{1}{r}{White} & 27,210 & 6,287 & 598 & 34,095 & 52.7 & 18.8 \\ \midrule \makecell[r]{Racial \& Ethnic\\Minorities**} & 13,813 & 4,998 & 792 & 19,603 & 30.3 & 26.6 \\ \midrule \multicolumn{1}{r}{Total} & 78,420 & 21,749 & 3,847 & 104,016 & & 21.7 \\ \bottomrule \multicolumn{7}{l}{* Percentages of racial/ethnic groups and women are calculated based on enrolled} \\ \multicolumn{7}{l}{~~~~students for whom race/ethnicity and gender were known.} \\ \midrule \multicolumn{7}{l}{** Racial \& Ethnic Minorities comprise Black/African American, Hispanic/Latino,} \\ \multicolumn{7}{l}{~~~~~~~and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders, because of their historically low participation} \\ \multicolumn{7}{l}{~~~~~~~in computing relative to their representation in the U.S population~\cite{nsf2019}} \end{tabular}% } \end{table} Enrollment patterns differed among racial and ethnic groups. Racial and ethnic minority students have had historically low participation in computing~\cite{nsf2019}, and comprise Black or African American, Hispanic or Latino, Native American or Alaskan Native, and Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander students. They represented close to one-third (30.3\%) of the enrolled students who reported their race or ethnicity. We would like to point out that in Table~\ref{tab:enrollment-total}, given the column width limitation, we abbreviated the names of the racial and ethnic groups. Another distinctive, but not surprising pattern was that White students represented the majority (52.7\%). The share of White and Asian students combined, 63.8\%, was more than double the representation of racial and ethnic minorities. The second and the third largest proportions were Black/African American students (16.7\%) and Hispanic/Latino students (12.6\%). Examining enrollments of students in racial and ethnic groups by the four class ranks (freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior), we observed that the proportion of Black/African American students decreased steadily from 18.1\% in the freshman year to 12.3\% in the senior year (Figure~\ref{fig:enrollments-race-ethnicity-rates}). The difference between the representation of Black/African American students in freshman vs. sophomore year was significant (z=5.70, p<0.01), as well as the difference between this group's representation in sophomore vs. junior year (z=4.22, p<0.01). No significant difference was found between junior and senior year. It is noteworthy that Black/African American students comprised 13.8\% of all undergraduate level students enrolled in U.S. colleges and universities in 2017-18 for whom race/ethnicity is known~\cite{IPEDS}. Thus, the representation of freshman and sophomore Black/African American students in IT during 2017-18 exceeded the overall representation of Black/African American students in undergraduate education, while the reverse was true for juniors and seniors. This suggests that retention of Black/African American students is a particular issue in the IT discipline. We present more evidence of this data in the next section. \begin{figure}[h] \includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{images/enrollments-race-ethnicity-rates.png} \caption{Racial and ethnic representation of enrolled students by class ranks} \label{fig:enrollments-race-ethnicity-rates} \end{figure} The only similar decreasing trend was for the racial and ethnic minority groups combined, whose share of enrolled students in the freshman year was 30.7\% of students whose race/ethnicity was known and 25.4\% in the senior year, despite a slight 1\% increase of the proportion of enrolled Hispanic/Latino students from freshman (11.4\%) to junior (12.4\%). The proportion of racial and ethnic minorities decreased significantly from freshman to sophomore (z=4.28, p<0.01) and sophomore to junior (z=2.55, p<0.05). Across all class ranks, White students were the majority, with a steady 54\% rate for the first three years, and higher rate of 56\% in the senior year, which was determined to be a significant increase (z=-3.39, p<0.01). \begin{figure}[h] \includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{images/enrollments-gender-rates.png} \caption{Women representation of enrolled students by class rank} \label{fig:enrollments-gender-rates} \end{figure} The proportion of women among the total enrollment was 21.7\% (Table~\ref{tab:enrollment-total}), and their proportion within various racial and ethnic groups and class rank is shown in Figure~\ref{fig:enrollments-gender-rates}. Among these groups, White students had the lowest proportion of women (in the 18.3\% and 20.2\% range) in all four years. Black students had the largest proportion of women for the first two years: 34.5\% of freshmen and 28.6\% of sophomores, while Asian students had the largest proportion for the last two years: 30.8\% of juniors and 28.6\% of seniors. The proportions of women among Black/African American, Hispanic/Latino, and Asian students of the enrolled students who reported their race/ethnicity decreased from freshman to sophomore, while it increased among White students. Notably, the decrease was significant for Black/African American students (z=2.51, p<0.05). Changes in representation showed decreases for all groups from the freshman to senior year, and significant decreases were observed for the representation of women among Black/African American (z=6.98, p<0.01) and Hispanic/Latino students (z=1.96, p<0.05). The pattern of lower representation of women from year to year for racial and ethnic minority students across class rank showed significant decreases for both freshman to sophomore (z=2.43, p<0.05) and freshman to senior (z=7.47, p<0.01). \subsection{Graduation and Retention} Of the 104,016 enrolled students, 12,136 graduated in 2017-18, 22.5\% of whom were women (Table~\ref{tab:graduation-retention}). Most, but not all of the 12,136 graduates came from those who were of senior class rank; many others came from students whose class rank was unreported. Our working definition of retained student is that a student enrolled 2017-18 was considered retained if the student either graduated from the program in 2017-18 or was still in the program in 2018-19. Using this definition, 72,470 students were retained in 2018-19. Of the retained students, 21.5\% were women. The proportion of women among graduates was significantly greater than that among enrolled students (z=2.04, p<0.05) or retained students (z=2.57, p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the proportion of women among enrolled vs retained students. \begin{table}[ht] \caption{Enrollment, graduation and retention counts and women representation rates} \label{tab:graduation-retention} \resizebox{1\linewidth}{!}{% \begin{tabular}{@{}cccccc@{}} \toprule & Women & Men & Unknown & Total & \% Women \\ \midrule Enrollment & 21,749 & 78,420 & 3,847 & 104,016 & 21.7\% \\ Graduation & 2,629 & 9,036 & 471 & 12,136 & 22.5\% \\ \makecell[r]{Overall*\\Retention} & 14,959 & 54,682 & 2,829 & 72,470 & 21.5\% \\ \bottomrule \multicolumn{6}{l}{*Overall retention means students who were still in the program in 2018-19} \\ \multicolumn{6}{l}{across all class ranks, combined with students who graduated in 2017-18.} \end{tabular}% } \end{table} Representation of women among graduates, by race/ethnicity, is shown in Figure~\ref{fig:graduateion-rates}. White students had the lowest representation of women (19\%), while the Asian students had the highest representation (31.9\%), among graduates whose gender was known. The second highest representation was of Black/African American women (26.3\%). These results are consistent with the senior year enrollment patterns observed in Figure~\ref{fig:enrollments-gender-rates}. \begin{figure}[ht] \includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{images/graduation-gender-rates.png} \caption{Women graduation rates by race/ethnicity} \label{fig:graduateion-rates} \end{figure} Representation of racial/ethnic groups among four categories of students: enrolled students, overall retained students, retained seniors, and graduated seniors, are shown in Table~\ref{tab:representation-graduation-retention}. White students were the majority for all four categories. While the representation of Asian and White students increased steadily from enrollment, to overall retention, to retained seniors, and to graduated seniors, we observed an opposite trend of decreasing representation for both Black/African American and Hispanic/Latino groups. \begin{table}[ht] \caption{Racial/ethnic representation of enrolled, overall retained, retained senior, and graduated senior students} \label{tab:representation-graduation-retention} \resizebox{\linewidth}{!}{% \begin{tabular}{@{}cccccc@{}} \toprule & \makecell[c]{\%\\Black} & \makecell[c]{\%\\Hispanic} & \makecell[c]{\%\\Racial/Ethnic\\Minorities} & \makecell[c]{\%\\Asian} & \makecell[c]{\%\\White} \\ \midrule \makecell[l]{Enrollment} & 16.7 & 12.6 & 30.3 & 11.1 & 52.7 \\ \makecell[l]{Overall retention} & 14.9 & 12.5 & 28.4 & 12.6 & 53.0 \\ \makecell[l]{Retained seniors} & 11.6 & 12.0 & 24.6 & 13.5 & 56.0 \\ \makecell[l]{Graduated seniors} & 10.8 & 10.6 & 22.1 & 14.9 & 56.8 \\ \bottomrule \end{tabular}% } \end{table} Tests comparing, for each race/ethnicity, the proportion of enrolled versus the proportion of retained students showed Asian students significantly more strongly represented among retained students, while Black and racial and ethnic minority students were significantly more strongly represented among enrolled students (z=-7.63, 8.03, and 6.87 respectively, p<0.01 in each case). Tests comparing proportions of overall students retained versus proportions of seniors retained showed Black and racial and ethnic minority students more strongly represented among overall students retained (z=2.90 and 4.94, respectively; p<0.01 in each case), and White students more strongly represented among seniors retained (z=-5.88, p<0.01). Tests comparing the proportion of retained seniors versus the proportion of graduated seniors showed that Asian students were significantly more strongly represented among graduated seniors, while Hispanic and racial and ethnic minority students were significantly more strongly represented among retained seniors (z=-2.60, 2.86 and 3.88, respectively, p<0.01 in each case). Collectively, these trends and results suggest that racial and ethnic minorities had lower retention rates than White and Asian students, and that racial and ethnic minorities were taking longer to graduate than White and Asian students. \begin{figure}[ht] \includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{images/retention-rates-overall.png} \caption{Retention rates by gender and race/ethnicity} \label{fig:retention-rates-overall} \end{figure} The overall senior retention rates by gender for the various race/ethnicity groups are in Figure~\ref{fig:retention-rates-overall}. Retention of men was higher for all racial/ethnic groups except for Asian students. The differences were significant for Black (z=5.14, p<0.01), racial and ethnic minority (z=6.20, p<0.01), White (z=2.33, p<0.05) and Total (z=2.69, p<0.01) students. The differences for Asian and Hispanic students were not significant. This figure also shows lower retention rates for Black and racial and ethnic minority students of either gender than their counterparts among Asian and White students, supporting the statement made in the previous paragraph.

master-project-paper/5-evaluation.tex

\section{CIP-based Approach Evaluation} \label{sec:cip-approach-evaluation} To evaluate its usefulness, we decided to apply the CIP-based approach to the \textit{ScoredIT} list of 389 institutions. For each institution, we used the NCES CIP Wizard tool\footnote{https://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cipcode/wizard/} to generate the list of CIP codes that the institutions used to report student data to IPEDS. NSC's data would be from these same CIP codes. Two ScoredIT institutions did not participate in the NSC and were removed from the list. Three institutions on the ScoredIT list had multiple campuses, which added four institutions to the original ScoredIT list. Thus, the list was adjusted to have 391 institutions. Once all CIP codes were filled in for all 391 institutions, we analyzed the coverage of the IT CIP codes across all these institutions using a simple, "greedy" procedure. At each step, we chose the locally best solution, knowing that it does not guarantee an optimal solution, but it gives us a promising approximation. First, we looked at the coverage of the IT 11.0103 code, which we called \textit{IT proper}, and found 206 institutions. Next we counted the institutions with any of the other 12 IT CIP codes and found 171 institutions. Sixty-eight institutions did not use the IT proper 11.0103 code but did use at least one of the other IT CIP codes, and 117 institutions used neither the IT proper 11.0103 nor another IT CIP code. Table~\ref{tab:IT-cip-codes-coverage} summarizes all four combinations of the IT proper 11.0103 code and the other IT CIP codes found for the 391 ScoredIT institutions. \begin{table}[h] \caption{ScoredIT institution counts for all four combinations of the IT proper 11.0103 code and the other IT codes} \label{tab:IT-cip-codes-coverage} \resizebox{\linewidth}{!}{% \begin{tabular}{@{}r||r|r|r@{}} \toprule Institution counts & \makecell[r]{with other IT\\codes} & \makecell[r]{without other IT\\codes} & \makecell[r]{Total counts\\w.r.t. 11.0103} \\ \midrule with 11.0103 code & 103 & 103 & 206 \\ \midrule without 11.0103 code & 68 & 117 & 185 \\ \midrule \makecell[r]{Total counts\\w.r.t other IT codes} & 171 & 220 & \\ \cmidrule{1-3} \end{tabular}% } \end{table} To maximize the coverage of the IT CIP codes using our greedy procedure, we considered all 206 institutions with the IT proper 11.0301 code and the additional 68 institutions that had at least another IT code, for a total of 274 institutions (70\% of all ScoredIT institutions). Another way of obtaining the same result is to consider the 171 institutions that have at least one non-proper IT code code along with the 103 institutions that have the IT proper code but none of the other IT codes. Next, we looked for institutions that did not have any IT CIP code, but had both the CS Proper 11.0701 code and the CS Computing General 11.0101 code. We hypothesized that by having two CS CIP codes, a department most likely had a CS and an IT program. This step added 30 more institutions for a total of 304 institutions (78\% of all ScoredIT), as shown in Table ~\ref{tab:extended-cip-codes-coverage}. \begin{table}[ht] \caption{Potential use of CIP codes to designate IT programs that maximize coverage of the ScoredIT institutions} \label{tab:extended-cip-codes-coverage} \resizebox{\linewidth}{!}{% \begin{tabular}{@{}ccccc@{}} \toprule & \makecell[c]{IT proper\\11.0310} & \makecell[c]{Other IT codes\\but not IT proper} & \makecell[c]{Neither IT codes\\nor CS proper 11.0701\\but CS general 11.0101} & Total \\ \midrule \makecell[c]{Institution\\counts} & 206 & 68 & 30 & 304\\ \bottomrule \end{tabular}% } \end{table} Another evaluative measure of the CIP-based approach to identify IT programs was to find out how many of the ScoredIT and NSC institutions had programs that were ABET IT accredited. Of the 39 institutions with ABET IT accreditation in 2018-19, 95\% (37) were in the ScoredIT list and 72\% (28) were in the NSC list. The two lists had 178 institutions in common, which had 62\% (24) of the ABET IT accredited institutions.

master-project-paper/6-conclusion.tex

\section{Conclusion and Future Work} \label{sec:conclusion} This paper presented an in-depth analysis of IT student enrollment, retention, and graduation data, disaggregated by gender, race, and class rank. Such analyses offer insights into the breadth and diversity of student participation in IT education. The data was generated using a CIP code approach, and the paper provided an awareness of CIP codes and their use in institutional reporting of important educational information. CIP codes also can provide insights to aid IT programs frame educational strategies for increasing participation of all students. For example, in a general study about trends in lifelong learning, Brown et al.~\cite{Brown:2017} applied a CIP/IPEDS approach to understand for middle- and older-aged adults enrolled in 2- and 4-year programs develop new and improved skills. Such studies can be adapted to IT, as they provide valuable insight into how institutions can develop IT program and curricula to help address current employment needs across the U.S. among different demographics. The paper also illustrated that the CIP approach has limitations due to the accuracy of assigning proper CIP codes to IT programs. In order for the IT community to use CIP codes to reliably identify IT programs, efforts should be made to reduce or eliminate use of the same code by programs from multiple disciplines (e.g., CS and IT). It is thus incumbent upon IT department chairs, program coordinators and faculty that they take an active role in ensuring proper CIP codes are assigned to their programs at their institutions. It is important for future studies to capture the full scope of CIP codes that reflect the IT discipline. Benchmarks such as codes used by programs having obtained IT accreditation or otherwise evaluated as being highly consistent with approved IT curriculum guidelines is a good starting point for such efforts.