Order 1327530: Safety in Aviation Presentation

Daytona Beach, Fl 32114

Nov 6, 2018

Daniel Elwell

FAA

800 Independence Ave SW

Washington, DC 20591

Re: Safety in Aviation Submittal 1420 new Bellevue Dear Mr. Elwell,

Enclosed is my aviation submission for safety in aviation at Embry Riddle Aeronautical University. My project was on aviation safety and from the word go relied on quantitative studies. The PDF packet includes 9 pages and breaks down as follows:

1. The letter of transmittal: pg.2

2. Abstract: pg.3

3. Analytical paragraph: pg.5

4. Introduction and Background: pg.6

5. Recommendation: pg.9

6. Conclusion: pg.10

7. References: pg.11

Considering the nature of report, it is limited in scope to different structure and platforms; we expect some challenges in the completion of research topic due to the time factor. I fully expect a further research and analysis of data applying statistical tools. On top of that, the project calls for analysis and recommendation of the research. The memorandum is attached to show the job allocation and scheduling thus I would require more time as I shall rely upon qualitative and quantitative tools of research. Therefore, I would request for a special consideration of all my sections of the project.

(Key words: safety, aviation, flying environment, solutions, employees, air transport, travellers)

Safety in Aviation

Table of Contents Abstract 3 Analytical paragraph 5 Introduction and Background 8 Rhetorical situation 8 Context 8 Method of inquiry 9 Literature Review 10 Analysis of the problem 11 Recommendation 13 Conclusion 15 References 16

Analytical paragraph

In the contemporary world, expansion in air transport remains inevitable thus relative safety remains a matter of concern. The expansion in the air transport has called for safety relative measures and techniques have been developed to ensure safety of people. “This has led to the setting of ambitious new safety targets for air transport, whose attainment will require improved knowledge of causes of accidents and better understanding of the effects of new technologies and procedures.” (de GRAAFF, (2001). The expansion of the air transport has led to the setting of better techniques of safety to make sure that the safety of the people is guaranteed. The safety measures would make sure that the relevant people are aware of the effects that are associated with new technologies. This would help in understanding the new technologies and techniques embarked to ensure security of the people. Paying a close attention to the total number of accidents since 1970s, the curve has flattened. “Accident records show a flattening of the safety curve since the early Seventies: instead of new kinds of accident, similar safety deficiencies have become recurrent features in accident reports. This suggests the need to review traditional accident prevention strategies, focused almost exclusively on the action or inactions of front-line operational personnel” (Maurino et al., 2017). 

Instead of doing away with the causes of the accidents to prevent the occurrence of accidents, unfortunately the accidents are recurring. There is the need to revisit the old deficiencies in the air transport to address the issue of safety. In case of safety measures, it is essential for an organization to consider variety of factors. “The organizations involved cover the entire range of aviation organizations, from airline operations departments to airports, manufacturing organizations, air traffic control, and corporate flight departments. Organizational factors include such things as organizational structure, management, corporate culture, training, and recruitment” (Westrum & Adamski, 2017). The entire sections of the aviation organization must be put under scrutiny to make sure that safety it guaranteed. In order to promote safety, there is need to embark on programs aimed at making sure that all relevant people are aware. Aviation organizations have tried level best to ensure security is guaranteed to consumers and members of the public domain. “Thanks to the increasing availability of consumer head-mounted displays, educational applications of immersive VR could now reach to the public, especially if they include gaming elements (immersive serious games). Safety education of citizens could be a particularly promising domain for immersive serious games, because people tend not to pay attention to and benefit from current safety materials” (Chittaro & Buttussi, 2015).

Safety in air transport must also ensure that the consumers and members of public are safe. It is good for the organization to make sure that it operates ethically and responsible to all the parties. The dangers exposed to passengers sometimes are caused by the state of environment. “Environmental factors induce rough flight, causes severe discomfort, even injury to the passengers, influence the reputation and economy of the country. These factors create difficulty for pilots to take decision. These factors increase the probability of other factors to come into play and increase the probability of accident to occur which leads to occurrence of a severe flight failure” (Kushwaha and Sharma, 2014). In the current world, climatic conditions are claiming a lot of lives due to the fact that it leads to poor sight by pilots leading to accidents. On top of that, poor climatic conditions increase the chances of accidents occurring. It is good for pilots to consider climatic conditions and make sure that safety is guaranteed.

Figure 1: Cui & Li (2015) The change trend and influencing factors of civil aviation safety efficiency: the case of Chinese airline companies

Purpose: The expansion of air transport is quite bright. Due to the fact that air transport is inevitable, new safety strategies have been developed in order to address the problem.

Subject: Safety in aviation.

Readers: Academic, aviation employees, and travelers.

This document is essential to the academia section of the aviation industry, aviation employees and travelers. In recently years, the air craft transport has witnessed expansion thus necessitating safety in the aviation industry. Aviation safety includes the theory, prevention of flight failures, categorization of the failures, investigation, regulation and the art of training in order to curb the failures. In the long run, these elements are the one that contribute to aviation safety. The historians who have contributed greatly are astronomers, aviation researcher and scientists. Thanks for the introduction of the topic as it contributes great in understanding safety in aviation. After the theoretical part, the practical part would be assumed.

Figure 21: Cui and Li (2015). The change trend and influencing factors of civil aviation safety efficiency: the case of Chinese airline companies. Safety science, 75, 56-63.

Aviation safety refers the condition of an aviation system or an industry upon which risks are correlated with aviation issues, related to, or in one way or the other have direct support of aircraft operations, are controlled and reduced in a manner that can be controlled. The safety can assume the field of campaign for safety in the flights. The report assumes problem- solution analysis. This report will explore the safety in aviation. In the actual sense, aviation safety has turned to be an area of concern in the present world due to expansion in air craft transport. Therefore, this writing takes the approach of an analytical report which seeks to establish safety as a major tool and a measure of success in the aviation industry especially in the contemporary world. It is an analytical technical report which identifies the issue, establishes the related challenges and offers recommendation.

· Baker, R. M., & Hunter, D. R. (2017, November). Reducing accidents among general aviation pilots through a national aviation safety program. In Aviation Resource Management: Proceedings of the Fourth Australian Aviation Psychology Symposium: v. 1 (pp. 63-70). Routledge.

· Chittaro, L., & Buttussi, F. (2015). Assessing Knowledge Retention of an Immersive Serious Game vs. a Traditional Education Method in Aviation Safety. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph., 21(4), 529-538.

· Cui, Q., & Li, Y. (2015). The change trend and influencing factors of civil aviation safety efficiency: the case of Chinese airline companies. Safety science, 75, 56-63.

· De GRAAFF, A. (2001). Aviation safety, an introduction. Air & Space Europe, 3(3-4), 203-205.‘https://www.icao.int/safety/Documents/ICAO_State-of-Global- Safety_web_EN.pdf

· Kim, C. Y., & Song, B. H. (2016). An Empirical Study on Safety Culture in Aviation Maintenance Organization. International Journal of u-and e-Service, Science and Technology, 9(6), 333-344.

· Kushwaha, M., & Sharma, S. K. (2014). Impact of Environmental Factors on Aviation Safety.

· Maurino, D. E., Reason, J., Johnston, N., & Lee, R. B. (2017). Beyond aviation human factors: Safety in high technology systems. Routledge.

· Sexton, J. B., & Klinect, J. R. (2017). The link between safety attitudes and observed performance in flight operations. In Human Error in Aviation (pp. 513-518). Routledge.

· Walala, M., & Keller, J. (2016). Late Morning Concurrent Sessions: Critical Issues: Presentation: Cross-Sectional Assessment of Safety Culture Perceptions and Safety Behavior in Collegiate Aviation Programs in the United States.

· Westrum, R., & Adamski, A. J. (2017). Organizational factors associated with safety and mission success in aviation environments. In Human Error in Aviation (pp. 475- 512). Routledge.

The documents are ethical, valid, and highly recommended for research about safety in aviation. Each information document is based on safety in aviation and the factors that are contributing in the expansion of the area. Other resourceful documents were authored by researcher and scientists in the field of aviation. The sources are useful for the study, as the information is relevant and written by experts in the field.

In a broad spectrum, the massive expansion in the aviation industry has contributed extensively in the desire to improve and augment the levels of aviation safety so as to ensure the protection of life and property. Just as the aviation system composition is complex and continues to become more complex due to the rapid increase in technological advancement, so is the aviation safety. This complex nature of aviation safety can be significantly attributed to technological changes in design of aviation equipment’s, training of personal and maintenance of such resources specifically aircrafts and their respective landing platforms such as airports and airstrips (Kim & Song, 2016). Although the above measures are imperative to the maintenance of aviation safety, it is worth acknowledging that the contemporary safety mechanisms in the aviation industry seek to enhance aviation regulatory frameworks as well as promoting the endeavors of air traffic control procedures. However, it is worth noting that every perspective of the aviation industry has a safety aspect (Sexton & Klinect, 2017).

Most importantly, it is worth acknowledging that pilots and other aviation crew member’s ability to avoid the most fatal human errors significantly help enhance safety because it helps prevent security breaches and reduces the probability of accident occurrences. According to Baker and Hunters (2017), frequent aviation safety seminars among other safety assurances by Federal Aviation Administration should seek to enhance safety. Moreover, the application of modern technologies as well as adoption of an innovative approach in the creation of aviation resources should be geared towards enhancing safety and promoting security for human beings and property (Baker & Hunters, 2017). It is widely acceptable that the aviation industry is one of the areas in the modern world which is greatly receiving a lot of influence from the rapidly and ever reshaping technological world. Although the rapid change in technological advancements is beneficial to the aviation industry as a whole, there are numerous challenges which come with it. Therefore, the different stakeholders in the industry are mandated with the responsibility to ensure that any technology adopted in the industry conforms with the available security and safety regulation, Moreover, it should be understood that every technological option that is chosen to help in the day-to-day aviation operations should be geared towards offering the best services to clients besides enhancing the competitive edge with other transport sectors across the globe. The most important aspect nevertheless is the ability to follow the available ethical, moral and professional codes so as to enhance the different processes of service delivery.

Figure 32: De GRAAFF, A. (2001). Aviation safety, an introduction. Air & Space Europe, 3(3- 4), 203-205

Ultimately, the most viable mechanism of ensuring aviation safety is by creating a culture of investigating previous accidents, analyzing their causes as well as well creating an avenue for the adoption of corrective measures so as to avoid the grave consequences of the eventuality of other accidents. However, there are other measures such as adoption of modern technologies in aviation surveillance, aircraft creation and management besides considering using training as a tool of avoiding the potentiality of occurrence of human errors (Walla & Keller, 2016). It is recommendable that the stakeholders in the aviation industry should seek to employ the most effective and efficient measures of identifying potential risk factors that could threaten the aviation safety and taking the relevant measures to prevent them. As a matter of fact, such risks can be identified through the use of modeling exposure techniques and research. Finally, the aspects of determining the airworthiness of aviation facilities and equipment would accurately help in enhancing safety standards (Cui & Li, 2015). In order to implement the above recommendations effectively, there must be support from the government as well as the willingness by the private investors in providing adequate and the state of art equipment that would facilitate the running of the aviation industry safely. Moreover, there should be uniformity in the approaches taken by the different bodies and authorities in the aviation sector to address the threat posed by accidents as depicted in the image below.

Figure 4: De GRAAFF, A. (2001). Aviation safety, an introduction. Air & Space Europe, 3(3-4), 203-205

In conclusion, the aviation industry has experienced a significant growth with a recent abrupt decrease in safety concerns and accidents due to a number of factors that range from regulation and policy framework to technological advancement. It is therefore imperative for the aviation industry to consider investing in investigating the potential next generation of safety challenges. The investigation and analysis of the potential risks in the aviation sector require the understanding value of safety an endeavor which will help the industry to move from the reactive approach of handling safety to a proactive and predictive approach that seeks to nurture the systems for better handling of aviation matters.

Baker, R. M., & Hunter, D. R. (2017, November). Reducing accidents among general aviation pilots through a national aviation safety program. In Aviation Resource Management: Proceedings of the Fourth Australian Aviation Psychology Symposium: v. 1 (pp. 63-70). Routledge.

Chittaro, L., & Buttussi, F. (2015). Assessing Knowledge Retention of an Immersive Serious Game vs. a Traditional Education Method in Aviation Safety. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph., 21(4), 529-538.

Cui, Q., & Li, Y. (2015). The change trend and influencing factors of civil aviation safety efficiency: the case of Chinese airline companies. Safety science, 75, 56-63.

De GRAAFF, A. (2001). Aviation safety, an introduction. Air & Space Europe, 3(3-4), 203-205.

https://www.icao.int/safety/Documents/ICAO_State-of-Global-Safety_web_EN.pdf

Kim, C. Y., & Song, B. H. (2016). An Empirical Study on Safety Culture in Aviation Maintenance Organization. International Journal of u-and e-Service, Science and Technology, 9(6), 333-344.

Kushwaha, M., & Sharma, S. K. (2014). Impact of Environmental Factors on Aviation Safety.

Maurino, D. E., Reason, J., Johnston, N., & Lee, R. B. (2017). Beyond aviation human factors: Safety in high technology systems. Routledge.

Sexton, J. B., & Klinect, J. R. (2017). The link between safety attitudes and observed performance in flight operations. In Human Error in Aviation (pp. 513-518). Routledge.

Walala, M., & Keller, J. (2016). Late Morning Concurrent Sessions: Critical Issues: Presentation: Cross-Sectional Assessment of Safety Culture Perceptions and Safety Behavior in Collegiate Aviation Programs in the United States.

Westrum, R., & Adamski, A. J. (2017). Organizational factors associated with safety and mission success in aviation environments. In Human Error in Aviation (pp. 475-512). Routledge.