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Running Head: SUN COAST PROJECT: WORKER HEALTH & SAFETY 1
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Sun Coast Project: Worker Health & Safety
SUN COAST PROJECT: WORKER HEALTH & SAFETY 2
Table of Contents
Contents
Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 4
Statement of the Problems ........................................................................................................... 4
Particulate Matter (PM) ............................................................................................................... 4
Safety Training Effectiveness ..................................................................................................... 4
Sound-Level Exposure ................................................................................................................ 5
New Employee Training ............................................................................................................. 5
Lead Exposure ............................................................................................................................. 6
Return on Investment .................................................................................................................. 6
Research Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 7
Research Methodology, Design, and Methods ........................................................................... 8
Research Methodology ................................................................................................................ 8
Research Design .......................................................................................................................... 8
Research Methods ....................................................................................................................... 8
Data Collecting Methods ............................................................................................................. 9
Sampling Design ......................................................................................................................... 9
Data Analysis Procedures............................................................................................................ 9
Data Analysis: Descriptive Statistics and Assumption Testing ................................................ 9
Data Analysis: Hypothesis Testing ............................................................................................ 10
Correlation: Hypothesis Testing................................................................................................ 10
Simple Regression: Hypothesis Testing .................................................................................... 10
Multiple Regression: Hypothesis Testing ................................................................................. 11
Independent Samples t Test: Hypothesis Testing ..................................................................... 11
Findings ........................................................................................................................................ 12
Recommendations ....................................................................................................................... 13
SUN COAST PROJECT: WORKER HEALTH & SAFETY 3
Executive Summary
Senior leadership at Sun Coast has identified several areas for concern that they believe could be
solved using business research methods. The previous director was tasked with researching to
help provide information to make decisions about these issues. Although data were collected, the
project was never completed. Senior leadership is interested in seeing the project through to
fruition. The following is the completion of that project and includes the statement of the
problems, literature review, research objectives, research questions and hypotheses, research
methodology, design, and methods, data analysis, findings, and recommendations.
SUN COAST PROJECT: WORKER HEALTH & SAFETY 4
Sun Coast Project: Worker Health & Safety
Introduction
The research aims to bring to attention the criteria to guarantee health and safety, minimization of
injuries, and determination of the level of exposure with the level of poisoning and health effects.
Therefore, this works focuses on looking at six different problems within the company that affect the
quality of health and safety for the workers.
Statement of the Problems
Six business problems were identified:
Particulate Matter (PM)
There is a concern that job-site particle pollution is adversely impacting employee health.
Although respirators are required in certain environments, PM varies in size depending on the
project and job site. PM that is between 10 and 2.5 microns can float in the air for minutes to
hours (e.g., asbestos, mold spores, pollen, cement dust, fly ash), while PM that is less than 2.5
microns can float in the air for hours to weeks (e.g. bacteria, viruses, oil smoke, smog, soot). Due
to the smaller size of a PM that is less than 2.5 microns, it is potentially more harmful than PM
that is between 10 and 2.5 since the conditions are more suitable for inhalation (Harwood, &
Hutchinson, 2018). PM that is less than 2.5 is also able to be inhaled into the deeper regions of
the lungs, potentially causing more deleterious health effects. It would be helpful to understand if
there is a relationship between PM size and employee health. PM air quality data have been
collected from 103 job sites, which are recorded in microns. Data are also available for average
annual sick days per employee per job-site (Harwood, & Hutchinson, 2018).
Safety Training Effectiveness
Health and safety training is conducted for each new contract that is awarded to Sun
Coast. Data for training expenditures and lost-time hours were collected from 223 contracts. It
SUN COAST PROJECT: WORKER HEALTH & SAFETY 5
would be valuable to know if training has been successful in reducing lost-time hours and, if so,
how to predict lost-time hours from training expenditures.
Sound-Level Exposure
Sun Coast’s contracts generally involve work in noisy environments due to a variety of
heavy equipment being used for both remediation and the clients’ ongoing operations on the job
sites. Standard ear-plugs are adequate to protect employee hearing if the decibel levels are less
than 120 decibels (dB). For environments with noise levels exceeding 120 dB, more advanced
and expensive hearing protection is required, such as earmuffs. Historical data have been
collected from 1,503 contracts for several variables that are believed to contribute to excessive
dB levels. It would be important if these data could be used to predict the dB levels of work
environments before placing employees on-site for future contracts (Ketchman & Bilec, 2013).
This would help the safety department plan for the procurement of appropriate ear protection for
employees.
New Employee Training
All new Sun Coast employees participate in general health and safety training. The
training program was revamped and implemented six months ago. Upon completion of the
training programs, the employees are tested on their knowledge. Test data are available for two
groups: Group A employees who participated in the prior training program and Group B
employees who participated in the revised training program (Ketchman & Bilec, 2013). It is
necessary to know if the revised training program is more effective than the prior training
program.
SUN COAST PROJECT: WORKER HEALTH & SAFETY 6
Lead Exposure
Employees working on job sites to remediate lead must be monitored. Lead levels in
blood are measured as micrograms of lead per deciliter of blood (μg/dL). A baseline blood test is
taken pre-exposure and postexposure at the conclusion of the remediation. Data are available for
49 employees who recently concluded a 2-year lead remediation project (Ketchman & Bilec,
2013). It is necessary to determine if blood lead levels have increased.
Return on Investment
Sun Coast offers four lines of service to their customers, including air monitoring, soil
remediation, water reclamation, and health and safety training. Sun Coast would like to know if
each line of service offers the same return on investment. Return on investment data are available
for air monitoring, soil remediation, water reclamation, and health and safety training projects. If
the return on investment is not the same for all lines of service, it would be helpful to know
where differences exist.
Literature Review
This section gives insight into the different papers, journals, books, and other materials
that were used during the research. Looking at the general study aim to workers improve health
and safety particulate matter emission is critical in understanding the efforts of controls of health
issue through understanding its origin. Ketchman, & Bilec, 2013 through the life cycle in
Pittsburg for quantification of PM. On the other hand, Viljoen, et al., 2010 looks at improved
injury management which considers the efficiency of interventions. This relates with Seixas, et
al.'s, 2001 studies that look at exposures specific to job responsibilities hence explains the
relationship between vicinity and protection from harm. Ji, et al., 2014 emphasize the cumulative
exposure as a direct influence on the rate of harm while Dargahi, et al., 2018 was used to
SUN COAST PROJECT: WORKER HEALTH & SAFETY 7
understand the significance of efficiency in systems of change and their impact on the hazard and
safety controls. These works inform Sun Coast to use the same testing criteria to put protective
as a remediation process.
Research Objectives
The research aims to bring to attention the criteria to guarantee health and safety,
minimization of injuries, and determination of the level of exposure about the level of poisoning
and health effects (Feldmann & Jackson, 2019). The Sun Coast team of experts objectives were
to determine:
RO1: Variables that are related, between the health implication of employees and the size of the
matter.
RO2: To determine if safety training is related to the time lost (hours)
RO3: To determine through the collected data whether it predicts the level of a healthy working
environment.
RO4: To determine if the training program with constant revision is more actual.
RO5: To determine if the level of lead in the blood has increased among employees who work
on the site.
RO6: To determine the existence of the control of return-on-investment within the provided
services.
Research Questions and Hypotheses
Careful research has led to the formulation of a variety of questions. As such, the
following hypothesis will help in achieving the research by focusing the discussion on carefully
formulated pathways using the objective mentioned above.
Question Null Hypothesis (HO) Alternate Hypothesis (HA)
RO1 No significant correlation between the variable
of particulate matter and the health implication
of employees that is on the decline
A statistically significant correlation between the
variable’s employee health implications of
decline and the particulate matter size
RO2 No significant correlation between the training
expenses incurred and reducing the time lost in
hours
A significant correlation between the expenses of
training and the reduction of lost hours.
RO3 No significant correlation between the data
that can determine if the decibel working
environment is healthy before the actual
placement of employees.
A significant relationship between the data that
substantiates a healthy working environment that
is free from decibel levels versus the
environment that has been successfully surveyed
with the levels of decibel before the arrival of
employees to different sites.
RO4 No significant correlation between the regular A significant correlation between the regular
SUN COAST PROJECT: WORKER HEALTH & SAFETY 8
revision of and the effectiveness of training
programs
revision of and the effectiveness of the training
program is contrary to the outmoded and
inadequate training programs.
RO5 No statistical correlation between the data
collected which determines the rise of blood
level in employees and lead poisoning
A statistical correlation between the data
collected that determines if there is a rise in
employee’s blood level and lead poisoning.
RO6 No statistical correlation determines the
investment return that is between the services
rendered and evaluated to determine an
increase in the financial gains.
A significant correlation between the
demonstrations of the investment returns and the
services and an evaluation done for an increase in
financial gain
Research Methodology, Design, and Methods
The productivity of the research considers different aspects of research applications. This
section described the methods, the design and the actions taken during the research.
Research Methodology
Quantitative research was used together with numerical analysis and a process of
examination of both dependent and independent variables and how they relate to the findings.
This was the best methodology to identify the strategies that can be used to curb the health and
safety issues identified (Methods Approaches, 2019).
Research Design
In terms of the design, a non-experimental descriptive survey was the study design used
to establish patterns and identify the different phenomenon with specificity for consequential
analysis (Nelson, 2018).
Research Methods
To fit both the general methodology and design, the implementation methods for the
study is correlative and descriptive quantitative design as it tests the statistical link, helps
formulate an informed conclusion, and correlates data from different areas of focus, directly and
indirectly, affecting the safety and health issues (Harwood & Hutchinson, 2018).
SUN COAST PROJECT: WORKER HEALTH & SAFETY 9
Data Collecting Methods
In this research, several data collecting techniques have been used. Observation has been
used as the easiest method to collect productivity results, health and safety metrics and strategies
(Harwood & Hutchinson, 2018).
Sampling Design
The preferable sampling method for this study is convenience sampling design since it is
the most suitable for time-saving, readily available data, and since the observation data is truthful
and trustworthy (Nelson, 2018).
Data Analysis Procedures
Simple regression and correlation have been used in this research to determine the
dependent and independent variables tested on the hypothesis so as data can be determined if it
can be replicated for productivity and healthy in the employee's working conditions (Creswell &
Creswell, 2018).
Data Analysis: Descriptive Statistics and Assumption Testing
As noted by the data included in the Sun Coast remediation Hypothesis Toolpak results,
there are different analysis methods for testing that are used in this research as described below.
Normal distribution using frequency was used to determine the need for parametrical
statistics analysis. In this way, the assumption would make sense when categorized and
comparatively analyzed. The working data assume that there is no ratio data hence the distance
between true zero and data values is expected. This was done using a measurement scale by
determining frequency rates, several rankings, equality of units, and assumptive bottom line
where “true value of zero (that the sick days cannot be less than zero)” as seen in the “Sick days”
and “Lost time hours” frequency tables.
SUN COAST PROJECT: WORKER HEALTH & SAFETY
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This applied to simple regression, multiple regression, and Independent samples T-test
where the central tendency of the data points in terms of dispersion were calculated. This is
evident in “Mean annual sick days per employee” with 7 (mode), 7 (median), and 7.1 (7.1),
“Decibels” at – 124.83 (mean), 125.72 (middle), and 127.31 (mode) with the almost perfect
distribution. Another working assumption is that the data is free from errors and is accurate.
Therefore, during evaluation, the analysis is that the data is normative with the standard
deviation and error lying within the central tendency attributed to being a normal data
distribution shown by the histograms. The recurrence of worker lost work hours shows mean
(188), the median and mode (190) and all the data shows nearby conveyance of information
(George & Mallery, 2010). In the data of Group B training scores, there is an almost perfect bell
curve with a mean of 84.77, median of 85, and mode of 85.
Data Analysis: Hypothesis Testing
Using the Sun Coast Remediation Excel Toolpak results of the hypothesis the following
relationships were derived.
Correlation: Hypothesis Testing
The hypothesis HO1 & HA1, mean annual sick days per employee 1 micron. Hence a
correlation that results in 1 mean annual sick day per employee. This shows a direct positive
correlation between the variable of particulate matter and the health implication of employees
that is on the decline. Therefore, an increase in the particulate matter has health implications that
decline the number of days staff is at work hence reduced productivity.
Simple Regression: Hypothesis Testing
Simple regression testing shows a significant regression with HA2: ß1≠0 while and HO2:
ß1=0 hence insignificant regression.
SUN COAST PROJECT: WORKER HEALTH & SAFETY
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Multiple Regression: Hypothesis Testing
In multiple regression, determining Ho3 shows that Ho3: β1 = β2 = β3 = β4 = β5 = 0 and
thus the regression fit is not significant but in Ha3: there is at least one is different from zero
hence a significant regression fit. In consideration of the safety training expenditure, there are
predictor variables Xi’s, i = 1,2,3,4,5 and response variables Y and thus a definitive yield where
the multiple R is at an estimated 0.5837 and the regression model is a poor fit at only 34.07%
data variation (Glen, 2010).
Independent Samples t-Test: Hypothesis Testing
The data used for this testing is the Group A and Group B training to determine the
parametric testing. Comparing the training program scores shows, both do not go below zero and
thus meet ratio measurements scale and fall under normal distribution with comparable scores. In
the evaluation of the data, group A shows negative kurtosis and skewness even with almost
similar median and mean that indicate normalcy. However, the model shows standard deviation
with loosely scatter data around the mean and a score of the almost perfect bell curve of 84.77
(mean), 85 (median), and 85 (mode) which indicates a met parametric testing that approves the
data for statistical testing.
ANOVA: Hypothesis Testing
Comparatively, from eth simple regression, ANOVA for H01 and HA1 shows Pearson
correlation coefficient is -0.71598 an indicative negative correlation with r2 at 0.5126 that shows
88.3% regression of the data variation (Glen, 2010). At α-value of 0.05 and p-value of 1.89E-17,
p< α hence Reject H01 and accept HA1 shows a significant correlation between the microns and
average sickness of employee per year.
Using safety training expenditure, the X2 predictor determined for Chord length gives a
p-value of 0.58 such that p>0.5 but X2 is not a significant predictor of frequency. This leads to a
SUN COAST PROJECT: WORKER HEALTH & SAFETY
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conclusion that matches the results which shows that the p-value of the rest of the X variables is
smaller than the α-value thus, X1, X3, X4 and X5 hence predictable response variable frequency.
This means that the lost time hours are significant as a predictor of safety training expenditure
(Glen, 2010).
Findings
RO1: Variables that are related, between the health implication of employees and the size of the
matter.
There is a significant correlation between the microns and the average sickness of
employees per year. The means that it is expected that the smaller the size of the matter, the
higher the rate of health impact as it is invisible. There should be standardized protective gear
and reduction in exposure for the employee hence properly regulated hours of work.
RO2: To determine if safety training is related to the time lost (hours)
The lost time hours are significant as a predictor of safety training expenditure. there isn’t
any employee with has fewer than zero-time hours which shows a recurring work hour lost.
However, the research does not mark any significance between the safety training and time lost.
RO3: To determine through the collected data whether it predicts the level of a healthy working
environment.
By looking at the frequency of different variables including the lost hours, the nature of
the curve gives a reliable prediction by pointing out when the hours are lost and why. As such,
the nature of the particulate distribution about the exposed group states the working environment
impact to the employees.
RO4: To determine if the training program with constant revision is more actual.
The training with constant revision is more actual as more scores are falling under the
normal curve. At peak, the more revisions, the higher the scores and skewness of 0.14.
RO5: To determine if the level of lead in the blood has increased among employees who work
on the site.
The research does not give a clear indication of whether the lead levels in the blood have
increased among the employees working on site. As such, there is a need to collect more data
SUN COAST PROJECT: WORKER HEALTH & SAFETY
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and define different parameters of focus in eth analysis of this variable. The most effective will
be comparative data on employees away from the site over a period and those on-site during the
same period for a more definitive set of data for proper determination.
RO6: To determine the existence of the control of return-on-investment within the provided
services.
One of the controls for investment is the efficiency of productivity hence lost hours,>
exposure means more employees going to hospitals, a reflection that more is spent on medical
treatment. Hours lost out of work means slower completion of tasks increased timelines to
achieve milestones. At the same time, it is noted that change in safety training also changes sin
approach on its implementation hence improved working environment and hence more
expenditure on training for better work.
Recommendations
There should be increased training on safety to encourage the adoption of new practices
as it changes. The team, therefore, needs to enforce the regular updating of the safety and health
measures regularly to allow room for action to be taken on time. The more the training the better
the score and thus protection of the employee in understanding the needed SOPs. At the same
time, the rei needs to invest in more protective gear to support the improvement of the working
environment as it directly affects health and efficiency.
SUN COAST PROJECT: WORKER HEALTH & SAFETY
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Ketchman, K., & Bilec, M. (2013). Quantification of particulate matter from commercial
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Methods Approaches (2019). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publication. 5th Ed. Retrieved from
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