History Essay on racism

2019-FALL-ONLIN-HISTORY-305-7795-LEC - ROOTS OF CONTEMPORARY ISSUES

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The Roots of Contemporary Issue- Racism

Izabella Zayshlyy

1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY HISTORY 305 THE ROOTS OF CONTEMPORARY ISSUE- RACISM

Racial discrimination is one of the contemporary issues that is currently experienced in some countries. People of different ethnic groups disregard each other and view themselves as superior to the other and hence the emergence of conflict of interest and misunderstanding among representations of the group of individuals in politics. Racism is something that has grown in the blood of many people and get passed from one generation to another. Racism is a typical conflict between people from diverse ethnic groups and is connected to global issues through governance.

From the 16th century and to be more precisely the 17th century, slavery emerges as the early aspect of European Colonialism (Hondius, 2017). The race was particularly associated with European Colonialism, a situation where none Europeans were governed by the Europeans. The Atlantic slave trade in which more than 12 million Africans were taken to Europe and this trade took place between 142 and 1821(Hondius, 2017). During this trade, the Africans were collected like animals, a condition that led to over 1.5 million people died during the tedious journey across the Atlantic. During this particular time, race stood to be

the only way to manifest Africans enslavement. One scholar was once interviewed by BBC, he puts that British turn out to be racist to establish attitude contrary to black people and proof their implementation of the slave trade for profit in the African territories. Over a long period, the race continued to be redefined and became intensified in Europe. Moreover, the European tried their best to understand the concept of racism using scientific processes instead of a process of justifying their manner of slavery. The scientific process excavated various beliefs concerning racism, and finally, the problems contrary to racism and mistreatment arises.

2 AFRICANS WERE TAKEN AS SIMPLE OBJECTS TO BUY, TRADE AND INHERIT. When the Europeans have established this idea, what was essential was the establishment of a high inferiority of Africans and this was incorporated as an important cultural value. The Africans were considered as people who do not have rights, honored, and who do not belong to any important social group. They were picked, chained, and tortured as they were taken to where they would work with torture methods and whipping. However, the white started fearing the slaves with the notion that they would masters to death and consider any other white individuals as an enemy. This resulted in mutual fear between the black and the white due to racial feelings. The idea of securing the slaves was to arm the white men and their women. The existence of drum music or gathering by white men instills fear among the blacks thinking that they are planning to harm them. The white

found that the only means of controlling slaved Africans is to use force or subject them into unethical methods.

The kind of brutality exercised against Africans was so pathetic and this triggers questions among the early colonialists. 2 THE LAS CASES WAS CONSIDERED AN EYE WITNESS TO THE OCCURRED GENOCIDES IN THE EARLY 16TH CENTURY (ROBINSON, 2015). Spaniards put many people to death without spearing even a child as a way of intensifying the fear among the enslaved Africans. Indians attack proved that the Spanish who had just set their foot on Europe tried their best to put Indians to death. The reported attacks accumulated and resulted in sufficient reaction from Indies to the administrators of Spanish and this resulted in a debate on the mistreatment of slaved Africans and their humanities. Las Casas was in a position to alter the Spanish policy that was crown on Indians to perpetrate hard slavery on them. But, Las Casas accepted that in Africa should be carried out by Africans themselves. 2 IMPORTANTLY, THE COLONIAL SYSTEM THAT RESULTED IN THE RACE TOOK A DIVERSE RANGE OF PEOPLE AND DEFINED THEM AS INDIANS. THE DEVELOPMENT OF RACE BROUGHT INTO QUESTION THE TYPE OF INSTITUTION THAT KEEPS IN PLACE THE EXPLOITED PEOPLE AND THE KINDS OF THE POPULATION THAT SHOULD BE USED.

IN THE EMPIRE OF FRENCH, POLICIES WERE BECOMING DEVELOPED TO GOVERN SLAVERY. IN 1685, POLICIES

SUCH AS THE CODE NOIR WERE ESTABLISHED TO RESTRICT THE BEHAVIOR ALLOWED UPON SLAVES AND EVEN MASTERS. ARTICLE II DEPICTED THAT ALL SLAVES RESIDING IN THE ISLANDS OF FRENCH AMERICA NEEDED TO BE “BAPTIZED AND INSTRUCTED IN THE ROMAN, CATHOLIC, AND APOSTOLIC FAITH.” OTHER RULES INCLUDED FORBIDDING SLAVES OF DIFFERENT MASTERS TO GATHER AND THE SELLING OF SUGAR CANE EVEN WITH THE PERMISSION OF THEIR MASTERS. WITHIN THESE MANY RULES, THE WORD SLAVE AND NEGROES WERE INTERCHANGED BETWEEN THE DOCUMENTS. AT THIS TIME, PEOPLE DID NOT FULLY UNDERSTAND THE IDEA OF RACE. THE DEFINITION WAS ESSENTIALLY STILL TRYING TO BE WORKED OUT AS THE BASIS WAS ONLY ON OBSERVED SKIN COLOR.

ACCORDING TO ROBINSON (2015), IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 18TH CENTURY, QUESTIONS OF RACISM EMERGED AS A DISTINCTION TOWARDS INDIANS WAS MADE. FRANCISQUE, AN INDIAN SLAVE BROUGHT TO FRANCE, WAS PUT ON TRIAL FOR HIS FREEDOM. ONE OF THE MAIN ARGUMENTS THAT LED TO HIS WIN WAS THAT INDIANS WERE FREE PEOPLE. THE LAWS COMPRISED IN THE CODE NOIR DID NOT INCLUDE INDIANS BUT WERE RATHER ONLY MADE FOR AMERICA WHERE NEGRO TRADE WAS

TOLERATED. Essentially, the focus was solely on Africans. 2 FURTHERMORE, INDIANS WERE SAID TO HAVE SOME RESEMBLANCE TO THE NEGROES OF AFRICA BUT MAINLY DIFFER FROM THEM. FRANCISQUE’S LAWYER ARGUED THAT DISREGARDING SKIN COLOR, HIS APPEARANCE WAS CLOSER TO EUROPEANS THAN MANY EUROPEANS WHO ONLY NEED BLACK SKIN TO LOOK AFRICAN. This idea made race take a turn towards a scientific outlook.

2 THE EUROPEANS STARTED TO ARGUE THAT RACE WAS NATURAL AND SCIENTIFICALLY OBSERVABLE. DURING THE EUROPEAN ENLIGHTENMENT AND SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION, NEW IDEAS OF WHERE KNOWLEDGE WAS PRODUCED EMERGED. CHALLENGING TRADITIONAL AND RELIGIOUS VIEWS, PEOPLE BEGAN TO ORDER, CLASSIFY AND UNDERSTAND THE NEW AREAS PROVIDED THROUGH COLONIALISM. In 1735, Carolus Linneaus's Racial Taxonomy was made to describe and list the behavior related to physical appearances. 2 IN THE MIDDLE OF 19TH CENTURY, FERDINAND DE LESSEPS, WHO WAS THE ADMINISTRATOR AND A FRENCH DIPLOMAT AND WITH THE RESPONSIBILITY OF CONSTRICTING THE SUEZ CANAL, CONSIDERED A SLAVE AS A “VERY GOOD SPECIMEN OF THE CUNNING AND GREEDY ARAB” THAT EUROPEANS ARE FAMILIAR WITH (ROBINSON, 2015). Using

this taxonomy, the slave could be ranked and as one of the lowest rankings as well. 2 EVEN THOUGH FERDINAND LEFT THE DETAILS OF THE CAMP TO THIS SLAVE AND THE SLAVE WAS INTELLIGENT IN HIS SERVICES, FERDINAND DID NOT HAVE A HIGH OPINION OF THE SLAVE’S MORALITY. LESSER VALUE TOWARDS PEOPLE OF COLOR BECAME A FACT. THIS GAVE WHITE EUROPEANS A HIGHER STATUS THAN OTHERS AND ESSENTIALLY CREATED A HIERARCHY THROUGH THE BASICS OF SCIENCE.

AT AROUND THE LATE 19TH CENTURY AND EARLY 20TH CENTURY, THE SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY OF THE RACE WAS APPLIED TO POLICY INITIATIVES. AT AROUND 1904, EUGENICS OR SCIENCE THAT FOCUSES ON THE INFLUENCES OF IMPROVING INBORN QUALITIES OF THE RACE WAS ESTABLISHED (HONDIUS, 2017). Eugenics aimed to establish a representation of each class by the best of all possible specimens and the establishment of an average nation’s quality. Eugenics encouraged marriage laws, immigration restrictions, and sterilization. Those who believed in eugenics thought that certain races were inferior and were monogenists who thought that mixed races would result in negative effects. Immigration laws and policies such as the 1905 Alien Act, 1924 Immigration Restriction Act, and 1935 Nuremberg Law were added throughout this time (Hondius, 2017). The US passed a sterilization law to decrease what they thought were inferior

races while some were even sterilized without knowledge. Looking more in-depth to science and the manipulation of its knowledge, superior races were trying to be established even more.

2 THE EUGENICS POLICIES CREATED A BACKLASH AGAINST RACISM. IN THE MID-20TH CENTURY, NAZIS USED THE IDEA OF EUGENICS WHICH WAS PARTLY INSPIRED BY THE US. NAZIS ESSENTIALLY TOOK EUGENICS RESEARCH AND USED THEM TO KILL EUROPEANS. Ideas of some people began to shift because of this outcome. 2 IN THE YEAR 1950, THE UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC, AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO) DID NOT PROVIDE A POSITION REGARDING THE PURITY OF RACE OR A HIERARCHY OF SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR (HONDIUS, 2017). THIS DOCUMENT STATED THAT RACE WAS MORE OF A SOCIAL MYTH AND GENETIC DIFFERENCE HAD LITTLE TO DO WITH DETERMINING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROUPS. THERE WAS NO EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THAT THERE WERE INBORN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HUMANS AND WERE RATHER ALL CAPABLE OF THE SAME MENTAL CAPACITIES. NO EVIDENCE STATED THAT RACIAL MIXTURES PRODUCED NEGATIVE RESULTS FROM A BIOLOGICAL POINT AND THAT MAN WAS DRIVEN TOWARD COOPERATION INSTEAD. These concepts challenged

the idea of scientific racism and eugenics.

2 PEOPLE FURTHER CONTESTED AGAINST THE VIEWS OF RACISM. THE FIRST AFRO-ASIAN CONFERENCE AT BANDUNG CONSIDERED RACIALISM, DENYING RIGHTS TO STUDY A LANGUAGE OR CULTURE, AS A CULTURAL SUPPRESSION AND VIOLATION. PEOPLE AT THE CONFERENCE HAD THE IDEA THAT CULTURAL COOPERATION SHOULD BE DEVELOPED TO CREATE LARGER COOPERATION AND PROMOTE WORLD PEACE. The conference supported principles of human rights and self-determination for people and nations. 2 THE CONFERENCE DEPICTED DETERMINATION TO ERADICATE RACIALISM AND SUPPORT FREEDOM AND INDEPENDENCE INSTEAD. RICHARD WRIGHT, AN AFRICAN AMERICAN WRITER, WAS ABLE TO ATTEND THE CONFERENCE AS ONE OF THE MANY INDEPENDENT OBSERVERS. HE BELIEVED THAT THE CONFERENCE WAS OCCURRING BECAUSE THOSE PEOPLE HAVE BEEN VOICELESS WHILE LIVING UNDER OTHERS AS THEY DID NOT HAVE PHYSICAL OR ECONOMIC POWER. WRIGHT NOTICED THAT THROUGHOUT THOSE PEOPLE, THERE WERE SEVERAL RELIGIONS SUPPRESSED AND EACH HAD A COMMON EXPERIENCE OF BEING COLONIZED. RACE AND RELIGION WERE THE “MOST POWERFUL AND IRRATIONAL FORCES IN HUMAN

NATURE” IN WHICH THE CONFERENCE WAS TRYING TO ORGANIZE. Bandung was a world challenge to scientific racism and colonialism.

2 FROM HAVING LITTLE KNOWLEDGE OF A SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING, THE IDEA OF RACISM BECAME MORE DEVELOPED. AT FIRST, SLAVES WERE SEEN AS OBJECTS TO USE FOR LABOR AND PROFIT. AFTER BRUTAL GENOCIDES, EARLY COLONISTS HAD TO RETHINK THE TYPE OF SYSTEM TO USE AND WHICH PLACES TO EXPLOIT. USING MERELY AN OBSERVATION OF SKIN COLOR AND APPEARANCE, THESE BLACK PEOPLE QUALIFIED TO WORK AS SLAVES. THE FRENCH EMPIRE ESTABLISHED RULES TO GOVERN THE SLAVES AND, WHEN AN INDIAN SLAVE WAS PUT ON TRIAL FOR FREEDOM, SCIENTIFIC AND BIOLOGICAL FACTORS BECAME APPARENT. TAXONOMIES WERE CREATED AND USED TO CLASSIFY BEHAVIORS RELATING TO APPEARANCE. ESSENTIALLY, SOME CLASSES WERE SEEN AS HIGHER THAN OTHERS. AN IDEA OF EUGENICS WANTED TO TAKE SUPERIOR TRAITS AND CREATE A BETTER NATION. HOWEVER, SOME PEOPLE THOUGHT THE IDEA OF RESTRICTING A CERTAIN RACE WAS UNETHICAL. UNESCO PROVIDED STATEMENTS SAYING EACH HUMAN GROUP WAS THE SAME GENETICALLY AND

IN MENTAL CAPACITY (HONDIUS, 2017). OTHERS GATHERED A CONFERENCE TO STOP RACIALISM. THE CONCEPT OF RACISM BECAME MORE OPEN-MINDED AND THE DEFINITION OF RACISM DEVELOPED INTO MORE.

In conclusion, Europeans exercise intense slavery of the Africans. They capture, chain, and subject them under harsh conditions in their firms. The paper presents the understandings of the origin of slavery and colonization in the Northern part of the African Continent. The significant of the piece of this history is to enlighten the Africans that they have the right to protect their humanity. The Europeans should also learn from this that it is important to value other people irrespective of their color, race, and origin. The history in this paper is also significant to Africans, as it makes them establish an administration for effective governance of their states.

References

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Boulila, S. C., & Carri, C. (2017). On Cologne: 4 GENDER, MIGRATION AND UNACKNOWLEDGED RACISMS IN GERMANY. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WOMEN'S STUDIES, 24(3), 286–293. 5

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Bryant, W. W. (2011). 6 INTERNALIZED RACISM'S ASSOCIATION WITH AFRICAN AMERICAN MALE YOUTH'S PROPENSITY FOR VIOLENCE. JOURNAL OF BLACK STUDIES, 42(4), 690–707. 5 HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1177/0021934710393243

Fredrickson, G. M. (2015). Racism: A short history. 7 PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS.

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