Thesis: As drug and alcohol-related crimes continue to increase among young people, research has shown that various reasons contribute to drug and alcohol usage such as irregular sources of healthcare, living in poor housing conditions, and stress resulting from economic hardships.

I. 4 PREVALENCE OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL-RELATED CRIMES AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS.

A. 10% of students who engage in drug and alcohol abuse commit substance-related crimes (Bennett & Holloway, 2018).

B. Majority of students who commit crimes are males who go to clubs and other social events (Bennett & Holloway, 2018).

C. Students in poor physical or mental health are more likely to commit crimes than students who are not under any influences (Bennett & Holloway, 2018).

II. 5 THE RELATION BETWEEN MINIMUM LEGAL DRINKING AGE AND CRIME.

A. Drinking age restrictions have an increase in male and female for violent and non- violent crimes, especially disorderly conduct and property crimes (Russell et al., 2016).

B. Individuals slightly younger than the minimum drinking age show an increase in all crimes (Russell et al., 2016).

1. Increased levels of hazardous alcohol consumption leads to a greater propensity towards the escalation of violence (Russell et al., 2016).

2. Alcohol has biological effects on risk-taking, impaired cognition, emotion regulation, and aggression (Russell et al., 2016).

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III. 6 SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCES FOR FIRST TIME CIGARETTE, E- CIGARETTES, HOOKAH, AND CIGAR PRODUCTS ON TEENS.

A. Feelings such as dizziness, coughing, sick stomach, pleasurable rush or buzz, and feelings of relaxation differ by product (Kathleen et al., 2017).

B. E-cigarette and hookah have fewer negative feelings and thus these products could progress to more nicotine use (Kathleen et al., 2017).

IV. Impact of Video Game on Teens’ Knowledge of Drug, Alcohol, and Sexual Risk (DAS).

A. Teens who are exposed to video games end up getting more knowledge on DAS compared to those who do not play these games at all (Lindsay et al., 2015).

V. Missed Health Care Prevention for Pregnant Alcohol and Drug Users.

A. Project CHOICES

1. Identifies women in the preconception period who are at risk of Alcohol-Exposed Pregnancies (AEP) (Foster et al., 2016).

2. Delivers brief interventions about the importance of reducing binge or problematic drinking, and the use of effective contraception (Foster et al., 2016).

3. 40% of women who experience unintended pregnancies do not have a regular source of health care and they are not reached by Project CHOICES (Foster et al., 2016).

VI. Importance of Job Aids for Drug and Alcohol Abusers.

A. Being employed plays an important role in improving the well-being and self-worth of people with drug and alcohol addiction issues (Government Report on Occupational Health and Wellbeing, 2017).

B. A healthy treatment plan guides a drug or alcohol addicted person to full recovery (Government Report on Occupational Health and Wellbeing, 2017).

VII. 7 MARIJUANA DEPENDENCE FOR MIDDLE-AGED AND OLDER ADULTS IN THE U.S.

A. 7 9% OF ADULTS AGED BETWEEN 50-64 USE MARIJUANA WHILE 2.9% OF ADULTS ABOVE THE AGE OF 65 ALSO USE IT (BENJAMIN & JOSEPH, 2018).

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B. Most of the adults who use marijuana between the age of 50-64 are unmarried men earning less than $20, 000, and are likely to have started using the drug before the age of 19 (Benjamin & Joseph, 2018).

VIII. 8 CORRELATION BETWEEN NEIGHBORHOOD DRUG PREVALENCE AND THE USE OF MARIJUANA.

A. Study of 563 youth aged between 15-24 living in one neighborhood in Baltimore, Maryland.

B. Drug prevalence in a neighborhood leads to a higher percentage of males using drugs compared to females, and this can be attributed to peer pressure (Leifheit et al., 2015) IX. Impact of Relocating to Neighborhoods with Better Social and Economic Conditions on Drug and Alcohol Abuse.

A. There is usually a decline of drug and alcohol usage when individuals are moved to areas with better housing conditions (Linton et al., 2016).

B. Placing a drug or alcohol- addicted individual in a better area helps them overcome social disorder since it eliminates peer engagement (Linton et al., 2016).

C. The area that one lives influences whether they end up becoming drug or alcohol users.

D. The people that you socialize with also have an impact on whether you choose to use drugs or alcohol (Linton et al., 2016).

X. Association between Family Stress Processes and Drug or Alcohol Use.

A. Effects of Stress on Drug and Substance Usage among Mexican Families.

1. Economic hardship among Mexican families often results in the members having emotional distress (Martin et al., 2019).

2. Some of the causes for stress include loss of jobs, food shortage, and house foreclosure (Martin et al., 2019).

3. The failure to provide goods and services results in many youths engaging in drug and alcohol abuse (Martin et al., 2019).

XI. Conclusion

References

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