GENDER AND SEXUALITY
Patriarchy (CONTINUED!)
Why Many People Think Patriarchy is Inevitable •God/gods/similar powers made us this way •Biology/physiology predestined patriarchy •Women are the “weaker” sex •Men’s and women’s reproductive capacities shape their participation in social life
But…Is patriarchy universal?
Nope! ◦Anthropologists have documented cultures in which gender was not a major organizing system in society in
Alternatives to patriarchy oSocial inequalities based on some trait other than gender (most often age/seniority, family lineage), or no inequality oWomen and men alternate tasks (including care giving) and share religious and leadership responsibilities)
Example: Vanuatu Melanesian island culture of the Vanatinai is organized around the principle of personal autonomy ◦No ideology of male superiority ◦No economic exclusion of women
The past wasn’t always more patriarchal than the present
Many countries were home to more gender egalitarian cultures in the past than they are today: oCleopatra’s Egypt oThe Amazons (Scythian women) oNorthern and Western African tribes pre‐colonial contact
oNative Americans/First Nation Canadians pre‐conquest
Patriarchy’s many manifestations Patriarchy can take many different forms and can operate through many different institutions
Is the expression of patriarchy universal? • Nope! Patriarchy operates in many different ways