week 3 team assignment due tomorrow night

Hospital acquired infections.

Team Assignment

(Ziomara,Nicollete,Jennifer,Edward,Elena)

4/14/2019

MRSA

Inappropriate prescription of antibiotics

Antibiotic Resistance

Ability to form biofilms on biomaterials in hospitals

For over fifty years the usage of antibiotics has significantly reduced morbidity and morality from infections diseases; however, antibiotics has also become one of the most commonly prescribed medication today. Due to the common usage of antibiotics, some bacteria(s) was able to develop resistance towards these medications, rendering the medications less effective. Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the many bacteria(s) that have developed a resistance to antibiotics. This also cost pharmaceuticals a lot of money to continuously develop new antibiotics. Resistance towards antibiotics can be reduced if physicians can properly prescribe antibiotics, such as only prescribing it to patients that need it rather than simply prescribe it to a patient that can go without it but will prescribe it anyways just to speed up the recovery process. MRSA also has the ability to form biofilms on biomaterials in hospitals (Fukunaga, 2016).

1. Staff

a. Nurses

b. Physicians

c. Ancillary Staff

d. Clinical Staff

2. Populations

a. Patients

b. Visitors

3. Departments

a. Infection Prevention

i. Oversight

ii. Surveillance

b. Nursing Departments

c. Laboratory Services

i. Culture Reporting

d. Purchasing

i. Approved disinfectants

ii. Approved PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)

e. Engineering

i. Facility Oversight

f. Environmental Services

g. Education (Training & Development)

i. Correct & Valid Licensure

ii. New Hire Orientation

iii. Yearly Orientation Renewal

iv. Skills Fair

4. Evidence-Based Practices

a. APIC (Association for Professionals in Infection Control & Epidemiology)

b. CDC (Centers for Disease Control & Prevention)

c. SHEA (Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America)

d. WHO (World Health Organization)

5. Regulatory

a. CMS (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services)

b. TJC (The Joint Commission)

c. NHSN (National Healthcare Safety Network)

6. Profits (Money)

MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus) is a distinctive strain of the Staphylococcus aureus infection that is typically difficult to treat. The outflow of this system of treatment will be the treated patients once left from the hospital. MRSA, or any other bacterial infection of that magnitude requires round the clock monitoring. Being that it is resistant to many of antibiotics this does require them to be admitted for further observation. This observation is comprised of:

i. Frequent Checkups

ii. Replenishing IVs (Intravenous Therapy) to keep fluids to keep normal body temperature

iii. Infusion of antibiotics

Once the patient is discharged, follow ups are recommended but not required. Being that this is a harmful bacterium and can spread rapidly, health facilities have developed a preventative regimen and treatments to stop the spread of this infections to other patients. This was done to reduce he cases of MRSA infections over the time.

This diagram shows the inflow, stocks and the outflow.

Infected Patients

Staff

Populations

Departments

Prectices

Treated Patients

Hospital-acquired infection is also known as nosocomial infection. It is an infection acquired in a hospital or any healthcare facility such as nursing home, rehabilitation centers, or any other clinics. This infection can spread to the patients by various means, for instance, the health care staff can spread the infection or the use of contaminated equipment, bed linens, and air droplets. Also, the infection can originate from the outside environment, an infected person, infected staff, or from a source that cannot be determined. In other cases, the microorganism originates from the skin of a patient i.e. microbiota after surgery or any other procedure where the protective skin barrier is compromised. If a patient contracts the infection from their own skin, it is still considered as nosocomial because it developed in the health care facility (Volkow-Fernández, 2015). Et al

There are different types of hospital-acquired infections. They include ventilator-associated pneumonia, urinary tract infection, gastroenteritis, and puerperal fever. These infections are caused by transmission. The main transmission is in direct contact with the infected person. A Droplet is another transmission it contains microbes from the infected person and it is propelled through the air via a short distance and it's deposited on a patient's body. The transmission is facilitated through coughing, sneezing, and talking. Other transmissions include airborne, common vehicles, and vector-borne. These can be prevented through implementing quality control measures and evidence-based management. The control and monitoring of the indoor air quality should be the hospital utmost agenda. For the nosocomial infection, hand hygiene should be implemented

References.

Cornejo-Juárez, P., Vilar-Compte, D., Pérez-Jiménez, C., Namendys-Silva, S. A., Sandoval-Hernández, S., & Volkow-Fernández, P. (2015). The impact of hospital-acquired infections with multidrug-resistant bacteria in an oncology intensive care unit. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 31, 31-34.

Fukunaga, B.T. (2016). Hospital-Acquired Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia Related to Medicare Antibiotic Prescriptions: A State-Level Analysis. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5056633/